Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus dynamics in a loblolly pine-goat silvopasture system in the Southeast USA

Agroforestry presents an opportunity to increase land productivity and improve cash flow by combining income from crop or animal production and forestry on the same land. In addition, agroforestry offers numerous environmental benefits such as increased diversity of plants and animals, nutrient recycling, erosion control, and carbon (C) sequestration. We investigated the effect of grazing and forage enhancement on total soil C (TSC), soil nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) dynamics in a goat (Capra aegagrus hircus)??loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) silvopasture system on a Kipling silt loam soil (fine, smectitic, thermic, Typic Paleudalfs) at Epes, Alabama from 2006 to 2010. In 2007, the soil in the silvopasture plots was characterized by low pH, low TSC, and was deficient in N and P. Four years after tree thinning and after 3?years of grazing in June 2010, the silvopasture plots still depicted low soil pH (<6) and TSC levels less than 20?g?kg^?1. TSC content in all the silvopasture plots in June 2010 were generally similar to levels obtained after thinning and prior to grazing in May 2007. However, soil disturbance for liming, fertilizer incorporation, and forage planting increased soil N and P levels, but resulted in lower TSC in the enhanced forage plots compared to the other treatments. Grazing increased N and P levels during the study period. Our study suggests that in the long-term, grazing without additional soil management practices can improve soil fertility through nutrient recycling and C sequestration and thereby making the goat-loblolly silvopasture system both environmentally and economically sustainable.     

Plant-community characteristics of bahiagrass pasture during conversion to longleaf-pine silvopasture

Silvopasture is considered a sustainable agroforestry practice as a result of benefits the system offers for biodiversity, economic returns, and environmental quality. However, little is known about temporal and spatial dynamics of forage species composition of pastures being converted to silvopasture. Research objectives were to determine (1) the response of forage species composition to a young longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.)-bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) silvopasture versus open bahiagrass pasture, and (2) the impact that alley position relative to trees has on forage species composition in a young longleaf pine-bahiagrass silvopasture. The research was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications from 2003 to 2007 at Americus, Georgia, USA in a longleaf-pine silvopasture established in 2000 in an existing bahiagrass pasture and an adjoining bahiagrass open-pasture. Silvopasture forage-species composition was measured within alleys. Plant community diversity was greater in the silvopasture versus open-pasture early in the growing season, but open-pasture had greater diversity during the later growing season. Alley position in silvopasture also had a significant effect on understory forage species composition. This study indicated that conversion of bahiagrass pasture to longleaf-pine silvopasture in the Southern Coastal Plain can influence plant-community characteristics by the time trees are six to seven years old.     

Parasitic helminth infection in young cattle raised on silvopasture and open-pasture in Southeastern Brazil

More than 95 % of Brazil’s beef production occurs in pastures where parasitic helminths are a serious problem, potentially inhibiting an average annual weight gain of 8 kg per young animal. Current pharmaceutical treatments for parasitic infestation are expensive (estimated to cost Brazil 370 million U.S. dollars per year) and sometimes inefficient due to rapid adaptation of worms to new drugs. The presence of trees in pastures (silvopasture) has proven to be environmentally beneficial, but may favor multiplication of parasites and cause higher infestation rates compared to traditional pastures. This study in Southeastern Brazil compared the weight gains of crossbred Holstein and Gir (Zebu) bovines, 8–24 months of age, under two different grazing systems: open (tree-less) pasture, and silvopasture (primarily “Sucupiras Brancas” at 156 trees ha^?1). Despite the favorable environment for helminths, silvopasture did not increase the worm egg count per gram of animal feces and did not create overall weight or weight gain patterns different from those of animals grazing on the open pasture. The experiment took place from August 2008 to February 2009, encapsulating the transition from the dry to rainy season; a period when worm infection rates are highest, causing the greatest impact in animal development. The significance of this period aside, the results must be taken as indicative due to the short time frame and the extraneous challenges of climate variation, individual immune system resistance development, and natural helminth predator growth conditions.     

Willingness of Iowa agricultural landowners to allow fee hunting associated with in-field shelterbelts

In 2004, four focus groups consisting of agricultural landowners were organized in Northcentral Iowa to assess opportunities for hunting along in-field shelterbelts and on adjacent lands. A majority of respondents (95%) allowed/practiced some hunting on their lands. About 55% of respondents indicated that the potential existed for developing a fee hunting market associated with in-field shelterbelts. Intangible features of hunting, such as recreation/enjoyment and better land stewardship, were ranked higher than tangible ones—additional income and provision of economic opportunities for local communities. Respondents were highly concerned with negative consequences of hunting—trespassing and hunter misconduct. On average, agricultural landowners were willing to accept (WTA) US$30 per visit per party of four hunters to allow hunting of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) on their land. About 33% would grant access to hunters free of charge. Those who lived in urban areas would require five times the monetary compensation (US$50) as those who lived in rural areas (US$10).     

Light Measurement Methods Related to Forage Yield in a Grazed Northern Conifer Silvopasture in the Appalachian Region of Eastern USA

The Appalachian region is characterized by hilly topography and a humid temperate climate. In most areas agriculture is limited to pasture although the native climax vegetation is a species-diverse forest. Silvopasture systems can help diversify and increase farm income. Information is needed on the yield response of forage grown as an understory crop among trees. The light environment of a conifer silvopasture was characterized by three methods, a hand-held photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) meter for quick measurements over a large area, fixed PAR meters recorded using data loggers for a large number of measurements over time, and hemispherical photography with software to calculate seasonal direct beam radiation. Light data were considered in terms of forage yield. Plots were harvested when forage reached 20–25 cm in height after which the entire area was grazed by sheep. There were limitations to all methods of quantifying radiation environment for predicting yield. Yield decreased linearly with decreased PAR; however, data variability was high and correlations, while statistically significant, were weak. Grazed silvopastures are dynamic with shifting yield patterns in response to the interactions between the spatially variable soil, changing seasonal environment, and spatially variable animal impacts for each grazing event.     

Conversion of deciduous forest to silvopasture produces soil properties indicative of rapid transition to improved pasture

Differences in soil properties between forests and pastures have been well documented in the literature, especially under coniferous forests. However, since nearly all of these reports have been time-point comparisons, utilizing long-term paired-sites, properties of transitional states and time of their appearance can only be inferred at present. In this study, a deciduous forest ecosystem was converted to a silvopasture ecosystem by tree thinning, fertilization, and sheep incorporation of seed and forest litter. After 2 years, topsoil (0–15 cm) physico-chemical properties, particularly P fractions, and phosphatases were monitored over the growing season in these ecosystems, and a nearby pasture ecosystem. Initially, before spring vegetative growth, differences were found for pH, exchangeable cations and soil moisture, most of which could be explained by management history. Compared to forest, organic-C (C_o) and organic-N (N_o) concentrations were reduced in silvopasture by 17 and 9%, respectively, indicative of substantial litter decomposition. Most values for all these physico-chemical properties for silvopasture were intermediate between forest and pasture, and generally remained so throughout the growing season. Initial total P (TP_t), organic-P (TP_o) and inorganic-P (TP_i) concentrations were generally as anticipated for the forest and pasture. Silvopasture, however, had 36 and 23% greater TP_o than forest and pasture, respectively, presumably due to fertilizer-P immobilization induced by incorporation of forest litter. Total P components remained essentially constant over the growing season in all ecosystems, with the exception of pasture, likely due to high forage TP_i uptake. Bray I-extractable-organic-P (BrP_o) and bicarbonate-extractable-organic-P (BiP_o) concentrations, although consistently highest in the forest and silvopasture soils, were not reflective of the increase in TP_o under silvopasture. Acid phosphatase (PMEac) activities were highest in spring in all the ecosystems, then gradually declined to typically 25–50% initial activities. Alkaline phosphatase (PMEal) activities showed a broadly-similar pattern, with exception of forest and silvopasture soils, which exhibited low activities throughout the season. For the entire data set, PMEac and PMEal activities were poorly correlated with TP_i, BrP_i, and BiP_i. These results demonstrate that conversion of forest to silvopasture results in soil changes indicative of its rapid transition to pasture and that an increased P_o reservoir results that should be taken into account in fertilizer-P recommendations for temperate silvopastures.     

Soil compaction by grazing livestock in silvopastures as evidenced by changes in soil physical properties

Livestock, pasture, and timber trees are intimately interrelated in silvopastures. Most silvopasture research to date has focused on forage/animal/tree interactions, with less attention paid to animal/soil interactions in silvopastures. While a considerable body of work has been devoted to understanding the effects of livestock trampling on plants and soils in pastures, less has been done for livestock grazing in forests, and even less is available for silvopastures. Three replications of Douglas-fir forest, Douglas-fir/subclover pasture/sheep silvopasture, and subclover/sheep pasture were established in 1989 near Corvallis, Oregon USA. Pastures and silvopastures were grazed each spring during 1990–2001. These plots were sampled in 2002, after 11 years of grazing, and again in 2004 following 2 years without grazing. Soil in the silvopastures had 13% higher bulk density and 7% lower total porosity than those in adjacent forests in 2002. Most of the difference in total porosity was air-filled pores. Average water infiltration rate was 38% less in silvopastures than in forests, however total water stored in the top 6 cm of soil at field capacity was similar. Soil bulk density, total porosity, and air-filled pore space was similar for forests, pastures, and silvopastures after 2 years without livestock grazing. The infiltration rate of silvopasture soils in 2004 had increased to be similar to those of forests in 2002, however, forest soil infiltration rates also increased and continued to be higher than those of silvopastures. Plant production was not sensitive to changes in any of the soil parameters measured. Although livestock grazing did change soil infiltration rates, soil bulk density, and soil porosity, the effects were quickly reversed following cessation of grazing and had little detrimental effect on silvopasture forage or tree production.     

Cumulative Forage Production, Forage Quality and Livestock Performance from an Annual Ryegrass and Cereal Rye Mixture in a Pine Walnut Silvopasture

Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) pastures can extend the grazing season in the lower Midwest. There is little data from this region on the productivity of these forages in a silvopasture system. Our objective was to determine the forage and livestock production from annual ryegrass/cereal rye in a silvopasture versus an open (non-forested) system. This study was conducted near New Franklin, MO, USA. The treatments were (1) annual ryegrass/cereal rye planted into a 6- to 7-year-old stand of pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) × loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) hybrids and black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) (TREE treatment) and (2) the same forages planted into pastures without trees (OPEN treatment). Marshall annual ryegrass and cereal rye were no-till seeded at 22 and 67 kg ha^-1 of pure live seed, respectively, on 18 September 2000 and 30 August 2001. Treatments were replicated three times in a randomized complete block. In March 2001 and 2002, three beef heifers were assigned to each pasture and rotationally grazed until early June. Cumulative forage production and quality were measured for each treatment. Cumulative forage production in the TREE treatment was reduced by approximately 20% compared to the OPEN treatment. However, beef heifer average daily gain and gain ha^-1 were equal for both treatments. Beef producers using a annual ryegrass/cereal rye in a silvopasture system likely would not sacrifice livestock production when hybrid pine and black walnut trees are 6- to 7-year-old when compared to an open pasture. Contribution of the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station and the University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry. This work was funded through the University of Missouri Center for Agroforestry under cooperative agreements AG-02100251 with the ARS and CR 826704-01-0 with the US EPA. The results presented are the sole responsibility of the authors and/or the University of Missouri and may not represent the policies or positions of the ARS or EPA.     

Modeling forage growth in a Midwest USA silvopastoral system

Tree effects on understory pasture growth in a silvopastoral system were modeled by explicit simulation of tree canopy light and rainfall interception, evapotranspiration, and nutrient uptake. The algorithms to model these effects were incorporated into a multispecies grazing simulation model, GRASIM, to form the Silvopasture GRASIM model (SGRASIM). The new model was evaluated using forage biomass data and soil moisture data collected from a silvopasture field experiment with black walnut (Juglans nigra L.). The SGRASIM model performed well in simulating the growth of three competing dominant forage species (orchardgrass [Dactylis glomerata L.], Kentucky bluegrass [Poa pratensis L.], and tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.)] in the pasture both under tree canopy and in open pasture (linear regression of observed on simulated biomass for the species gave r ² values above 0.97). Model growth parameters for forage under tree canopy, compared with those for an open pasture, bear testament to the shading effects from the forest canopy in terms of reduced photosynthetic efficiency, increased leaf area ratio, and photosynthate partitioned to aboveground biomass. The new model reasonably followed the soil moisture time series in the upper soil layer (0–30 cm), where the bulk of the forage roots reside.     

Establishment and production from thinned mature deciduous-forest silvopastures in Appalachia

Small Appalachian hill farms may benefit economically by expanding grazing lands into some of their under-utilized forested acreages. Our objective was to study the forage production potential of forest to silvopasture conversion. We thinned a white oak dominated mature second growth forested area establishing two orchardgrass-perennial ryegrass-white clover silvopasture replications for comparison with two nearby open pasture replications. After thinning trees, silvopastures were limed, fertilized and seeded. Sheep were fed hay and corn scattered across the area to facilitate removal of residual understory vegetation, disruption of litter layer and incorporation of applied materials into surface soil. Each area was divided into multiple paddocks and rotationally grazed by sheep. Two 1 m² herbage mass samples were taken from each paddock prior to animal grazing. There was no significant difference in soil moisture between silvopastures and open pastures however, there was adequate rainfall to prevent drought all 3 years. The two silvopastures received 42 and 51% of total daily incident PAR compared to the open field. Total dry forage mass yield from open pasture over the 3 years averaged 11,200 kg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ and from silvopasture 6,640 kg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. Silvopastures, however, had a higher PAR use efficiency (PARUE) than open pasture. Hill farms could increase grazing acreages without sacrificing all benefits from trees on the landscape by converting some areas to silvopasture.     

Microclimatic differences between young longleaf-pine silvopasture and open-pasture

Information is needed relative to changes that occur in microclimatic conditions in the early stages of open-pasture to pine silvopasture conversion in the Southeastern USA. This research tested the hypothesis that microclimatic conditions would vary between young-pine silvopasture and open-pasture. The research was conducted in a longleaf-pine (Pinus palustris Mill.)-bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) silvopasture and adjacent open bahiagrass pasture at Americus, Georgia. Longleaf-pine was planted in the bahiagrass pasture in December 2000; the trees were not pruned or thinned until the study was completed. Microclimatic parameters (air temperature, soil temperature at 5 and 10 cm, wind speed, gust speed, wind direction, humidity, dew point, rainfall, soil-moisture content, total solar radiation, and photosynthetically active radiation) were collected from November 2005 to October 2008 using HOBO^© weather stations located in each pasture type. Data were analyzed to determine overall, as well as seasonal, monthly, and diurnal differences between pasture types. Evapotranspiration was calculated from air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and total solar radiation. With the exception of rainfall, overall average values for all microclimatic parameters were different between pasture types. Silvopasture had higher overall average values for air temperature, soil temperature at both depths, and soil water content, but lower values for all remaining microclimatic parameters. Seasonal, monthly, and diurnal differences between pasture types were also detected for several parameters. The results suggested that water loss can be significantly reduced in the early stages of open-pasture to longleaf-pine silvopasture conversion in the Southeastern USA.     

Estimating the value of preserving the Manchurian black bear using the contingent valuation method

Abstract

Although non-consumptive wildlife use is increasingly in demand, its preservation value is not estimated with sufficient accuracy. This study estimates the value of the endangered Manchurian black bear associated with preservation programmes (hereafter, “preservation value”) using a dichotomous choice contingent valuation method in a real-world setting. Since using a hypothetical setting in the contingent valuation method tends to overestimate willingness to pay (WTP), a specially designed field experimental survey was used to incorporate a real-world setting and thereby reduce hypothetical bias, ultimately increasing the accuracy of the estimated WTP. The survey results show that when the responses from the hypothetical setting and real-world setting are compared, the estimated WTP based on the hypothetical setting is higher than that based on the real-world setting. Thus, the real-world setting appears to be effective in terms of reducing hypothetical bias. The preservation value indicated in the real-world setting is estimated at US $4.99 per household for visitors to Chirisan National Park in South Korea, and the annual aggregate preservation value is estimated at US $3.66 million when considering total visitor households. The WTP results show that visitors to Chirisan National Park strongly support preservation programmes for this endangered wildlife species.     

Cattle distribution and behavior in southern-pine silvopasture versus open-pasture

Shade present in silvopasture systems could reduce heat stress associated with microclimatic conditions that characterize warm-weather portions of the year on the Coastal Plain of the Southeast USA. Objectives of this research were to: (1) quantify diurnal distribution patterns of landscape use and behavior of cattle in loblolly-pine (Pinus taeda) silvopasture versus open-pasture landscapes, and (2) relate observed differences in landscape use and cattle behavior patterns between the two pastures to differences in microclimatic conditions, and forage quantity and quality. The research was conducted in Chipley, Florida USA within a 5-ha cell of a loblolly-pine-bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) silvopasture (tree age 20 year), and a 5-ha open bahiagrass pasture with unlimited access to an adjacent 1-ha wooded area. One-day observations of diurnal distribution and behavior of cattle were conducted in March, June, and September 2007; microclimatic conditions were measured, and forage quantity and quality were estimated within each landscape. Cattle utilized the landscape more evenly in the silvopasture versus the open-pasture and this difference was mainly attributed to reduced solar radiation recorded in the silvopasture. Grazing was the dominant behavior in the silvopasture while loafing was dominant in the open-pasture. Shade present in silvopasture appeared to reduce heat stress for cattle grazing during warm-weather portions of the year on the Coastal Plain of the Southeast USA. Further study is needed to determine how this reduction in heat stress influences cattle performance in southern-pine silvopasture, and the nature and extent of the interactions among animal distribution and behavior, microclimatic conditions, and forage characteristics in these systems.     

Land degradation in Mediterranean Europe: can agroforestry be a part of the solution? A prospective review

Vegetation and land degradation, although less acute than in the Southern Mediterranean Basin, is still widespread in the North. Degradation results from various kinds of mismanagement of the land. Wildfires, for instance, favoured by ungrazing, play an increasingly important role as the mean area annually burnt shifted from an average 200,000 ha in the 1960's to over 600,000 ha in the 1980's. These put a heavy burden on the states and on local communities that amounted to an annual average one billion ECUs (USS 1.2 billion) in the 1980's. The causes and processes of land and vegetation degradation are analysed in the light of the changes in land-use over the past 25 years, as shown in the official statistical data. Forest and shrubland areas are expanding while farmland is shrinking by nearly 1% per annum. An analysis of the foreseeable situation in the early years of the twenty-first century is attempted on the basis of the likely evolution of the EEC agricultural policy. Some guidelines are proposed for sound ecological management of the Northern Mediterranean land and vegetation. These include the introduction or expansion of agroforestry systems with multiple-use of the land to develop tourism, wildlife, hunting and sports, combined with extensive grazing of livestock and game and timber production from elite clones of selected high yielding or highly valued species.Eight to ten million hectares, at present devoted to cereal cropping (i.e. about 50% of the cereal-cropping hectarage), will have to be reconverted to other activities. By 1995, the EEC cereal prices will have to drop in line with the world market, as a result of the recent evolution of the EEC Communal Agricultural Policy (CAP). The warranted EEC cereal prices are at present about 40% above that of the world market. The reconversion of this cereal land to other activities could combine low-input mixed agroforestry systems with extensive livestock and game husbandry, high value timber, tourism and various amenities. These should include forage-shrubs plantations in a strategy which combines inexpensive, albeit nutritionally balanced, ruminant diets with erosion control and the overall uplift of natural land fertility and productivity.     

Carbon,nitrogen and organic C fractions in topsoil affected by conversion from silvopastoral to different land use systems

The conversion of silvopasture to different land use systems cause effective changes in soil carbon distribution, due to disturbances in soil aggregation promoted by soil management and changes in crop residues inputs and decomposability. We evaluate the C and N stocks, and organic C fractions in soils under continuous arable land (AR) and silvopasture with apple trees and grass (SP); and after 4 years of conversion from silvopasture to arable land (SP-AR) and grassland (SP-GL). Total N (TN) and organic C (TOC), as well as microbial biomass carbon (C_MB), light fraction (C_LF) and heavy fraction (C_HF) were evaluated at two different depths (0–10 and 10–20 cm). After 4 years of conversion, SP-AR and SP-GL presented C and N stocks similar to the observed for SP when the 0–20 cm depth was considered. However, AR presented TOC and TN stocks around 21 and 10% lower than SP, respectively. SP-AR tended to present the lowest C_MB stocks and was positively correlated with salt extractable organic C (r ² = 0.60, P < 0.001). C_LF values declined by 62% from 0–10 to the 10–20 cm at SP and SP-GL, however there was no variation with increasing depth for AR and SP-AR. C_HF represented the highest C fraction in soil, corresponding to 82% of TOC. Except for AR, δ¹³C values of the light fraction increased with increasing depth. In general, heavy fraction tended to be more enriched in δ¹³C than light fraction. In a long-term, conventional tillage can significantly contribute to reduce TOC and TN stocks when compared to the silvopastoral system.     

湖北随县抱朴谷狩猎场规划与评价

摘要：通过对随县淮河镇二道河村的自然概况、动植物资源及地理区位的调查分析,明确了抱朴谷狩猎场的规划范围、期限、功能区划、狩猎对象和年度限猎量及规划保障措施,确定了抱朴谷狩猎场为Ⅱ类森林类型狩猎场。     

Value of Wilderness Protection in Saskatchewan: A Case Study of Existence Values

Abstract

Preserved wilderness in Saskatchewan has value to both the users and to non-users. To determine such values, a study of Saskatchewan residents' level of willingness-to-pay (WTP) for wilderness preservation was carried out. Results suggest that 58% of sample non-aboriginal and only 7% of aboriginal respondents were satisfied with the current level of wilderness and wildlife protection in the province. Their reasons for preserving wilderness areas varied but protection of water quality, air quality, and wildlife habitats topped the list. The estimated annual WTP to ensure current wilderness protection prevails was approximately $61 per household for the non-aboriginal sample, and $80 for the aboriginal sample, which amounts to a value of $ 100 per hectare.     

Comparing silvopastoral systems and prospects in eight regions of the world

Silvopasture systems combine trees, forage, and livestock in a variety of different species and management regimes, depending on the biophysical, economic, cultural, and market factors in a region. We describe and compare actual farm practices and current research trials of silvopastoral systems in eight regions within seven countries of the world: Misiones and Corrientes provinces, Argentina; La Pampa province, Argentina; northwestern Minas Gerais, Brazil; the Aysén region of Patagonia, Chile; the North Island of New Zealand; the Southeast United States; Paraguay; and Uruguay. Some countries use native trees and existing forests; some use plantations, particularly of exotic species. Natural forest silvopasture systems generally add livestock in extensive systems, to capture the benefits of shade, forage, and income diversification without much added inputs. Plantation forest systems are more purposive and intensive, with more focus on joint production and profits, for small owners, large ranches, and timber companies. Trends suggest that more active management of both natural and planted silvopastoral systems will be required to enhance joint production of timber and livestock, achieve income diversification and reduce financial risk, make more profit, improve environmental benefits, and realize more resilience to adapt to climate change.     

我国野生动物保护工作的几个热点问题及解决措施

野生动物是生态系统中活跃的、引人注目的组成部分,具有重要的生态服务功能。建N50多年来,中国野生动物保护事业取得了长足发展,为人类与自然界的和谐相处及发展做出了重要贡献。当前在中国野生动物保护工作中出现一些新的热点及问题：野生动物疫源疫病监测、野生动物国际狩猎、药用濒危野生动物的保护、野生动物及其产品标志化管理、野生动物保护有关法律及制度的制定及完善,这些问题是国家野生动物保护事业中正在进行或亟待开展的工作。文章对这些问题进行详细综述,以期为国家野生动物保护工作提供资料。     

湖北省丹江口市牛河森林公园狩猎场规划设计

森林生态旅游、生态狩猎将成为21世纪的朝阳产业。湖北省丹江口市牛河森林公园狩猎场野生动物资源丰富,主要狩猎动物为野猪和草兔。为使该区的资源优势变为经济优势,拟在牛河森林公园规划建设狩猎场。笔者对狩猎场的可行性、功能分区、猎期和猎取量以及狩猎场的管理进行了探讨,为我省森林资源和野生动物资源的保护管理提供了新的实例,将推动我省野生动物保护事业的发展。