Improving the fruit yield and quality of cucumber by grafting onto the salt tolerant rootstock under NaCl stress

To investigate the feasibility of using salt tolerant rootstock to increase fruit yield and quality of cucumber under NaCl stress, a greenhouse experiment was carried out to determine fruit yield, leaf relative water content, fruit quality, and mineral composition of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinchun No. 2), either self-grafted or grafted onto the commercial salt tolerant rootstock Figleaf Gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia Bouche) and Chaofeng Kangshengwang (Lagenaria siceraria Standl). Plants were grown in a substrate culture (peat:vermiculite:perlite = 1:1:1, v/v) and irrigated with half-strength Hoagland solutions containing 0, 30, or 60 mM NaCl. The results showed that salinity significantly reduced fruit yield of cucumber owing to a decrease both in mean fruit weight and fruit number. Rootstock had no significant effect on leaf relative water content. Plants grafted onto Figleaf Gourd and Chaofeng Kangshengwang had higher fruit number, marketable and total fruit yield than those of self-grafted plants under 0, 30, and 60 mM NaCl, which could be attributed to, at least in part, the higher K⁺ but lower Na⁺ and/or Cl⁻ contents in the leaves. Salinity improved fruit quality by increasing fruit dry matter, soluble sugar, and titratable acidity contents of all the plants, but had no significant effect on vitamin C content. In comparison to the self-grafted plants, plants grafted onto Figleaf Gourd and Chaofeng Kangshengwang had an overall improved fruit quality under NaCl stress owing to an increase in contents of soluble sugar, titratable acidity, and vitamin C, and a decrease in the percentage of non-marketable fruit and Na⁺ and/or Cl⁻ contents of fruits in comparison to the self-grafted plants, mainly under 60 mM NaCl. Overall, it is suggested that the use of salt tolerant rootstock could provide a useful tool to improve fruit yield and quality of cucumber under NaCl stress.     

不同南瓜砧木对西瓜挥发性风味物质的影响

以小果型西瓜金星为接穗,选用博大嫁接王、圣砧1号等6种不同南瓜砧木嫁接,采用顶空固相微萃取方法和气相色谱—质谱联用技术(HS-SPME),分析西瓜自根苗和不同嫁接砧木对西瓜成熟果实挥发性风味物质成分的影响。结果表明,共得到92种挥发性风味物质,其中醛、醇类和酮类物质46种,占总数的50.0%,相对含量在37.84%～88.43%;(E,Z)-2,6-壬二烯醛和(E)-2-壬烯醛是构成金星西瓜的主要风味物质,含量分别是31.22%和14.22%,壬烯醛及其同系物是西瓜主要特征风味物质;丁基邻苯二甲酸十四酯在金星西瓜自根苗果实中含量高达10.53%,采用6种不同南瓜砧木嫁接的西瓜果实中该物质均未检测出;嫁接明显改变了西瓜果实中醛类、醇类物质的相对含量,同时嫁接明显降低西瓜果实中酯类物质含量,嫁接在一定程度上使西瓜果实中风味物质含量发生明显变化并改变了西瓜果实风味物质的组成。     

盐碱胁迫对不同砧木黄瓜嫁接苗生长及根区土壤酶活性的影响

针对黑龙江等地的苏打盐碱土壤,模拟其盐碱成分,采用盆栽的方法,以2 种耐盐碱性强的砧木和2 种耐盐碱性弱的
砧木的黄瓜嫁接苗为试材,自根苗为对照,用盐浓度为100 mmol·L^-1,pH 值 9.0 的盐碱液处理土壤,研究盐碱胁迫对不同耐
盐碱砧木嫁接黄瓜及自根苗生长状况及根区土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,盐碱胁迫下耐盐碱性强的砧木嫁接黄瓜产量、地上
部鲜质量、地下部鲜质量、株高和叶绿素含量均显著高于耐盐碱性弱的砧木嫁接黄瓜和自根苗。盐碱胁迫下定植后30 d,耐盐
碱性强的砧木嫁接黄瓜土壤脲酶和中性磷酸酶活性高于耐盐碱性弱的砧木嫁接黄瓜及自根苗;定植后40 d,耐盐碱性强的砧木
嫁接黄瓜土壤过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性高于耐盐碱性弱的砧木嫁接黄瓜及自根苗;定植后50 d,耐盐碱性强的砧木嫁接黄瓜土
壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、中性磷酸酶和脱氢酶活性均高于耐盐碱性弱的砧木嫁接黄瓜及自根苗。耐盐碱性强的砧木嫁接苗生长健
壮,受盐害程度低,说明嫁接能显著提高黄瓜的耐盐碱性;耐盐碱性强的砧木嫁接苗抗性增强与土壤酶活性提高密切相关。     

