激活方法对水牛卵母细胞孤雌发育的影响

系统探讨了几种激活方法对水牛卵母细胞孤雌发育的影响。体外成熟 (IVM) 2 6 h的水牛卵母细胞经 7%乙醇(EH)、钙离子载体 (A2 3187)或离子霉素 (Ion)激活处理 5 min后 ,在 2 m mol/ L 6 -甲二氨基嘌呤 (6 - DMAP)中培养 3～4 h,然后再继续培养 6～ 11d,观察其胚胎发育情况。结果发现 ,5μmol/ L Ion激活处理的水牛卵母细胞分裂率显著高于 EH处理的卵母细胞 (6 3.0 % vs5 4 .2 % ,P<0 .0 5 ) ,其原核形成率也显著高于 EH处理的卵母细胞。激活处理前 ,无Ca2 培养液孵育时间的长短 ,对水牛卵母细胞孤雌发育无显著影响 (P>0 .0 5 )。如用 A2 3187激活处理水牛卵母细胞 ,其激活分裂率则随着浓度的升高而提高。从而表明 ,5 μmol/ L Ion可有效激活水牛卵母细胞     

不同化学激活方法和电激活参数对猪体外成熟卵母细胞早期孤雌发育的影响

利用屠宰场猪卵巢卵母细胞,在体外成熟培养44～48 h后,对核成熟卵母细胞进行激活.试验1为不同化学激活方法10% 乙醇 10 mg/L 放线菌酮组、2.5 mmol/L 氯化锶 10 mg/L放线菌酮组、5 μmol/L离子霉素 2.5 mmol/L 6-二甲氨基嘌呤(6-DMAP)组、200 μmol/L 硫柳汞 8 mmol/L二硫苏糖醇组和对照组(不用任何激活剂).试验2为用不同电场强度和脉冲时程进行电激活之后放入胚胎培养液中进行体外培养7 d.结果显示,(1)4种不同化学激活方法处理卵子的1原核形成率、2原核形成率和原核形成率都显著比对照组高(P＜0.05),其中离子霉素 6-DMAP组的2原核形成率和总原核形成率最高,分别为(23.1±3.5)%和(65.2±3.5)%,显著高于其他处理组(P＜0.05);(2)4种不同化学激活方法处理组的囊胚率都比对照组高(P＜0.01),其中离子霉素 6-DMAP组的卵裂率及囊胚率最高,分别为(46.6±18.5)% 和(5.6±4.2)%;(3)本试验所用的4种不同化学激活方法对猪4-细胞孤雌胚SDS-PAGE电泳的蛋白质表达图谱没有显著影响;(4)电场强度为1.7 kV/cm、脉冲时程为50、70 μs时猪体外成熟卵母细胞激活效果最好,卵裂率、囊胚率、囊胚细胞数分别为(77.4±9.7)%、(12.4±3.7)%、(17.6±5.9)%和(75.1±10.6)%、(12.3±2.6)%、(19.1±8.1).以上结果说明本试验所用的4种化学激活方法均能有效激活猪体外成熟卵母细胞,其中离子霉素 6-DMAP的激活效果最理想;在本实验室条件下,采用1.7 kV/cm的电场强度、50～70 μs的脉冲时程均能有效地激活猪体外成熟卵母细胞;本试验所用的4种不同化学激活方法对猪4-细胞孤雌胚SDS-PAGE电泳的蛋白质表达图谱没有显著影响.     

