筏式养鲍对沉积环境压力的评价——MOM-B监测系统模型在桑沟湾的应用

于2010年5月、7月、8月和10月对桑沟湾筏式养鲍区的沉积环境进行现场调查,采用娜威海洋研究所建立的鱼类养殖环境监测系统模型(Modelling-Ongrowing fish farms-Monitoring,MOM system),应用MOM-B着重对鲍养殖区的沉积环境状况进行监测和评价,由生物、化学和感官指标组组成.生物指标组的结果显示,各站位都有大型底栖动物,鲍养殖区处于1,2或者3等级.根据化学指标组(pH值和氧化还原电位Eh)和感官指标组(颜色、气味、气泡、粘稠度等)的监测结果进行了进一步的评价,结果显示,各站位的pH>7.0,为弱碱性,沉积物都无气泡产生,无臭味或硫化氢气味.鲍养殖区的沉积环境状况整体良好,5月和7月为1级,8月和10月为2级.虽然鲍养殖区目前的沉积环境状况较好,但需要注意的是8月和10月Eh<0,沉积环境已经处于还原状态,可能与鲍养殖压力有关.     

桑沟湾贝类筏式养殖与环境相互作用研究

2003年6~10月和2004年3月利用YSI6600多参数水质监测仪和SD6000全自动海流计以及石膏块对桑沟湾扇贝筏式养殖区养殖设施内外、扇贝养殖笼内外部分环境参数(pH、DO、叶绿素a、海流)的动态变化进行了系统研究。实验结果表明:(1)扇贝筏式养殖区内外流速及叶绿素a浓度衰减显著:经过20排筏架(约105m)后,养殖区内的海水平均流速由区外的7·50±5·29降到5·28±3·23cm·s~(-1),降低了29·6%,区内外海流的主流向没有显著改变;进入养殖系统的叶绿素a浓度由2·48降低到了1·19μg·L~(-1),减少了52%;养殖区内的pH和溶解氧与区外相比变化不大;(2)扇贝养殖笼内外环境因子发生显著的变化:2003年7月1日养殖笼内外水交换率可达80·5%,1个月后下降到只有23·6%;2004年10月份养殖笼内叶绿素a浓度降低到仅有1·57μg·L~(-1),较之笼外的4·20μg·L~(-1)来说,减少了62·6%;养殖笼外pH基本保持在8·0左右,笼内的pH却一直趋于下降趋势,到9月份降到了最低值7·46;在附着生物附着盛期的8、9月份,笼内溶解氧最低值降低到了5·13mg·L~(-1),比起笼外的7·04mg·L~(-1)来说,减少了27·1%。     

皱纹盘鲍海区筏式吊养

在海区设筏架进行皱纹盘鲍吊养，于1998年4月和10月分两批投苗，共投苗27万只（平均体长19.7mm)，饲养期间投喂鲜海带，坛紫菜或其干品，经过16-19个月的吊养后出售，平均体长达61.4mm，平均体重达42.38g/只，成活率达82.3mm%，总共出售10172kg，收入325.2万元，投入产出比为1：2.76，取得了良好的经济效益。     

南方海区筏式养鲍技术规程

鲍属海产珍品,是我国重要的海水养殖品种,我国鲍的人工育苗和养殖开展于1980年前后,1986年进入大面积的人工育苗和工厂化养殖阶段,到1995年产量达到近2000t。养殖的主要经济品种有我国北方的皱纹盘鲍、日本引进的日本盘鲍(黑鲍)及近年选育的杂交鲍(皱×黑)。工厂     

浅海筏式养鲍技术

皱纹盘鲍 ( H aliotisdiscus haunai)是高档海珍品 ,其肉质细嫩 ,味道鲜美 ,氨基酸含量位于海珍品之首 ,具有很高的营养价值和经济价值。目前在国内外市场上供不应求 ,是极佳的出口创汇养殖品种。其养殖技术要点如下。一、海区的选择选择水流畅通 ,水质清新 ,附近无河流 ,海藻资源丰富 ,盐度为中盐度的海区。具体要求是 :1.水深　　养鲍海区不宜过浅 ,水深最好在 15～ 2 0 m之间。2 .水温　　生存水温为 1～ 2 8℃ ,最适生长水温为 14～ 2 2℃。所以养鲍海区冬季水温应不低于 1℃ ,高温季节不超过 2 8℃。3.盐度　　鲍鱼属于中盐度的海洋生…     

降低海上筏式养鲍死亡率之良策

鲍鱼的养殖经过多年的试验，海上筏养方式已备受养殖的喜爱，随着养殖规模的扩大，也逐渐出现了大面积的死亡现象，使养鲍单位蒙受巨大的经济损失，究其原因，错综复杂，既有自然因素，也有人为因素。为了促进筏养鲍鱼健康、持续、稳定发展，建议养殖单位应当采取一切行之有效的方法，控制病害的发生和蔓延，使筏养的鲍鱼的死亡率降到最低限度，现笔结合生产实践，略论降低筏养鲍鱼死亡率的良策。以供广大养鲍参考。     

桑沟湾筏式养殖鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)的生长特性

2014年4-6月在桑沟湾海区进行鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)海上筏式养殖实验,分析了鼠尾藻在桑沟湾的生长特性,调查了藻体上的附着生物.结果显示,(1)鼠尾藻在桑沟湾海域生长迅速,水温为10-17℃时特定生长率最高,可达6.10％/d;根据特定生长率与水温的关系,获得了鼠尾藻的最佳生长温度为14.9℃;(2)5月10日开始有生殖托形成,水温达到20.4℃时,鼠尾藻生殖托大量成熟,并有放散;(3)养殖期间,鼠尾藻最大长度达187.05 cm,均长可达112.31 cm;干湿比由0.147(4月)上升至0.189(6月);每公顷产量可达43.95 t(湿重),相当于干重为8.25 t;(4)藻体上有大型附着生物16种,主要优势种为尖嘴扁颌针鱼鱼卵、玻璃海鞘和海绵;附着生物的生物量随着水温升高而增加.研究表明,海区的附着生物对鼠尾藻的生长影响不大,在桑沟湾大规模养殖鼠尾藻是可行的.     

提高北方筏式养鲍效益措施

鲍鱼属海产八珍之一,位于八珍之冠,属腹足纲。全世界已知有90余种,分布在温带、亚热带、热带。中国沿海有皱纹盘鲍、杂色鲍、耳鲍、羊鲍、盘大鲍等品种。鲍肉质细嫩,味道异常鲜美,营养价值高,     

海上筏式养鲍技术要点

鲍是一种名贵的海产经济贝类，沿海各地总结了许多养鲍的方法与经验。本文作者较扼要介绍海上筏式养鲍技术要点，以飨读者。     

桑沟湾春季营养盐分布特征及赤潮暴发诱因

根据2006年4月和2011年4月两个航次的调查数据,对比分析了桑沟湾水域春季水温、盐度及溶解无机氮(DIN)、活性磷酸盐(PO₄^3-)、活性硅酸盐(Si₃² -Si)含量的时空分布特征,探讨了目前大面积赤潮暴发的可能原因。结果显示,2011年的氮、磷、硅浓度都高于2006年同期调查结果,分别是2006年的5.6倍,1.3倍和3.2倍。氮磷比高达(66.33?47.16),硅磷比为(35.12?21.44),硅氮比为(0.82?0.77),严重偏离Redfield比值。块状分布明显,氮、磷、硅的空间分布情况相似,都是在湾口的东南部(褚岛外海)有高值区,向湾内递减;在湾底的西北部赤潮的始发区,有次高值区,与盐度的低值区几乎重叠。从营养盐、水文、大型藻类营养盐竞争与克生作用及水温4个方面,分析了赤潮暴发的可能原因。     

皱纹盘鲍微卫星多重PCR体系构建及其在家系鉴定中的应用

为提高微卫星分型效率,从以往报道的皱纹盘鲍微卫星中筛选出易扩增、特异性好的微卫星位点进行组合扩增,并通过优化退火温度、反应体系、引物浓度等条件,开发了4组多重PCR扩增体系.运用CERVUS3.0软件对12个皱纹盘鲍全同胞家系的372个子代进行家系鉴定,验证了这4组多重PCR在家系鉴定中的效率.结果发现,仅用1组微卫星多重PCR模拟和实际家系鉴定的成功率分别为86％和90％,两组则达到100％.结果表明,微卫星多重PCR技术能准确地把任意子代鉴定至其所属家系,可以进行大批量家系材料分析,具有较好的应用价值.     

Effects of dietary cholesterol on growth, survival and body composition of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino

An experiment was conducted to determine the dietary cholesterol requirement of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Eight isoenergetic (18.15–18.61 kJ/g) and isonitrogenous (29.00–29.78% protein) diets, supplemented with 0.00, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60, 0.75, 0.90 and 1.05% cholesterol were evaluated. Juvenile abalone (initial weight: 0.67–0.72 g) were reared in a flow-through water system for 24 weeks. During the feeding trial, water temperature was maintained at 14–17 °C, salinity 31–33, pH 7.4–7.9. Abalone fed diet without cholesterol supplementation had the lowest weight gain ratio (WGR, 356.70%). Survival ranged from 98.52 to 100.00% and was not significantly different among treatments. There were no significant effects of dietary cholesterol on composition and cholesterol concentration in the muscle and viscera of abalone. Based on data of WGR using broken-line analysis, the optimal dietary cholesterol requirement of juvenile abalone was found to be 0.23%.     

The growth of disk abalone, Haliotis discus hannai at different culture densities in a pilot-scale recirculating aquaculture system with a baffled culture tank

The growth rate of disk abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, energy consumption and changes in water quality were monitored in a pilot-scale recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for 155 days. Baffles were installed in the RAS culture tanks to enlarge the attachment area and clean out solid waste materials automatically by hydraulic force only. The experimental disk abalones, of shell length 24.5 ± 0.5 mm, were cultured at three stocking densities, 700, 1300 and 1910 individuals/m² bottom area, in triplicate. The abalones were fed with sea mustard, Undaria pinnatifida, once a week. The abalone feed conversion rates and daily growth rates ranged from 24.5 to 25.9 and 0.32 to 0.36%, respectively. Their daily shell increments and survival rates ranged from 67.7 to 78.6 μm/day and 87.6–92.2%, respectively. The growth in weight tended to decrease at a culture density of 1300 individuals/m² bottom area, while shell increments and survival rates were acceptable at this density. The total power consumption for heating was 1185.4 kW, comprising 30.2% of the total power consumption, while the average water exchange rate was only 2.9% per day. The total ammonia nitrogen stabilized below 0.07 mg/L, after conditioning of the biofilter. The NO₂⁻–N, NO₃⁻–N and total suspended solid concentrations were also maintained within acceptable ranges for the normal growth of disk abalone. The use of the RAS with these newly designed culture tanks for disk abalone culture produced 1300 individuals/m² bottom area with a water exchange rate of only 2.9% per day and used about one-tenth of the heat energy of a conventional flow-through system.     

Study on the potential of suspended longline mariculture of the scallop Chlamys farreri in offshore areas

The growth and survival of the scallop Chlamys farreri exposed to different initial densities were evaluated in culture systems from inshore and offshore areas of Sungo Bay, China, from May 2007 to March 2008. Water quality data (e.g. temperature, salinity, current speed, chlorophyll a and total particulate material) were measured concurrently. The C. farreri reached the market size after 10 months of cultivation. Average survival rates for the same initial densities were lower in the inshore area than those in the offshore area. Survival rates also were inversely proportional to the initial densities. Scallops in offshore area with initial densities of 20 and 30 individuals per disc resulted in significantly greater shell heights, soft tissue weights and muscle weight compared with the other experimental groups. Tissue weight increased rapidly from May to September. However, scallops in offshore area had a second growth peak during October to November. Scallops in the offshore area had higher growth and survival rates, which may be attributed to high water current speed resulting in increased food supplies. Results indicate that the scallop C. farreri has an aquaculture potential in offshore cultivation systems.     