Light quality affects in vitro adventitious rooting and ex vitro performance of cherry rootstock Colt

The effect of light quality on in vitro rooting of cherry rootstock “Colt” was studied to evaluate adventitious root development, ex vitro acclimatization and plant growth performance. Adventitious rooting was dependent on the light quality to which the microcutting were exposed. Highest number of roots per microcuttings was recorded under dichromatic light (blue + red). This response could be ascribed to the control of a strong synergistic interaction between phytochromes and blue light photoreceptors. Red light was more effective on root elongation than blue light. In this response a strong synergistic interaction between phytochromes and blue light photoreceptors was suggested. The effect of light quality on the number of root/explant affected the plant during acclimation, scoring the highest level of plant survival in the blue-, red- and blue + red-exposed plantlets. The light quality effect was also observed under greenhouse culture conditions, as shown by growth parameters at the end of six months in plants growth. No specific role was observed for the photoequilibrium of phytochrome. The results reported in this work show that plantlets exposed to different light quality, during the in vitro rooting phase, retain the light quality effects in the subsequent plant acclimatization and greenhouse plant growth phase.     

Reduction of apple tree height (Malus domestica Borkh) cv. Ultra Red Gala/MM111 does not decrease fruit yield and quality

In Chile, like in other countries, a high percentage of apple (Malus domestica Borkh) orchards are grafted on vigorous or semi-vigorous rootstocks. The need to decrease the amount of labor involved and increase efficiency has motivated this study on the effect of reducing the height of cv. Ultra Red Gala/MM111 trees in a commercial orchard in the Maule Region of Chile. Apple trees were planted in 2003, and their tree heights were adjusted to 2.5, 3.0 and 3.6 m prior to blooming in 2006. The reduction of plant height from 3.6 m to 2.5 m determined a significant reduction in canopy volume (26% and 29% in 2007/2008 and 2008/2009, respectively), but no differences were detected in leaf area index (LAI) and the photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) transmitted through the canopy. However, a higher proportion of the canopies of the shorter trees had over 30% of incident PAR, the threshold for the production of good fruit quality and flower-bud differentiation. There were no differences in fruit production among plant heights, accumulating 131 tonnes ha⁻¹ in the three growing seasons. Over the three seasons, the shortest plants (2.5 m) required 19, 57 and 42% less labor time at harvest, respectively, than the plants maintained at a height of 3.6 m. There were no evident differences in fruit quality among the treatments; flesh firmness varied between 73.0 and 74.0 N, soluble solids between 11.6 and 12.6°Brix, mean weight between 180 and 200 g, and the percentage of red coloring exceeded 59% of the Premium fruit in the three growing seasons. Our results suggest that it is possible to manage plants with reduced height on semi-vigorous rootstocks and thus reduce the time necessary for harvesting, without affecting fruit yield and quality.     

土壤与人工食用菌生产的关系

土壤与食用菌生产有着密切的关系。主要论述土壤与食用菌生产的相互作用。     

黄绿木霉菌及不同生物混剂对土壤养分与酶活性的影响

以生物菌肥拮抗细菌、解磷细菌、解钾细菌和黄绿木霉菌为实验材料,通过盆栽番茄试验,研究不同生物菌肥对土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明：添加黄绿木霉菌的处理,土壤养分含量均高于清水处理与化肥处理。跟踪测定番茄不同生长时期土壤中的脲酶、磷酸酶活性,结果表明：不同处理土壤中的脲酶与磷酸酶在番茄不同生长时期有相同的变化趋势,即由发芽期至开花期,酶活性逐渐增强,而后下降;而比较不同处理的酶活性,其中以解磷细菌、解钾细菌、拮抗细菌和黄绿木霉菌混合处理效果最为明显。所有使用生物菌肥的处理,脲酶与磷酸酶的活性均高于化肥处理与清水处理,其中混合处理比化肥处理在番茄不同生长时期的土壤脲酶活性均高出30 %,磷酸酶活性均高出27 %;但比较番茄收获后土壤过氧化氢酶与纤维素酶的活性,不同处理间差异不显著。     