褪黑素对猪卵母细胞体外成熟和孤雌胚发育影响的研究

本研究旨在探讨成熟液中不同浓度褪黑素对猪卵母细胞体外成熟质量及其后期发育潜力的影响。试验中,0 mol/L为对照组,猪卵母细胞在不同MT浓度(0、10~(-6)、10~(-9)、10~(-12)mol/L)的成熟液中培养42 h后,通过猪卵母细胞存活率、极体率、卵子内谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量以及胞质内线粒体和脂肪颗粒成熟分布状态等质量指标的评价,探讨成熟液中褪黑素(MT)最佳添加量,再通过孤雌胚体外发育潜力研究,进一步验证该成熟培养体系。结果表明:4组卵子存活率和极体率之间差异均不显著(P0.05);试验组单个卵子中GSH含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05);而且,试验组卵子内脂肪颗粒和线粒体成熟分布等质量指标也显著优于对照组(P0.05);此外,孤雌激活后10~(-6)mol/L和10~(-9) mol/L组卵裂率和囊胚率均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。试验结果证明,在猪卵母细胞体外成熟液中添加10~(-9)mol/L~10~(-6)mol/L的MT,可显著提高卵子成熟质量及后期发育潜力。     

体外成熟培养20～22h牛卵母细胞激活及孤雌发育的研究

本研究将体外成熟培养 2 0～ 2 2h的牛卵母细胞 ,用Ca2 + 上升因子单一激活或组合Ca2 + 上升因子和蛋白质抑制因子激活 ,其结果单一激活的卵子激活率在 19.2 %～ 2 8.0 % ,复合激活的卵子激活率在 84 .2 %～ 86 .8%。单一激活组的卵子激活率显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,复合激活组的卵子激活率显著高于单一激活组 (P <0 .0 1) ,而单一激活组之间和复合激活组之间无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。复合激活组的卵裂率及孤雌发育都显著高于对照组。     

不同激活方法对猪体外成熟卵母细胞孤雌发育的影响

研究了猪体外成熟卵母细胞的电激活、离子霉素激活和乙醇激活的方法。3种不同激活方法筛选试验表明,猪卵母细胞电激活最佳参数为电场强度130V/min,脉冲时程80μs的1次脉冲激活,即130V/mm-80μs-1次,其囊胚(发育)率为18.92%±8.48%(P>0.05);离子霉素激活的最佳条件为15μmol/L、激活时间40min,其囊胚率为21.27%±8.54%(P>0.05);乙醇激活最佳参数以9%乙醇激活处理3min,囊胚率为13.33%±7.64%。进一步对比试验表明,电激活和离子霉素激活处理的囊胚率和囊胚细胞数无显著差异(P>0.05),电激活的卵裂率明显高于乙醇激活(P<0.05),而囊胚率和细胞数差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

兔·卵·母·细·胞·孤·雌·激·活·的·研·究

本研究探讨了兔卵母细胞孤雌激活的方法。兔卵母细胞经7%乙醇单独激活处理5min的卵裂率(13.0%),显著低于乙醇处理后在2mmol/LDMAP继续处理3h(48.1%)和5μmol/L离子霉素处理后在DMAP继续处理3h的卵母细胞(92.2%);离子霉素+DMAP处理组的囊胚发育率(27.1%)亦显著(P<0.05)高于乙醇+DMAP处理组(15.4%)和乙醇单独处理组(0%)。当用离子霉素和DMAP激活处理时,注射hCG后18h卵母细胞的卵裂率(92.1%)和囊胚率(35.3%)最高2,4h后卵母细胞的卵裂率(19.0%)和囊胚发育率(4.2%)均显著(P<0.05)下降。卵母细胞经离子霉素激活处理后,在DMAP继续处理1、35、h的卵裂率差异显著(P<0.05);而囊胚发育率无显著(P>0.05)差异。离子霉素和DMAP处理后再电激1次对卵母细胞的卵裂率(83.3%、80.0%)和囊胚率(30.0%、27.0%)无显著(P>0.05)影响。以上研究表明:离子霉素+DMAP是兔卵母细胞最有效的激活方法,注射hCG后18h的卵母细胞可取得较好的激活效果。     

不同化学激活剂对小鼠卵母细胞的激活效果

为探讨不同激活剂的卵母细胞孤雌激活效果及激活胚体外发育情况,用乙醇、CaA23187、SrCl2、6-DMAP及CB分别对小鼠卵母细胞进行了激活处理.结果显示,70 mL/L乙醇刺激小鼠卵母细胞时,以激活5～7 min的激活效果及孤雌胚发育较好,桑囊胚发育率可达29.11%;用SrCl2激活小鼠卵母细胞时,6～10 mmol/L为最佳处理浓度,3～6 h为最佳激活时间,桑囊胚发育率可达16.67%;以70 mL/L乙醇激活5 min,再用2 mmol/L 6-DMAP＋5 μg/mL CB激活3 h效果最佳,桑囊胚发育率高达35.77%.研究证实,小鼠卵母细胞经乙醇、6-DMAP和CB等复合激活后能较好地发育.     

不同浓度离子霉素对猪体外成熟卵母细胞孤雌发育的影响

试验探讨了不同浓度的离子霉素结合6-二甲氨基嘌呤激活猪体外成熟卵母细胞后对其孤雌发育的影响。体外成熟卵母细胞分别用10、15、20、25mol/L的离子霉素处理40min,再用2mmol/L的6-DMAP处理8h,各组的卵裂率分别是:(13.11±6.75)%,(22.31±14.18)%,(26.93±24.53)%和(26.72±19.75)%,囊胚率分别是2.26±1.03)%,(2.39±2.41)%,(3.32±3.95)%和(11.76±10.76)%,各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明:用10～25mol/L离子霉素和6-DMAP联合激活猪体外成熟卵母细胞,对其孤雌发育能力有一定影响,但效果不显著;猪卵母细胞采用离子霉素激活的最佳方案是用25mol/L处理40min,再用浓度为2mmol/L的6-DMAP处理8h。     

乙醇激活对猪体外成熟卵母细胞发育的影响

探索了单独应用乙醇或者联合 6 -氨基嘌呤 (DMAP)、细胞松弛素 B(CB)、放线菌酮 (CHX)等化学物质对体外成熟 4 4 h猪卵母细胞激活的影响。结果如下 :分别用 0、5 %、8%、11%乙醇处理 5 min,或者在 8%乙醇条件下激活处理2、5、10 min的各组试验中 ,8%乙醇处理 5 min的卵裂率为 (6 .4 2± 4 .88) % ,高于其他各组 ,但均无囊胚发育 ;乙醇(8%、5 min)激活后 ,分别用 CB、CHX、DMAP、CB+CHX、CB+DMAP培养 6 h,结果 CB+DMAP的激活率、卵裂率和囊胚率最高 ,分别为 (70 .86± 3.75 ) %、(5 3.87± 5 .36 ) %、(15 .0 7± 5 .5 3) % ,与其他组相比 ,囊胚率差异显著 (P<0 .0 5 )     

水牛精子在胞质内注射后的早期形态变化

应用胞质内精子注射 (intracytoplasmic sperm injection,ICSI)技术探讨了水牛卵母细胞胞质与注射精子间的相互作用以及 ICSI精子的形态变化。ICSI后 13h,5 9.4 %的精子头部已膨大 ,且有 18.8%的精子进入解聚状态。雌雄原核发育不同步 ,雄原核在 ICSI后 16 h和 19h的形成率分别为 3.2 %和 4 0 .0 % ;雌原核在 ICSI后 13h已达到 71.9% ,16 h时提高到 90 .3%。经离子霉素与 6 - DMAP联合激活 ,ICSI后 19h产生的胚胎核型以 2 PN PB1 为主 ,其雌原核形成 (激活 )率为 91.3% ,雄原核形成率为 4 0 .0 % ,5 1.3%为孤雌胚。用 5 mm ol/ L 的 DTT预处理精子 1h,可提高精子的解聚率 (30 .9%比 12 .7% ,P<0 .0 5 ) ,但对雄原核的形成率无显著影响 (33.3%比 32 .7% ,P>0 .0 5 )。结果表明 ,水牛精子 ICSI后的雄原核形成时间晚于卵子雌原核形成时间 ,且其比率低于卵子 ,DTT处理精子能提高其解聚率 ,但对雄原核形成无影响     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -