氮、磷添加对草地不同冠层植物叶片和根系生态化学计量特征的影响

植物碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量特征能反映植物与环境间的相互作用关系,是评估植物对环境变化响应的重要依据。已有的相关研究多以地上器官为主,而对地下器官关注相对较少。本研究以呼伦贝尔草地不同冠层的4种植物——羊草、披针叶黄华、达乌里芯芭和星毛委陵菜为对象,分析了氮、磷添加对其叶片和根系C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征的影响。结果表明:氮、磷添加对4种植物叶片和根系C含量没有显著影响。氮添加显著提高了3种非豆科植物叶片和根系N含量(达乌里芯芭叶片接近显著)、降低了其C∶N,而磷添加显著提高了4种植物叶片和根系P含量并显著降低了C∶P。氮、磷添加对4种植物C、N、P及其化学计量比均无显著的交互作用。4种植物中,羊草叶片和根系C∶N和C∶P在所有处理中均最高,较高的养分利用效率可能是其成为建群种的重要原因。依据植物叶片N∶P情况判断,该生态系统属于N限制类型。在植物养分限制判断中,根系N∶P不应作为养分限制判断的依据。上述研究结果说明草地植物地上地下器官对氮、磷添加的响应具有协同性,而且不同冠层的植物C、N、P生态化学计量特征对氮、磷添加的响应具有一致性。     

氮、磷添加对草地不同冠层植物叶片和根系生态化学计量特征的影响

植物碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量特征能反映植物与环境间的相互作用关系,是评估植物对环境变化响应的重要依据。已有的相关研究多以地上器官为主,而对地下器官关注相对较少。本研究以呼伦贝尔草地不同冠层的4种植物——羊草、披针叶黄华、达乌里芯芭和星毛委陵菜为对象,分析了氮、磷添加对其叶片和根系C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征的影响。结果表明:氮、磷添加对4种植物叶片和根系C含量没有显著影响。氮添加显著提高了3种非豆科植物叶片和根系N含量(达乌里芯芭叶片接近显著)、降低了其C∶N,而磷添加显著提高了4种植物叶片和根系P含量并显著降低了C∶P。氮、磷添加对4种植物C、N、P及其化学计量比均无显著的交互作用。4种植物中,羊草叶片和根系C∶N和C∶P在所有处理中均最高,较高的养分利用效率可能是其成为建群种的重要原因。依据植物叶片N∶P情况判断,该生态系统属于N限制类型。在植物养分限制判断中,根系N∶P不应作为养分限制判断的依据。上述研究结果说明草地植物地上地下器官对氮、磷添加的响应具有协同性,而且不同冠层的植物C、N、P生态化学计量特征对氮、磷添加的响应具有一致性。     

多梯度氮磷添加对高寒草甸植物群落生物量与氮磷含量的影响

为研究不同梯度氮、磷单独及混合添加对高寒草甸植物群落生物量、植物养分含量及化学计量比的影响,本实验分析了青海省门源县典型高寒草甸植物群落地上总生物量,功能群水平地上生物量,植物全氮、全磷含量及氮磷比对多梯度氮、磷添加的响应情况。结果表明：氮、磷添加均对群落地上生物量影响极显著(P<0.001);氮添加对禾草类和豆科生物量影响极显著(P<0.001);磷添加对禾草类和莎草类生物量影响极显著(P<0.001);氮磷交互作用对豆科和莎草类生物量影响显著(P<0.05)。群落水平上,氮添加显著提高了植物全氮含量,对植物氮磷比(N∶P)有正效应,磷添加显著提高了植物全磷含量,对植物N∶P有负效应,植物全磷对N∶P的负效应大于全氮对N∶P的正效应。本研究表明氮、磷添加可能会使高寒草甸植物群落组成和植物养分含量发生改变,植物群落逐渐向禾草类发展;此外,高寒草甸植物生长趋向于受氮磷共同限制。     

呼伦贝尔草甸草原主要功能群植物碳、氮、磷化学计量特征对氮磷添加的响应

刈割是呼伦贝尔草甸草原的主要利用方式,连年打草导致草地养分不断输出,植物生长受到氮磷养分的共同限制。碳、氮、磷是生态化学计量学关注的重点,然而,草甸草原不同功能群植物C∶N∶P化学计量特征对氮磷养分输入的响应规律尚不明确。本研究于2018～2020年在呼伦贝尔草甸草原打草场采用裂区试验设计研究了氮磷添加对土壤和植物碳氮磷含量的影响。结果表明,氮添加显著增加了禾本科植物C含量,对豆科和菊科植物C含量影响较小。氮添加显著增加了各功能群植物N含量并降低了其C∶N,磷添加显著增加各功能群植物P含量并降低其C∶P。氮添加降低了菊科植物P含量,禾本科和豆科植物P含量不受氮添加的调控。氮添加显著提高了各功能群植物N∶P,禾本科植物的响应更敏感,在低氮(N1)处理下即可表现出磷限制。豆科植物在对照处理下的N∶P大于16,生长受到磷限制。磷添加显著降低了各功能群植物N∶P,使得禾本科植物生长氮限制加剧,而豆科植物生长由磷限制转为氮限制。各功能群植物的C∶P和N∶P均与土壤全磷含量显著负相关,与土壤全碳和全氮含量无显著相关性。综上,呼伦贝尔草甸草原植物生长受到氮磷养分的共同限制,建议在打草场养分管理中,氮...     

放牧对贵南县4种退化指示植物叶片性状的影响

本研究以青海省贵南县高寒草甸4种退化指示植物为研究对象,分析放牧干扰对叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其化学计量特征、叶干物质含量和比叶面积的影响,探讨高寒草甸生态系统中退化植物对环境变化的响应和适应策略。结果表明,4种植物叶片碳、氮、磷含量及化学计量比随放牧强度增加表现为碳含量不变,氮、磷含量上升、化学计量比(C/N、C/P及N/P)下降的变化趋势,且重度放牧后,植物生长受氮元素限制。放牧强度改变显著影响4种植物叶片性状(P<0.01),且对叶片磷含量的影响最大(P<0.001);物种对比叶面积影响最大(P<0.001),且在不同植物间表现出物种差异性。即放牧强度增加时,4种植物叶片均表现出养分储存增加,但植物比叶面积的变化更多表现出物种特异性。     

苜蓿叶片氮、磷和钾养分重吸收与化学计量比的偶联关系

苜蓿作为一种优良的豆科牧草,具有较强的环境适应性。叶片养分重吸收是提高养分利用效率及增强环境适应性的重要机制之一,其直接影响了苜蓿的养分浓度,进而影响苜蓿元素的化学计量比。目前已有针对苜蓿养分重吸收及生态化学计量特征的研究,但关于苜蓿元素养分重吸收与生态化学计量比之间的偶联关系的研究还鲜有报道。为解释该偶联关系,以7个苜蓿品种作为研究对象,测定了成熟叶片和衰老叶片C、N、P、K元素浓度,分析了养分重吸收特征(包括养分重吸收率、养分重吸收度)及生态化学计量特征,进而分析了两者之间的偶联关系。结果表明,7个苜蓿品种的平均氮重吸收效率(NRE)、磷重吸收效率(PRE)和钾重吸收效率(KRE)分别为42.7%、42.4%和52.1%,分别低于全球陆生植物的NRE、PRE和KRE(分别为62.1%、64.9%和70.1%)。根据养分重吸收特征及生态化学计量比,判断苜蓿受土壤P含量影响最严重。叶片养分重吸收效率基本与衰老叶化学计量比呈正相关关系,而与成熟叶化学计量比呈负相关关系。由此可见,叶片养分重吸收与叶片生态化学计量比存在偶联关系,但受叶片成熟或衰老显著影响。     