皱纹盘鲍染色体C带和rDNA定位

为了提高对皱纹盘鲍染色体的辨识水平,实验利用 Ba(OH)₂ 处理显示了皱纹盘鲍染色体的C带,并用荧光原位杂交分析(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)研究了核糖体大亚基rDNA在皱纹盘鲍中期染色体上的数目与位置。核型结果显示,皱纹盘鲍染色体组包含7对中部着丝粒染色体和8对亚中部着丝粒染色体,另有3对染色体介于中部着丝粒染色体与亚中着丝粒染色体之间(m/sm)。C显带结果显示,8对染色体有稳定的着丝粒C带,5～7对染色体上有中期相间多态的端部C带,3对染色体上有同源染色体异态的臂间C带。FISH 分析显示,皱纹盘鲍中期染色体上分布着4个大亚基 rDNA位点,分别位于2号短臂(2S)、7号短臂(7S)、12号短臂(12S)和18号长臂(18L)的端部。研究结果为皱纹盘鲍染色体辨识提供了新的特征与标记,为进一步研究皱纹盘鲍种群的染色体多态和鲍属染色体进化提供了基础资料。     

Characterisation of cell types in abalone (Haliotis spp.) tissues using immunohistochemical techniques

The increasing popularity of abalone as a seafood delicacy has led to the rapid development of abalone aquaculture worldwide. The commercial and economic importance of this industry has resulted in an increasing interest in the biology of this particular shellfish genus. In this study we focus on the identification of structural, functional and proliferative proteins in two species of abalone shellfish, Haliotis discus hannai and Haliotis tuberculata. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that react with proteins in vertebrate and invertebrate tissues were selected and applied to abalone tissues. Cross sections of whole animals were analysed using avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase staining protocols. In total, twenty-four antibodies were tested on shellfish tissues. Six antibodies out of twenty-four detected antigens in Haliotis spp. Cytokeratins, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), neuron specific enolase (NSE), laminin and vimentin were detected in abalone tissues. Positive immunohistochemical results were confirmed using western blot. The expression of these proteins aids in the characterisation of cell types present in abalone tissues, which contributes to a better understanding of the fundamental biology of this shellfish genus.     

桑沟湾春季有色溶解有机物(CDOM)吸收光谱特性及空间分布特征

有色溶解有机物(CDOM)是水生态系统中碳的重要来源,其光学性质可示踪海水中溶解有机物组分的动态信息。利用紫外可见吸收光谱手段,分区域测定了桑沟湾春季水体及表层沉积物间隙水中CDOM的吸收光谱特征,探讨了CDOM的来源组成、空间分布特征、迁移转化过程及其与养殖活动的关系。结果表明,(1)波长为355_的吸收系数(a(355))范围为0.23~9.09 /m,不同水层空间分布差异显著,表层和底层均从近岸区向贝藻区逐渐降低,之后在海带区升高后向外海逐渐降低；海带区从表层向底层先降低后升高,高密度、规模化的海带养殖释放了大量的CDOM,各区域沉积物间隙水a(355)是其表中底之和的1.3~2.5倍,CDOM在沉积物间隙水中富集并逐渐累积。(2)光谱斜率(S_275-295)范围为0.013~0.036,外海区和海带区S_275-295均值显著高于其他各区,海带区和外海区CDOM中海源有机质占主要成分,而近岸区以陆源有机质为主；近岸区CDOM中的腐殖酸类物质含量从表层到底层逐渐降低,沉积物中积累的富里酸类物质含量较高,海带区和外海区呈相反趋势。(3)比紫外吸光度(SUVA₂₅₄)范围为4.60~14.10 L/(mg.m),贝类区、贝藻区和藻类区SUVA₂₅₄均呈现出从表层到底层逐渐增大的趋势,CDOM的芳香性逐渐增强并在沉积物间隙水中达到最大；海带区和外海区沉积物间隙水中的SUVA₂₅₄显著高于其他各区,表明海带区的规模化养殖活动向养殖海区及邻近海域贡献了较多的惰性溶解有机物,暗示着海带养殖活动有较强的碳汇效应并通过海流作用向外海输送。