Effects of deficit irrigation on fruit maturity and quality of ‘Braeburn’ apple

Effects of deficit irrigation (DI) on fruit maturity at harvest, ripening characteristics, and changes in fruit quality during and after storage of ‘Braeburn’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, irrigation treatments were a commercially irrigated control (CI), an early deficit irrigation (EDI) applied from 63 to 118 days after full bloom (DAFB), and a late deficit irrigation (LDI) applied from 118 DAFB to final harvest on 201 DAFB. Irrigation treatments in Experiment 2 were a commercially irrigated control (CI) and a whole-season deficit irrigation (WDI). These DI treatments all reduced volumetric soil water content. The LDI and WDI advanced fruit ripening but EDI did not. All DI treatments increased fruit total soluble solids (TSS) and firmness regardless of maturity but had little or no effect on titratable acidity. The differences in TSS started during fruit growth much earlier than the onset of ripening and were maintained during and following storage at 0°C. The differences in firmness also started during fruit growth and were maintained for at least 10 weeks of storage at 0°C.     

土壤地质背景对南丰蜜桔果实品质的影响

本研究在实地调查和采样分析的基础上，对南丰蜜桔原产与引种地的土壤地质背景条件进行了比较，分析了原产地与引种地之间果实品质差异的原因，还研究了南丰蜜桔树体各部位中各种元素与土壤中相应元素的关系。     

The inhibition of flowering by means of gibberellic acid application reduces the cost of hand thinning in Japanese plums (Prunus salicina Lindl.)

The application of gibberellic acid during flower bud induction significantly reduced flowering of ‘Black Diamond’ and ‘Black Gold’ Japanese plums. The response depended on the concentration applied and on the type of shoot. Mixed shoots had a similar response in both varieties, flowering being reduced by 40% for GA₃ 50 mg l⁻¹ and by 75–90% for GA₃ 75 mg l⁻¹ or higher concentration. With regard to spurs, GA₃ 50 mg l⁻¹ reduced flowering intensity by 40% and 25% in ‘Black Gold’ and ‘Black Diamond’, respectively, and GA₃ 75 mg l⁻¹ or higher concentration reduced flowering by 70% and 50%, respectively. This partial inhibition of flowering significantly reduced the cost of manual thinning. The best GA₃ concentration was found to be 50 mg l⁻¹, since it reduced the cost of thinning by 45–47% and increased final fruit weight by 7–33% for ‘Black Diamond’ and ‘Black Gold’, respectively. Not significant differences in yield and in mature fruit characteristics of treated trees were found compared to untreated trees.     

长期施肥条件下菜田-蔬菜生态系统变化的研究(Ⅰ)土壤有机质的变化

经过 14 5年的蔬菜长期定位施肥试验 ,土壤有机质含量与品质均发生明显的变化 ,从有机质积累与品质改善的角度 ,通过重施有机肥达到高度培肥的程度 ,需要 10～ 15年 ;有机肥无机氮肥配施的土壤有机质含量高于有机肥单施 ,而长期单施无机氮肥的土壤有机质含量反而降低。对照区有机质含量大致平衡在 19 0g·kg-1上下。有机质的积累速度“露地”快于“设施” ,而对照的有机质下降速度则露地慢于设施 ,有机质年矿化率在 7 0 %～ 11 1%的范围 ,露地平均为 8 6 7% ,设施平均为 9 5 4 %。配施磷、钾肥可以在一定程度上增加土壤有机质含量 ,但必须是以连年施用有机肥为基础。随着有机肥特别是有机无机氮肥配施的年限延长 ,土壤易氧化有机质的含量逐渐增加 ,Kos (有机质的氧化稳定系数 )下降 ;提高了土壤松结态腐殖质含量 ,提高胡敏酸的比例 ;提高胡敏酸的E4/E6值 ,降低土壤胡敏酸的分子量及芳构化程度 ;从而促进土壤腐殖化进程 ,改善有机质的品质     

Site and fruit maturity influence on the quality of European plum in organic production

Information available on the role of site and fruit maturity in the quality of European plums in organic production has not been studied to date. European plum cv. ‘Green Gage’ grown in organic production was harvested in order to study the effect of site and fruit maturity on fruit quality. At harvest, significant differences were found in fruit weight, colour, firmness and TSS between harvest dates, whereas significant differences were found in fruit weight, colour, firmness and fruit Ca content between sites. Differences remained during storage. Fruit weight loss during storage was affected by site. Fruit with high Ca content showed higher firmness both at harvest and during storage. Harvest moment should not be chosen according to date, since differences between sites at the same date have been found. Firmness and colour parameters a* and h° would be useful to distinguish maturity at harvest between different sites and harvest dates. Linear regression between h° and firmness at harvest would allow the use of the h° colour parameter as a non-destructive measurement to distinguish maturity. Organic orchards should keep a minimum level of Ca in order to assure a slower fruit softening during storage.     

The rootstock effects on plant adaptability,production, fruit quality,and nutrition in the peach (cv. ‘Suncrest’)

In clayey and calcareous soils without a stable irrigation and fertilization system, the type of rootstock can particularly affect both the vegetative and productive properties of ‘Suncrest’ peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) plants, and the qualitative and nutritional attributes of their fruit. The GF677 rootstock (P. persica × Prunus amygdalus) promoted the highest vegetative development, followed by Julior (Prunus insistitia). The ‘Suncrest’ on Ishtara [(Prunus cerasifera × P. persica) × (P. cerasifera × Prunus salicina)] and Barrier1 (P. persica × Prunus davidiana) had lower, but similar, plant vigour, but the latter rootstock differed in its higher production of pruned wood. The lowest adaptability to these cultivation conditions was observed for ‘Suncrest’ grafted onto Citation (P. persica × P. salicina), which showed the lowest plant development and production. For the plant yield, the ‘Suncrest’ grafted onto GF677, Julior, Ishtara, and Barrier1 were all similar. The fruit yield and both the canopy volume and pruned wood of ‘Suncrest’ grafted onto Ishtara showed a particular relationship, giving the best indices of yield efficiency and plant physiological equilibrium. Moreover, the same rootstock promoted the largest fruit size, while the smallest fruit were found on GF677 rootstock. The fruit from the Citation ‘Suncrest’ ripened 3 days early, while those from Barrier1 had a late fruit ripening. Firmness, soluble solids and the soluble solids to total acidity ratio were only affected slightly by the different rootstocks, while the total acidity of the fruit varied significantly according to rootstock; the fruit from ‘Suncrest’ grafted onto Barrier1, Julior, and Citation had the highest total acidities. The rootstock effects on the nutritional attributes of the fruit were relevant. The ‘Suncrest’ on Julior and GF677, followed by Ishtara, produced fruit with the greatest antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents. The ‘Suncrest’ on Citation and, especially, Barrier1 had reduced nutritional values of the fruit. The variations in antioxidant activities and total phenolic contents showed a positive correlation.     

沼渣与复合肥配比对普通白菜产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响

以普通白菜早生京华为试材,研究了沼渣与复合肥配比对普通白菜产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明：用适当比例沼渣代替基肥中的复合肥,植株的各项生长指标以及产量均明显优于单一施用复合肥,与单一施用复合肥相比,普通白菜的可溶性糖、VC、可溶性蛋白含量均显著增加,硝酸盐含量显著降低;在基肥中添加不同比例的沼渣,土壤中的有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量均显著增加。用一定比例沼渣代替复合肥作基肥,可促进普通白菜生长,改善品质,提高土壤肥力,本试验中以沼渣40%+复合肥60%的配比效果最好。     

Effect of interstock (M.9 and M.27) on vegetative growth and yield of apple trees (cv “Annurca”)

With the purpose of obtaining apple plants with reduced vigour but deep and expanded root apparatus, more adapted for establishment of apple orchards in dry, windy areas and higher altitudes, different interstem/rootstock combinations were compared, using seedling as rootstock and, alternatively, two weak interstocks (M.9 and M.27). For all treatments the plants were grafted at two height from soil (10 and 20 cm), interposing interstock 10 or 20 cm long. Plants with interstock showed lower vegetative growth in comparison with control plants with a reduction of 80% (M.27) and of 50% (M.9) of canopy growth. Moreover, use of interstock determined, as compared with the control plants, an increase of fruit production and average fruit weight. It was noted that increasing the interstock length, caused reduction of plants vigour and fruit production. The results showed that, the combination “Annurca Rossa del Sud”/M.9 (10 cm long)/seedling rootstock (20 cm high) was the most efficient for productivity, early maturing and plant vigour control.     

有机与无机氮肥配施对设施栽培菜田土壤肥力及产量的影响

长期单独施用无机氮肥降低土壤有机质含量,而有机肥与无机氮肥配施提高了土壤中有机质的含量.长期施用氮肥对土壤中氮的增长并没有很明显的改善,而有机肥与无机氮肥配施显著提高了土壤有效氮的含量.长期施用无机氮肥降低了土壤中速效磷和速效钾的含量,而配施有机肥提高了土壤速效钾的含量,而速效磷含量变化不显著.长期偏施氮肥容易导致土壤pH值下降,土壤酸化.有机肥与无机氮肥配施缓解了土壤pH值的下降,改善了土壤的理化性质,维持了土壤较高的孔隙度.该试验条件下,有机肥和较高水平氮肥处理辣椒产量最高,达到37.23 kg·小区-1.     

上海市奉贤区设施菜地土壤理化性状分析

测定了上海市奉贤区不同年限设施菜田土壤盐分含量、离子组成和肥力状况,并对土壤性状进行了分析。结果表明,棚龄2 a及以上设施大棚的盐分含量、电导率均显著高于1 a大棚,除HCO3-外,七大离子含量均显著提高;设施菜地土壤有酸化趋势,6 a及以上棚龄的设施菜田土壤pH值降至5.87,达到弱酸水平;随设施大棚种植年限增加,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量呈上升趋势,特别是6 a及以上棚龄上升显著。     

Physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of six apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh) grown in southern Brazil

The objective of this study was to compare the physico-chemical properties and antioxidant activity of six apple cultivars grown in southern Brazil. Apple peel color, dry matter, total soluble solids, pH, total sugars, titratable acidity, total phenolics, total monomeric anthocyanin and total antioxidant activity were measured in the apple cultivars Imperatriz, Daiane, Fred Hough, Fuji Suprema, Galaxy and Baronesa. The results showed great quantitative differences in the composition of the apple cultivars. Of all the cultivars, the peel of Galaxy was slightly more red-colored and that of Fred Hough was the least red-colored. The dry matter varied from 15.24% (Galaxy) to 19.55% (Fuji Suprema), the soluble solids content was between 11.8 (Fred Hough) and 14.0 (Daiane) °Brix, pH values varied from 3.90 (Imperatriz) to 4.27 (Fred Hough), the total sugar content (g 100 g⁻¹) ranged from 11.54 (Imperatriz) to 14.78 (Fuji Suprema) and the titratable acidity content (g 100 g⁻¹) varied from 0.20 (Baronesa) to 0.36 (Imperatriz). The total phenolic content (GAE 100 g⁻¹ fresh matter) observed in the apple cultivars was between 105.4 (Baronesa) and 269.7 mg (Imperatriz). The values of the total anthocyanin content (mg 100 g⁻¹ FM) ranged from 4.79 (Fred Hough) to 41.96 (Galaxy). The highest total antioxidant activity was observed in Imperatriz (739 μmol TEAC 100 g⁻¹ FM), while the lowest value was found in Fuji Suprema (335 μmol TEAC 100 g⁻¹ FM). There was a strong correlation between total monomeric anthocyanin content and all peel color measurements and between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. The results suggested that genotype is the main factor that determines the composition of bioactive compounds in apples and this provides important information on how to make the best use of the apple cultivars investigated.