氮添加对锡林郭勒灌丛草原羊草(Leymus chinensis)化学计量特征的影响

本研究以内蒙古锡林郭勒小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)灌丛草原优势物种羊草(Leymus chinensis)为研究对象,研究氮添加对羊草碳、氮、磷元素含量及其化学计量特征的影响。结果表明氮添加对羊草茎叶N,P含量和叶片C∶N,C∶P影响显著;不同氮添加水平对灌丛下和灌丛间羊草C,N,P含量及其化学计量特征的影响存在分异;随氮添加的增加,灌丛间羊草茎叶C∶N和叶片C∶P呈降低趋势,灌丛下羊草茎叶化学计量特征变化不显著;灌丛下羊草茎叶C,N,P含量及其化学计量特征的变异系数均低于灌丛间羊草;氮添加显著影响灌丛间羊草茎叶N含量,C∶N和C∶P,但是,氮添加对灌丛下羊草茎叶化学计量特征影响不显著。小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化过程可能会削弱氮添加对草本植物叶片C,N,P含量及化学计量特征的影响,本研究结果为草原生态系统管理提供了新的视角和重要的理论依据。     

氮、磷添加对青藏高寒草甸土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征影响的Meta分析

为了解青藏高原高寒草甸土壤碳(Carbon,C)、氮(Nitrogen,N)、磷(Phosphorus,P)化学计量特征对氮、磷添加的响应,提高养分管理水平及草地生态系统的养分平衡。本研究严格筛选出21篇文章(612项数据)进行Meta分析,通过亚组分析分析了不同施肥方式(氮添加、磷添加、氮磷添加)、不同施肥强度(轻度、中度、重度)对青藏高原草地土壤C,N,P化学计量特征的影响。研究结果表明：养分添加显著增加了青藏高原草地土壤C,N,P含量;氮添加对土壤的增加效应随施肥强度增加而增加,磷轻度施肥(20g·m^-2以下)处理、氮磷添加轻度施肥处理下的土壤C,N,P含量及化学计量比增加效果最好。本研究结果总体反映出氮、磷添加对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤产生积极影响,研究结果可为青藏高原草地生态系统的保护提供科学依据。     

氮添加降低盐渍化草地赖草非结构性碳水化合物含量

氮沉降全球化对草本植物不同器官非结构性碳水化合物(Non-structural carbohydrates, NSCs)的影响尚不清楚。本研究依托山西右玉黄土高原草地生态系统国家定位观测研究站2017年建立的不同水平氮添加试验平台，探究氮添加对赖草(Leymus secalinus)叶片和茎秆中的NSCs(可溶性糖、淀粉)含量及其比例的影响。结果表明：茎秆中可溶性糖、淀粉和NSCs含量显著高于叶片；氮添加降低了叶片和茎秆可溶性糖、淀粉、NSCs含量和可溶性糖∶淀粉比值，茎秆可溶性糖、淀粉和NSCs含量对氮素添加的响应更敏感；土壤无机氮含量、土壤pH值和土壤速效N∶P比值与叶片和茎秆中的可溶性糖、淀粉、NSCs含量和可溶性糖∶淀粉比值显著相关，而土壤有效P含量与这些指标无显著相关性。本研究结果表明植物不同器官NSCs含量和计量格局对氮添加呈现非线性饱和响应，但响应大小在植物器官间存在较大差异。     

高寒草甸植物叶片生态化学计量特征对长期氮肥添加的响应

氮(N)是植物生长发育所需的基本元素,人为N添加已成为陆地生态系统N输入的主要形式。施N作为改善土壤养分条件的重要途径,可改变土壤理化性质,也会对植物叶片生态化学计量特征产生影响。本研究在2012年5月设置0(CK)、10(N₁₀)、20(N₂₀)、30(N₃₀)g·m^-2·a^-1的N添加试验,并于2018年8月采集禾本科、莎草科、豆科和杂类草叶片,测定其碳(C)、N、磷(P)含量,分析不同水平N添加下植物叶片生态化学计量特征的差异,探索长期N添加下植物叶片生态化学计量特征变化的影响因素。结果表明:1)N添加显著提高了禾本科叶片碳(LC)含量而显著降低了豆科LC含量(P<0.05),莎草科和杂类草LC含量变化不显著(P>0.05)。随施N量增加,4种功能群叶片氮(LN)含量均显著增加(P<0.05),而叶片磷(LP)含量变化趋势不一致。2)N添加下4种功能群植物叶片碳氮比(LC/N)整体呈下降趋势,叶片氮磷比(LN/P)和叶片碳磷比(LC/P)呈上升趋势。3)...     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -