毛乌素沙地南缘臭柏群落土壤水分空间分布特征

为对臭柏群落土壤水分空间分布特征进行初步研究,以毛乌素南缘神木大保当镇臭柏(Sabina vulgaris Ant.)群落为研究对象,选取10个样地利用环刀进行土壤取样,通过土壤烘干法测出土壤含水量与蓄水量并进行分析。结果表明:(1)在坡位影响下,各样地间的土壤含水量存在显著性差异(P0.05),含水量和蓄水量整体分别表现为沙丘下部沙丘中部丘间低地沙脊,沙丘中部沙丘下部丘间低地沙脊;(2)在坡向影响下,各样地的土壤含水量存在显著性差异(P0.05),含水量和蓄水量均表现为背风坡迎风坡;(3)在林内外植被影响下,各样地的土壤含水量存在显著性差异(P0.05),含水量和蓄水量均表现为草地臭柏沙地。表明臭柏群落对土壤水分空间分布有一定的影响。     

新疆艾勒逊乌拉沙漠沙丘表层沉积物粒径及分形特征

[目的]对新疆艾勒逊乌拉沙漠表层沉积物粒度特征进行研究,旨在了解其地表沉积物粒度特征及影响沉积物粒度分布的因素。[方法]对沙漠及沙丘表层沉积物粒度进行粒级划分,并对粒度参数、分形维数分析。[结果](1)研究区表层沉积物平均粒径为284.63μm,中砂为主,占48.93%;偏度为-0.18,呈负偏,距沙源近,搬运介质动力强;分选系数为1.10,分选性极好;峰度值为1.01,属常峰态,沉积物颗粒分布较均匀。(2)流动性沙丘和半固定沙丘表层沉积物偏度值分别为-0.13和-0.08,分别呈负偏、中等,两类沙丘粗砂砾较多;分选系数分别为1.66和1.76,均呈中等,沉积物粒度分布较均匀;峰度值分别为1.10和1.12,为常峰态和较窄峰,说明沙丘的粗颗粒沉积物在沙漠中相对集中。(3)流动性沙丘和半固定沙丘从迎风坡底到背风坡底表层沉积物的粒度平均粒径值依次分别为289.58,310.44,290.92,277.64,275.36μm和310.34,306.68,337.78,290.36,277.68μm,两类沙丘粗颗粒沉积物均集中在迎风坡。半固定沙丘迎风坡粗颗粒沉积物含量高于流动性沙丘迎风坡粗颗粒...     

聚乳酸纤维沙障对表层土壤含水量的影响

在乌兰布和沙漠西南缘选择大小、走向相近的裸沙丘分别铺设聚乳酸纤维( PLA)沙障与麦草沙障,设计规格为1m×1m、2m×2m、3m×3m.从2008年开始连续3年对2种沙障不同规格、不同坡位表层土壤含水量进行测定,同时以未铺设任何沙障的裸沙丘作为对照,比较新型材料PLA沙障与传统沙障麦草沙障对表层土壤含水量的长时间影响.结果表明:1)PLA沙障与麦草沙障以及裸沙丘含水量都随年份的增加而增加,2类沙障含水量增长幅度明显优于裸沙丘;2)就沙障规格而言,长时间保持土壤水分,效果最好的是PLA沙障2m×2m规格:3)在0～10 cm深度,PLA沙障土壤含水量表现为迎风坡＞背风坡＞坡顶,麦草沙障与PLA沙障相反;4)在10～20 cm深度,PLA沙障土壤含水量表现为坡顶＞迎风坡＞背风坡,麦草沙障同样与PLA沙障相反.     

科尔沁沙地沙质草场土壤水分对干旱和降雨响应的空间变异性

采用地统计学的方法,研究了科尔沁沙地沙质草场土壤含水量对干旱和降雨响应的空间变异规律。结果表明,干旱时沙质草场表层(0～20cm)、亚表层(20～40cm)土壤含水量可很好地拟合成球状模型和指数模型,在1～2．26m,1～6．63m的中等尺度范围内表现出很高的空间自相关性,空间自相关度分别为0．92,0．87．分维数均表现出较弱的空间依赖性．分别为1．99,1．94,两层土壤含水量变异特征差异小,土壤水分的空间变异性强,破碎化程度高。降雨后沙质草场土壤表层、亚表层土壤含水量可很好地拟合成指数模型和球状模型,也具有空间结构特征,空间自相关度分别为0．62,0．98,变程分别为181．80m,4．55m,分维数为1．91,1．99,再有土壤水分空间格局图分析,表层土壤含水量空间变异性小,亚表层空间变异性大,两层土壤含水量变异特征存在明显差异。干旱时与降雨后沙质草场表层土壤水分统计特征、变异函数模型和参数、分维数和土壤水分空间格局分布图存在显著的差异,而亚表层差异较小。一定强度的降雨在短期内只能削弱处于干旱时沙质草场表层土壤水分的空间变异性,使其表层土壤水分破碎化程度、空间变异性减弱,而对土壤深层的水分补充和影响有限。     

毛乌素沙地东南缘沙丘水分垂直变化规律及风蚀意义

为了进一步揭示毛乌素沙地含水量垂直变化的规律和风蚀意义,通过野外调查、采样、含水量测定、沙粒粒度测定和计算模拟,系统地研究了毛乌素沙地东南缘的3类沙丘含水量垂直变化的趋势,模拟了含水量垂直变化对输沙率垂直差异和沙丘形态演化的影响。结果表明:裸露流动沙丘迎风坡含水量在1.33%～3.79%之间波动;背风坡含水量在0.39%～5.04%范围内波动;丘间洼地含水量在2.12%～6.36%之间波动,裸露流动沙丘含水量的垂直变化可分为自上而下的5个沙层。灌木覆盖沙丘迎风坡的含水量在0.74%～11.92%之间波动;背风坡的含水量在0.89%～12.08%之间波动;丘间洼地的含水量在1.34%～9.24%之间波动,沙丘含水量的垂直变化存在差异明显的3个沙层。人工乔木覆盖沙丘的相对输沙率介于裸露流动沙丘和灌木覆盖沙丘之间。沙丘含水量2%～3%的垂直变化就能引起沙丘形态演化。在含水量垂直变化和沙丘背风坡和丘间洼地的阻滞下,沙丘形态演化存在3个阶段。在沙尘暴预报过程中需要考虑沙丘形态、沙丘含水量的垂直变化等因素对输沙率的影响,以提高预报工作的精度和可靠性。     

毛乌素沙地南缘灌丛沙丘土壤水分与粒度特征研究

土壤水分与土壤粒度是影响灌丛沙丘植被与沙丘演变的重要因子.通过对毛乌素沙地南缘典型灌丛沙丘土壤粒度以及4月、7月的土壤水分的测定.揭示了沙丘各部位土层土壤含水量的时空变化特征与粒度分布规律:由于是降雨1 h后采样,丘间地与丘顶0-10 cm土层7月土壤含水量均随深度变化骤减.丘间地自表层至70 cm深度范围的土层,受植被、降雨、太阳辐射等外界环境因子影响较大.丘顶四月表层被灌木老枝覆盖,从一定程度上抑制丘顶0-30 cm土层土壤水分的蒸发,同时增加粗糙度,降低下垫面起沙起尘率,从而为维持水分平衡、防沙治沙提供手段;30-80 cm间的土层7月土壤含水量较4月土壤含水量丰富,是由于7月正值雨季,雨水下渗土壤含水量较高.风况、植被条件、沙面活动程度决定各部位土壤含水量的变化幅度,根系分布与植被决定沙丘土壤水分的动态变化与拐点出现的土层深度.迎风坡、丘顶、背风坡、丘间地沉积物粒度特征相似,均以细砂为主,垂直结构中细砂、极细砂含量较高,其次为粉砂.黏土、中砂、粗砂、极粗砂含量随土层深度的增加变化不大,极细砂、细砂含量随土层深度增加变化起伏较大.     

古尔班通古特沙漠东南部不同类型沙丘土壤水分与地形-植被因子关系

[目的]揭示古尔班通古特沙漠土壤水分的分布规律及其与地形—植被因子的关系，对制定相应的防风固沙措施以及建立科学合理的植物固沙模式有积极的指导作用。[方法]以古尔班通古特沙漠东南部地区3种不同类型沙丘(固定、半固定和流动沙丘)为研究对象，利用方差分析和冗余分析等方法对3种不同类型沙丘上4种微地貌类型(迎风坡、背风坡、丘顶、丘底)不同深度土壤水分(0—40 cm, 40—200 cm, 200—300 cm)分布特征及其与地形—植被因子之间的关系进行综合分析。[结果](1)所有类型沙丘上0—300 cm土壤水分的波动程度随深度的增加逐渐减小，表层土壤水分的波动程度大于中层和深层。(2)所有类型沙丘不同深度的土壤水分有显著的差异，且背风坡、丘底和迎风坡3种微地貌类型上土壤水分相对较为集中。(3)地形—植被因子对研究区绝大多数(半)固定沙丘的土壤水分呈负相关关系，对(半)固定沙丘不同深度土壤水分影响较流动沙丘更为明显。[结论]所有类型沙丘上的土壤水分受地形因子的影响较植被因子强，而且影响不同类型沙丘土壤水分的主要地形—植被因子也不同。     

太行山山前坡地不同土地利用方式下土壤水分的时空变异特征

以济源试区坡耕地、苹果园、果农复合系统、退耕还林地、刺槐林地5个邻接农林模式为研究对象,用时域反射仪(TDR)测定坡面不同农林模式雨季前、雨季中和雨季后表层土壤(0-30 cm)含水量,分析表层土壤水分分布特征及其时空变异特征。结果表明:由于受不同坡位、不同植被类型的影响,土壤表层含水量从坡顶到坡底逐渐增加;雨季前后土壤表层含水量的半方差理论函数均呈球状模型,块金值变化并不明显,其值分别为0.25和0.30,独立间距分别为99.7 m和87.6 m,土壤水分具有强烈的空间自相关性,存在很好的分形特征,分形维数分别为1.71和1.74,变异均主要是由空间自相关部分引起。雨季中土壤表层含水量的半方差函数呈直线模型,土壤水分空间变异表现出随距离增加而增加,分形维数为1.40。     

不同坡位条件对毛乌素沙地长柄扁桃林地土壤水分的影响

[目的]揭示半干旱区固定沙丘不同坡位条件下土壤水分空间变化规律,为固定沙丘土壤水分合理利用提供决策依据。[方法]在毛乌素沙漠东南缘陕西省神木市生态协会毛乌素治沙造林基地,以固定沙丘12 a龄人工长柄扁桃林地为研究对象,建立土壤水分定位观测小区,使用CNC503DR型中子仪对2018年7—10月0—300 cm土层土壤水分进行测定,并分析不同坡位条件下长柄扁桃林地生长季土壤水分时空变化特征。[结果](1)坡顶与坡上0—300 cm土壤剖面含水量随土层深度的增加呈先增加后减小,之后趋于稳定的变化趋势,而坡中(上、下)与坡底表现为类似S形的变化规律,土壤含水量表现为:坡底坡中(上)坡上≥坡顶坡中(下);(2)坡底土壤含水量表现出强变异性,其他4种坡位条件下为中等变异;(3)不同坡位条件下蒸散发表现为:坡底坡顶坡中(下)坡上坡中(上),坡上属强变异,而坡底则表现出中等变异且变异系数最小。[结论]不同坡位条件对固定沙丘土壤水分及蒸散耗水具有重要影响,坡底土壤含水量及蒸散发量均最大,且具有较强的不稳定性。     

丘间低地不同年龄沙柳表层土壤水分与容重的空间变异

以毛乌素沙地丘间低地不同年龄(2~4年)沙柳为研究对象,采用地统计学方法对各年龄沙柳表层(0~20cm)土壤水分与容重空间变异进行研究。结果表明:随着年龄的增长,表层土壤水分含量表现出增大的趋势,且各年龄沙柳表层土壤水分含量间表现出一定的差异性(P<0.05);表层土壤容重差异不显著。空间变异分析显示,随着年龄的增长,沙柳表层土壤水分与容重具有高度的空间变异性,由空间自相关部分引起的空间变异向更强烈空间相关性转变,空间分布格局趋于复杂化;但不同年龄沙柳表层土壤水分含量的空间变异与容重的空间变异相关性不显著(P>0.05)。     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

响应面设计法在温室番茄栽培中的应用

为优化温室番茄的栽培条件,试验研究了不同栽培密度、施氮量和施钾量对日光温室番茄产量的影响。通过中心复合试验设计,构建三因素（栽培密度,氮肥,钾肥）五水平的响应面设计方法并建立番茄产量与三因子的二次回归数学模型。结果表明:三因素对温室番茄产量均有显著的影响（p0.01）,影响的大小顺序为栽培密度施钾量施氮量;栽培密度与施氮量、施钾量之间存在显著的交互作用（p0.01）,施氮量与施钾量之间的相互作用对番茄产量影响不显著（p0.05）;多元二次回归分析结果显示,栽培密度、施氮量、施钾量与番茄产量之间的回归模型高度显著（p0.01）。统计分析确定温室番茄的最佳栽培条件为:栽培密度4.83万株/hm2,施氮量262 kg/hm2,施钾量513kg/hm2;在此条件下,温室番茄产量的预测值为119381kg/hm2,验证试验所得产量为121005kg/hm2。本研究为日光温室番茄高产、稳产和优质提供了理论依据。