四川省家畜布鲁氏菌病流行病学调查与分析

通过对四川省近年家畜布病的流行病学分析,结合我省专项定点调查资料,笔者对本病的流行因素和危害进行了剖析,提出了布病防控工作的几点建议。     

Incidence and control of brucellosis in the Near East region

In countries of the Near East region, brucellosis was reported in almost all domestic animals, particularly cattle, sheep and goats. Brucellosis in camels has been reported in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Iraq, Iran, Sudan, Egypt, Libya and Somalia. It has been reported even in racing camels in the United Arab Emirates. In Egypt, brucellosis has been reported also in buffaloes, equines and swine. Brucella melitensis biovar 3 is the most commonly isolated species from animals in Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Tunisia and Turkey. B. melitensis biovar 2 was reported in Turkey and Saudi Arabia, and B. melitensis biovar 1 in Libya, Oman and Israel. B. abortus biovar 1 was reported in Egypt, biovar 2 in Iran, biovar 3 in Iran and Turkey, and biovar 6 in Sudan. The countries with the highest incidence of human brucellosis are Saudi Arabia, Iran, Palestinian Authority, Syria, Jordan and Oman. Bahrain is reported to have zero incidence. Most human cases are caused by B. melitensis, particularly biovar 3. However, B. abortus has been responsible for an increasing number of cases in recent years, e.g. in Yemen, where B. abortus was identified in 45 cases and B. melitensis in 7 cases out of 330 cultures performed in 1995. Concerning control of brucellosis in animals, there is a controversy on the choice of policy. In some countries, the test and slaughter policy together with the vaccination of young females is adopted, in others, particularly with regard to sheep and goats; mass vaccination has been recently started. The most commonly used vaccines are B. abortus S19 and B. melitensis Rev.1 vaccines. B. abortus RB51 vaccine is used in some countries on small scale. Vaccination is limited to cattle and small ruminants.     

Epidemiology,zoonotic aspects,vaccination and control/eradication of brucellosis in India

In India, brucellosis was first recognised in 1942 and is now endemic throughout the country. The disease is reported in cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs and humans. B. abortus biotype-1 in cattle and buffaloes and B. melitensis biotype-1 in sheep, goats and man are the predominant infective biotypes. The long-term serological studies have indicated that 5% of cattle and 3% of buffaloes are infected with brucellosis. Economic losses due to brucellosis in livestock are considerable in an agrarian country like India. There is no organised and effective brucellosis control programme in the country. With the indigenous development of serum and milk based ELISA kits, the population survey of the disease has been undertaken on a large scale in several states and plans for the control of the disease through calf-hood vaccination are being worked out. An innovative approach—Bovine Brucellosis Progressive Control Programme (BBPCP) is targeted to overcome the basic problems of ban on cow slaughter, distress sale of animals following the positive serological diagnosis of brucellosis and absence of a disease control strategy. The work plan for the implementation of BBPCP is presented.     

鹿布鲁氏菌病诊断与防控研究进展

布鲁氏菌病(布病)是一种重要的人兽共患传染病,可感染多种动物,其中鹿科动物是重要的宿主之一。随着我国经济动物养殖规模的扩大和发展以及野生鹿群资源保护的需求,鹿布病流行情况和防治措施具有重要的公共卫生意义。本文就国内外鹿布病的流行情况、临床症状,诊断及预防等情况进行综述,为我国鹿布病防控提供参考与建议。     

An epidemiological and surveillance overview of brucellosis in Romania

This article reports epidemiological investigations on the occurrence of brucellosis in Romania. Like in other former communist countries, data concerning epidemiology of brucellosis and published articles are very few. The epidemiology and control of brucellosis in Romania was analyzed using data made available by the Office International des Epizooties and Veterinary Service of Romania. Romania, like many other developed countries, has eradicated Brucella abortus from cattle since 1969. Brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis has never been reported. The incidence of brucellosis in swine and sheep is very rare but still there are a few outbreaks in some regions. In 2000, the number of cases was 47 in swine and 270 cases in sheep. Vaccination against brucellosis is prohibited in Romania.     

Epidemiology and management of a bovine brucellosis cluster in Northern Ireland

An epidemiological investigation was undertaken of 41 bovine brucellosis outbreaks that occurred within a 10-month period, in a region where eradication measures appeared to be succeeding. The primary outbreak comprised three herds with significant within-herd spread and a high probability of multiple abortions. Direct contact between cattle at pasture was the most likely means of between-herd transmission for most (71%) outbreaks, with an attack rate of 28.1% in herds immediately neighbouring the primary outbreak herds and 11.3% in the next concentric ring of farms. Resolution of the incident was attributed to a rapid response by the veterinary authorities, detailed epidemiological investigations, repeated, prolonged testing of contact herds and employment of parallel testing.     

An overview of the epidemiology and epizootology of brucellosis in selected countries of Central and Southeast Europe

The objective of this paper is to give an overview of the epidemiologic and epizootic status of brucellosis in selected countries of Central and Southeast Europe (Balkan region). Based on dimension of the disease problem, there is a need to establish collaboration in the eradication and prevention of brucellosis between all countries in the region. Although there were no readily accessible data concerning epidemiology and epizootology of brucellosis in these countries, the limited official and published data were analyzed.

The incidence of brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis in sheep, goats and humans is a very significant problem in Macedonia and Greece. In Greece, cattle are also affected either by B. melitensis or B. abortus. The disease is an endemic problem in some regions of Yugoslavia and includes B. suis biovar 2 in pigs and in Croatia, B. melitensis in sheep, goats and human is found occasionally. No problem appears to exist with brucellosis in Bulgaria.

Financial well-supported brucellosis control programs of the European Union that will include all countries, regardless of the magnitude of brucellosis incidence, are needed for eradication and control of brucellosis.     

Human brucellosis at a pig slaughterhouse

Seventeen workers in a pig slaughterhouse with signs and symptoms compatible with brucellosis were clinically examined at the outpatient service of different health institutions and studied by serological tests during the period 2005–2011. Eleven blood cultures were taken and six Brucella suis strains were isolated, three biovar 1 and three with atypical characteristics. In order to confirm that these cases had no common source, a variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) analyses were performed on 5 of the 6 strains whose results showed substantial heterogeneity in the genotypes, thereby demonstrating that the immediate origin was not the same. Two hundred adult pigs admitted for slaughter at the plant were sampled by convenience and tested by buffered antigen plate test (BPAT), serum agglutination test (SAT) and 2-mercapto-ethanol test (MET). Seven of 62 males (11%) and 25/138 (18%) females tested positive. The study results contribute information on risk scenarios for packing plant workers and underscore the need to improve plant workers’ education on appropriate containment measures and to actively screen animals for swine brucellosis.     

北方三省区梅花鹿间布鲁氏菌病的流行病学调查

为了摸清布鲁氏菌病在我国北方吉林、黑龙江、内蒙古(东北部)三省区的流行、分布、危害程度等情况,在本调查中,以富有代表性的12个梅花鹿场共1014份血清样品作为研究对象,进行血清学(ELISA)检测,以期进一步为检疫、防疫部门制定防制措施提供科学的理论依据,以确保养鹿业的健康发展。     

天祝县2011—2019年布病监测及分析

调查分析2011—2019年甘肃省天祝县布鲁氏菌病人、畜间流行病学特征,为调整防控策略提供科学依据。天祝县畜牧业历史悠久,是布病老疫区,2011年始牛羊阳性率不断出现,老疫区呈现布病活跃状态,输入性染疫成为畜间布病传染的主要原因。人间新增病人每年也有变化,与畜间阳性率呈正相关。     

2018年辽宁省布病监测分析报告

分析总结2018年辽宁省布病监测情况,并与前四年的布病监测情况对比,从三间分布和动物种类分别分析,结论是各市牛羊均有布病感染抗体阳性检出,商品代场的群体阳性率高于种场和散养户,群体阳性率整体呈下降态势,奶牛布病群体阳性率整体呈上升趋势,总结研究布病分析流行规律和范围,指导布病防控。     

Brucellosis in sub-Saharan Africa: epidemiology,control and impact

Brucellosis is an important disease among livestock and people in sub-Saharan Africa. In general, the incidence is the highest in pastoral production systems and decreases as herd size and size of landholding decreases. The prevalence of risk factors for infections are best understood for bovine brucellosis and to a lesser extent for ovine and caprine brucellosis. The occurrence and epidemiology of brucellosis in pigs is poorly understood. This species bias is also reflected in control activities. As with other public-sector animal health services, the surveillance and control of brucellosis in sub-Saharan Africa is rarely implemented outside southern Africa. Brucellosis is even more ignored in humans and most cases go undiagnosed and untreated, leading to considerable suffering for those affected. Decision-making to determine the importance of brucellosis control relative to other public concerns and what brucellosis control strategies should be applied is urgently required. A strategy for how brucellosis decision-making might be considered and applied in future is outlined.     

Risk factors associated with camel brucellosis in Jordan

During the period between February, 2004 and December, 2006, a cross-sectional study was performed to investigate some epidemiological aspects related to camel brucellosis in Jordan. Four hundred twelve camel sera from 37 herds were randomly collected and analyzed using Rose Bengal plate test and complement fixation test. A structured pre-tested questionnaire was administered to collect information on camel herd health and management. A multivariable logistic regression model was constructed to investigate risk factors associated with seropositivity to Brucella antigens. Moreover, the incidence of Brucella-specific abortion was investigated in 7 camel herds located in different locations in Southern Jordan. The true prevalence of Brucella-seropositive in camels was 12.1%. Thirteen (35.1%) herds had at least one positive camel. The seroprevalence of brucellosis in camels was significantly higher in the southern part of Jordan than that in central or northern Jordan. The multivariable logistic regression model on both individual and herd levels revealed large herds and contact with small ruminants as risk factors for Brucella seropositivity. On the other hand, using disinfectants was identified as a protective factor (OR = 0.8; 95% CI: 0.1, 0.9) only on the camel herd level. The incidence of Brucella-caused abortion was 1.9%. Brucella melitensis biotype 3 was isolated from 4 aborted camel fetuses.     

动物布鲁氏菌病实验室检测技术研究进展

布鲁氏菌病是由布鲁氏菌引起的人畜共患传染病,对我国畜牧业生产和公共卫生安全造成严重的威胁。科学准确诊断是布鲁氏菌病防控的重要技术依据,然而布鲁氏菌病的检测和确诊一直以来都并非易事,常常需要通过多种检测结果的综合分析,因此发展敏感性高、特异性好的布鲁氏菌的检测技术十分重要。总结并分析了近年来布鲁氏菌检测技术基础研究和临床应用研究方面的最新进展,结合国家动物布鲁氏菌病参考实验室工作经验,对各类检测方法的优缺点和适用范围进行了分析,旨在为动物布病诊断技术的选择和推广应用提供理论和实践依据,为动物布鲁氏菌诊断技术的研究提供方向性思考。     

A comparative assessment of culture and serology in the diagnosis of brucellosis in dairy cattle

To investigate the usefulness of culture for the confirmation of brucellosis in cattle, a comparison of culture and serology was undertaken on 248 animals in four dairy herds where the disease was active. Paired supramammary (SM), retropharyngeal (RP), and internal iliac (IL) lymph nodes were cultured, and five serological tests were deployed: the microserum agglutination test (MSAT), complement fixation test (CFT), the indirect (iELISA) and competitive ELISA, and the fluorescence polarisation assay (FPA). Brucella abortus was isolated from 86.8% of animals on combined culture of all three lymph nodes. Individually, the highest isolation rate was from the RP (90.5% of culture positives). Of culture positive animals, 13.7% and 6.2% were positive from the RP and SM alone, respectively.Approximately half of the positive cultures yielded <10 colonies/culture plate. Although 80.9% of animals were positive in at least one serological test, only 45.2% were positive in all five. For culture-positive animals, the MSAT was the most sensitive test (71.8%). Of the culture-negative animals 67.7% were positive in at least one test, while 12.9% were positive in all five. Titres were higher in animals culture-positive from the SM, and there was a direct correlation between higher titres and higher colony counts in SM cultures. Only 8.9% of animals were both culture-negative and seropositive (in at least one test), while 16.5% were culture-positive and seronegative in all five tests. The results highlight and validate the sensitivity of bacteriological culture in confirming a diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. While the MSAT and FPA were the most sensitive serological tests, a significant percentage of infected animals were undetectable using these standard serological assays.     

Molecular detection of brucellosis in dromedary camels of Qatar by real-time PCR technique

Background and methodologyBrucellosis in livestock causes huge economic loses of developing countries and demonstrates a serious health risks to the patrons of infected dairy goods and meat. Prevention of brucellosis in cattle relies on the trustworthiness of the techniques utilized to detect the causative pathogen. In the current investigation, we described the exploration of the well-known real-time PCR technique based on the Brucella-specific IS711 with different tissue samples of dromedary camels in Qatar.ResultsThe findings of the real-time PCR unveiled the occurrence of Brucella spp in 60 % of lung tissues, 71.42 % of liver tissues, 72 % of spleen tissues, 25 % of kidney tissues, and 42.42 % of placental fluid samples. Among them, the liver tissues and spleen tissues possessed the highest number of positive results, whereas kidney tissues displayed the lowest number of positive results for Brucella spp.ConclusionThe findings of this investigation discloses that PCR technique is a sensitive and specific technique for the identification of Brucella spp. in dromedary camels. Most of the tissues samples showed the presence of Brucella spp. and also we concluded that there is a need for further studies to be conducted in order to identify specific species of Brucella.     

奶牛布鲁氏菌病研究进展

奶牛布鲁氏菌病(Brucellosis)是由布鲁氏菌(Brucella)引起的以奶牛流产为主要特征的一种慢性细菌传染病,该病流行较广,在世界许多国家和地区都曾造成严重的经济损失,同时该病也是目前世界上危害较大的人畜共患病之一。近些年来,由于各种原因造成布病疫情在世界部分地区有所回升,对社会经济发展和人类健康安全构成一种潜在的威胁。本文对奶牛布鲁氏菌病的流行病学、检测及综合防治等方面进行了综述。     

Simple and rapid field tests for brucellosis in livestock

Four simple and rapid field tests for the serodiagnosis of brucellosis in cattle, goat, sheep and swine were developed. The performance of the assays was investigated using serum samples collected in Portugal from animals originating from herds with a defined sanitary status with respect to the presence of brucellosis. The sensitivity calculated for the bovine, caprine, ovine and swine Brucella lateral flow assays based on results obtained for samples collected from animals with culture confirmed brucellosis was 90%, 100%, 90% and 73%, respectively. None of the samples from animals from herds free of brucellosis reacted in the flow assays indicating a high specificity. However, as expected, some degree of reactivity was observed when testing selected serum samples that reacted non-specific in reference tests for brucellosis.     

布鲁氏菌病补体结合酶联免疫吸附试验抗体检测试剂盒敏感性和特异性评价

为评价布鲁氏菌病补体结合酶联免疫吸附试验抗体检测试剂盒（ CF-ELISA试剂盒）的敏感性、特异性及与其他试剂盒的符合率,用CF-ELISA试剂盒对布病感染地区牛、羊血清各200份,布病净化地区牛、羊群血清各100份进行抗体检测,同时与其他商品化检测试剂进行了比较。结果表明,感染地区牛、羊血清抗体的McNemar检验结果表明CF-ELISA试剂盒与间接酶联免疫吸附试验（ iELISA）试剂盒和CGS的敏感性和特异性差异均不显著（ P＞0．05）,Kappa一致性检验分析结果表明,CF-ELISA试剂盒与iELISA试剂盒检测结果有高度的符合性。检测净化地区牛、羊群血清抗体产品间的特异性和符合率均为100％。     

Seroprevalence of and risk factors for brucellosis of goats in herds of Michoacan, Mexico

Our objectives were to estimate the seroprevalence of Brucella melitensis, and to identify some risk factors associated with goat seropositivity in Michoacan, Mexico. Blood samples were collected from 5114 animals from 79 herds. Sera were tested for antibodies against B. melitensis using the Rose Bengal plate test and the complement-fixation test. Information regarding the herds and each animal sampled were recorded through a personal interview at the farm. We used random-effects multivariable logistic regression to analyze our data. Fifty-six herds of the 79 tested had at least one seropositive animal. The animal-level true seroprevalence was 9.8% (CI = 8.8, 10.7). Animals in large herds (>34 animals), in herds with high stock density (>3.5 animals/m²) or animals >24 months old had higher odds of seropositivity (2.0, 1.7 and 1.8, respectively) than those in small herds, in herds with low stock density or animals ≤24 months old.