2BSSF-3型浅松间歇施水播种机的试验研究

为满足干旱半干旱地区少耕免耕间歇施水播种的要求,设计了2BSSF-3型浅松间歇施水播种机,并对田间试验进行了分析.结果表明:每次施水的平均灌水量为197.6 g时,水沿沟流动量少;每次施水的平均灌水量为387 g时,水沿沟流动量较大,且相邻水湿润区相接现象较严重,但种子下部水入渗深度明显增加.在两种灌水量条件下的试验结果为:设计点播距离300 mm,机组速度0.59 m/s时,平均点播距297.4 mm,合格率94.7%;平均每次点播粒数1.89,合格率97.2%,重播指数1.82%,漏播指数2.19%.机组速度0.98 m/s时,平均点播距311.2 mm,合格率92.1%;平均每次点播粒数1.33,合格率95.9%,重播指数1.51%,漏播指数2.67%.种子离水湿润中心距离的平均值都小于设计值20 mm,合格率96%;种水同位率99.7%.各项指标均满足农艺和设计要求.     

Understanding and Modeling the Processing‐Mechanical Property Relationship of Bread Crumb Assessed by Indentation

Measuring fundamental mechanical parameters such as Young's modulus and critical stress is a straightforward and valid approach to evaluating the physical texture of breadcrumb. The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether such fundamental mechanical properties could be measured by indentation techniques such as the AACC crumb firmness method, and then to alter breadmaking conditions so as to model the relationship between these indentation mechanical properties as a function of crumb moisture content and crumb density. Bread was baked according to a short dough process using Canadian western red spring (CWRS) wheat flour. Factors considered in the design of experiments were proofing time, water absorption, crosshead speed, and indenter diameter. Young's modulus and critical stress, measured with 12‐ and 20‐mm cylindrical indenters, were well covalidated with those obtained from a standard compression test. With increases in proofing time and water absorption, a more porous and compliant bread texture led to decreasing Young's modulus and critical stress. Our results revealed a good mapping of mechanical properties to crumb moisture content and density that were correlated to breadmaking conditions, thus permitting more precise prediction of the mechanical properties that determine bread texture.     

蔬菜气吸轮式精量排种器设计与试验

蔬菜类型多,种子尺寸差异大,为扩大排种器的适用范围,该研究提出一种基于扰种条辅助充种的蔬菜气吸轮式精量排种器。通过理论分析确定了排种器的关键结构参数,设计了一种带有坡度的扰种条结构,最薄处厚度为0.5 mm、最厚处厚度为1.0mm,并对充种阶段种子在扰种条上和清种阶段的受力情况分别进行分析,确定了扰种条和清种装置结构。选取菜心、萝卜和辣椒种子为试验对象,利用台架试验获得扰种条倾角和厚度的较优值;开展较优结构参数下的排种器充种性能试验,以工作负压、排种转速和清种距离为试验因素,进行三因素三水平正交试验。试验结果表明,对于菜心种子,工作负压为0.92 kPa,排种转速为13.3 r/min,清种距离为0.70 mm时,充种合格率为99.20%,漏吸率为0.13%;对于萝卜种子,工作负压为4.47 kPa,排种转速为25.5r/min,清种距离为1.20mm时,充种合格率为97.34%,漏吸率0.53%;对于辣椒种子,工作负压为1.49 kPa,排种转速为16.9 r/min,清种距离为0.69 mm时,充种合格率为88.27%,漏吸率为2.67%,满足菜心、萝卜、辣椒的种植农艺要求,研究结...     

胡麻籽粒离散元仿真参数标定与排种试验验证

为借助离散单元法优化胡麻机械化生产装备提供胡麻基本参数,该文对甘肃省普遍种植的定亚22号、陇亚10号、陇亚13号3种胡麻籽粒通过试验法测定了胡麻籽粒的基本物理参数（3个方向尺寸、质量密度、体积密度、泊松比、千粒重、含水率、弹性模量）和接触力学参数（恢复系数、静摩擦系数）;通过调整胡麻模型的滚动摩擦系数条件下形成的胡麻堆积角逼近胡麻实际堆积角方法,预测胡麻滚动摩擦系数。结果表明：定亚22号胡麻滚动摩擦系数为0.041 5、陇亚10号为0.042 5、陇亚13号为0.042 0。探讨了胡麻堆积角形成过程中滚动摩擦系数对胡麻与底板接触数量、胡麻动能和重力势能影响变化规律,结果表明：随着滚动摩擦系数的减少,胡麻与底板的接触数量增加,胡麻种群的转动动能呈先增加后减小的变化趋势;减小胡麻滚动摩擦系数,其转动动能增加。通过设计的异型窝眼轮排种仿真和大田试验可知,胡麻平均穴粒数为9.5粒,标准差为1.5粒;大田试验的平均穴粒数为9粒,标准差为1粒。仿真和试验结果的穴粒数平均值的相对误差为5.26%,基本满足西北旱区胡麻播种机械设计参数优化需求。     

工作参数对超级稻育秧播种部件吸种性能的影响

为进一步提高超级稻精密育秧生产率及播种精度,该文以气吸振动组合式超级稻精密育秧播种部件为试验对象,研究了种层厚度、双孔孔距和振动频率等工作参数对其吸种性能的影响规律。试验利用高速摄像技术与振动分析仪,采用三因素五水平试验设计,得出了吸种性能与种层厚度等试验因素之间的回归模型。试验表明：滚筒真空度3.1 kPa、滚筒转速14 r/min、振动频率90～104 Hz的条件下,种层厚度在吸种性能的回归模型中贡献率最大。最佳因素组合为种层厚度7 mm、双孔孔距3 mm和振动频率97 Hz,吸种合格率为93.12%。研究为超级稻育秧精密播种器的设计及参数优化提供科学的依据。     

Extraction of natural complex phenols and tannins from grape seeds by using supercritical mixtures of carbon dioxide and alcohol

Proanthocyanidins are supposed to have some therapeutical properties as antioxidants and antineoplasics. Most of the proanthocyanidins, however, are not commercialized since their separation from natural sources is either very expensive or not well-known. In this work, the feasibility of application of mixtures of carbon dioxide and alcohol under supercritical conditions for selective extraction of some phenolic compounds from grape seeds has been studied, among them some low polymerized proanthocyanidins, their main monomer units, (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin, and some low molecular weight phenolic compounds, like gallic acid. An analytical-scale supercritical fluid extractor, whose operation was previously optimized, was used to carry out the experiments. A commercial concentrate of complex phenols and tannins from grape seeds was subjected to supercritical extraction in order to find the best operation conditions before directly extracting defatted milled grape seeds. The solvent capacity was found to increase with pressure and with the amount of alcohol used as cosolvent as expected. Such variation in solvent capacity could be used for design of a selective separation process where individual phenolic compounds or groups of them could be obtained. HPLC coupled with two types of detectors, diode array and mass spectrometry, was used for tentative identification and quantification of complex phenols and tannins in the extracts and in the raw materials used for extraction.     

组合型孔排种器双充种室结构对充种性能的影响

为研究组合型孔排种器的双充种室结构对充种性能的影响,该文对组合型孔排种器的充种起始角和限种机构参数进行了理论计算和试验验证。理论计算和以充种起始角为单因素变量的试验结果表明,组合型孔排种器在-40°左右的位置开始充种。以型孔大小、充种起始角度和排种器工作转速为变量的多因素试验结果表明,最佳充种起始角为-20°;与-10°和0相比,充种起始角为-20°的平均穴粒数受排种器工作转速影响的变化更小,变异系数也更小。限种机构距离排种轮中心40 mm时最佳,解决了毛刷甩种的情况;以型孔大小、水稻品种、限种板调节位置和排种器工作转速为变量的多因素试验结果表明,限种调节板与型孔轮的距离在0~22 mm范围内可调,对大、小型孔以及不同类型的稻种都能实现对播种量的微调节。     

2BSF-4型穴灌坐水播种机的设计与试验

介绍了2BSF-4型地轮驱动泵注水穴播穴灌机的组成、工作原理及部件设计,并作了田间试验,结果表明：该机平均穴施水量为137.35 g/穴(527.1 kg/(667 m²)),合格指数可达86.7%,总体变异率为3.03%;种子离灌溉水湿润中心距平均为11 mm,小于设计值20 mm,合格率平均达到97.8%。穴粒数平均1.67粒,合格率达到97.25%;粒距304 mm,行间最高变异率1.83%,总变异率不超过3.27%,合格率为94.15%;重播指数小于1.66%,漏播指数不大于2.38%;播种深度及种、水同穴合格率均达到100%;田间出苗率高于97.5%。试验机具除平均穴施水量略低于设计值外,其余各项性能均达到了设计要求。测试数据表明该机工作性能稳定、可靠。     

气吸式谷子排种装置吸种孔的结构设计与试验

为实现气吸式谷子排种装置的精少量穴播,解决播种时伤种、吸种孔堵塞、成穴性差等问题,在研究了谷子机械物理特性的基础上,对气吸式排种装置的排种盘进行了设计,设计了圆柱孔、倒角截顶圆锥体孔、截顶圆锥体孔和四棱台孔4种结构,并对排种装置进行了谷子排种效果对比试验以及排种性能试验。试验结果表明,在所设计的多种排种盘结构中,吸种效果最好的排种盘吸种孔为四棱台结构,堵塞情况最少,相对成穴性最好,此时平均穴粒数3.3个,穴粒数合格率89%,穴距合格率94%,平均成穴距离1.24 cm。同时确定了排种器的最佳工作参数:真空度?2 k Pa,排种轴转速28 r/min。初步实现了采用气吸式排种装置下的谷子精少量穴播,对以后设计谷子精密排种装置及相关研究提供参考。     

锥体帆布带式排种器参数优化与试验

为使锥体帆布带式排种器性能达到育种试验播种要求,该文对设计的锥体帆布带式排种器相关结构进行了分析与参数优化试验。通过对该排种器的泄种、分种、携种环节中种子的力学、运动学及空间排布情况分析,选取出对锥体帆布带式排种器作业性能有显著影响的参数,通过单因素试验和图表分析将参数影响程度进行量化,确定了影响排种性能的主要参数有:锥体转速、锥体倾角和楔形环域单位排布量。通过三因素二次正交旋转设计试验,建立了因素与试验指标(排种均匀性变异系数)的回归方程;经优化计算得出:当锥体转速为3.46 rad/s,锥体倾角为45.8°,楔形环域单位排布量为7粒/cm时,排种器的性能综合评价指标达到育种试验最佳水平。该排种技术在2BZH-6型株行育种条播机上进行了推广应用,经田间试验验证,最佳参数组合下锥体帆布带式排种器不存在伤种和存种现象,作业性能与锥体格盘式排种器相比提升明显。该研究为现有育种条播机排种部件的改进设计提供了参考。     

侧正压玉米排种器的设计与试验

为了实现玉米精量播种,该文设计了一套侧正压排种器,分析了排种器的工作原理,并对排种过程动力学进行了研究;对影响排种器性能的基本因素进行了均匀设计试验,并且分别对排种性能3个指标建立了回归数学模型。试验结果表明,排种盘转速对播种合格指数和漏播指数影响最显著,充种型孔尺寸对重播指数影响最显著,风机压力对排种指标有影响但影响不显著,风机压力达到1.2 kPa,排种盘转速18 r/min,充种型孔宽度11 mm时,既能够满足播种要求。通过种子分级试验,分级后排种性能指标显著改善,合格指数达到了89.36%,漏播指数降至4.26%。本文所设计的侧正压排种器为气力式精量播种机提供了一种新的参考。     

三倍体西瓜种子种壳结构及机械破壳力学特性

为实现机械破壳代替人工破壳的方式提高无子西瓜种子的发芽率。对比二倍体西瓜种子,用种壳超微结构分析方法解释了三倍体西瓜种子的发芽障碍原因;并采用3种常见的三倍体西瓜种子黑牛、蜜红和花皮,含水率分别为11.1%、11.2%和10.6%,运用常用试验方法对实现机械破壳的力学特性进行了试验研究。试验结果得出三倍体西瓜种子的加载速度对破壳力的影响;设计压缩摇杆时,其调节量标准以各品种的压缩变形量最大值为基准;加载速度宜选择80～100mm/min;最大破壳力为68.97N。研究得到的结果为开发三倍体西瓜种子破壳机械提供了基本参数和理论计算依据。     

水稻气力式排种器投种轨迹试验与分析

为研究水稻气力式排种器的稻种在送种正压作用下脱离排种盘后的轨迹以及投种成穴性,该文采用高速摄影技术分析了投种轨迹的变化规律及其影响因素,并对投种后的穴径进行了测量通过实际投种轨迹的均值优化理论方程,得到了不同条件下的优化方程。以"培杂泰丰"超级杂交稻种子为研究对象,采用多因素试验方法,分析了不同转速、不同送种正压下,稻种投影面正面与侧面轨迹与投种穴径的变化。试验结果表明:正面投种轨迹随排种盘转速的提高其水平位移增大,但整体偏移均小于5mm。当送种正压为0.1kPa时,其落种轨迹的稳定性较好,投种正面水平位移基本稳定在45~65mm,当送种正压为0.2kPa时,投种轨迹分布不均,稳定性较差;侧面投种轨迹受排种盘转速影响较小,增大送种正压会增大稻种侧面的水平位移,当送种正压为0.1kPa时,其投种侧面水平位移稳定分布在0~15mm,当送种正压为0.2kPa时,投种轨迹分布波动较大;穴径随转速与送种正压的提升,其大于50mm的概率也增多,排种盘转速为30r/min、送种正压为0.1kPa时,成穴性最好,其合格率为96.9%。投种高度控制在离地面10cm左右为最佳。该文从理论的角度分析了投种轨迹,得到了成穴性最优的条件,为水稻气力式排种器最优成穴条件与排种管的设计提供参考。     

Characterization of odor-active volatiles in apples: influence of cultivars and maturity stage

The aroma and texture of three different apple cultivars, harvested at three maturity stages, were analyzed by sensory and instrumental analysis. The emphasis was on the identification of the most potent odorant volatiles, and the challenge was to separate the few most important flavor compounds, which may be trace chemicals, from the vast number of nonodorant compounds present in apple aroma extracts. Thirty-six odorant compounds were detected, 24 of which were common to all extracts. A significant correlation coefficient was found between the aroma intensity scores and overall quantity of the odorant volatiles, which shows that the development of sensory aroma is similar to that of odorant volatiles. This study also showed that the parameters measured by penetrometry and compression were highly correlated with sensory textural attributes. The determination of the optimal maturity stage for different apple cultivars by the usual parameters, such as color, diameter, total soluble solids, and titrable acidity, may not be sufficient to determine the optimal sensory quality for consumers. Moreover, the sensory quality of fruits changes during maturation in a different way from one cultivar to another, and this should be taken into account.     

High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling of phenolic compounds for evaluation of olive oil bitterness and pungency

Bitterness and pungency are important parameters for olive oil quality. Therefore, two instrumental methods for evaluation of these taste attributes were developed. The first one is based on the photometric measurement of total phenolic compounds content, whereas the second one is based on the semiquantitative evaluation of hydrophilic compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Evaluation of total phenolic compounds content was performed by a modified method for the determination of the K(225) value using a more specific detection based on the pH value dependency of absorbance coefficients of phenols at λ = 274 nm. The latter method was not suitable for correct prediction, because no significant correlation between bitterness/pungency and total phenolic compounds content could be found. For the second method, areas of 25 peaks detected in 54 olive oil samples by a HPLC-MS profiling method were correlated with the bitterness and pungency by partial least-squares regression. Six compounds (oleuropein aglycon, ligstroside aglycon, decarboxymethyl oleuropein aglycon, decarboxymethyl ligstroside aglycon, elenolic acid, and elenolic acid methyl ester) show high correlations to bitterness and pungency. The computed model using these six compounds was able to predict bitterness and pungency of olive oil in the error margin of the sensory evaluation (±0.5) for most of the samples.     

Analysis of isoflavones and phenolic compounds in Korean soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seeds of different seed weights

The seeds of 322 Korean soybean varieties were collected from six different cultivated sites in Korea and classified into three groups based on the 100-seed weight as small, medium, and large. Seeds were analyzed for their concentrations of isoflavones and phenolic compounds. The total average isoflavones in soybean cultivated at Iksan (2.840 micromol g(-1)) and phenolic compounds in soybean grown at Yeoncheon (9.216 micromol g(-1)) and Iksan (9.154 micromol g(-1)) were significantly different (p<0.05). In small and medium seeds of soybeans cultivated at Yeoncheon, Yesan, and Milyang high levels of isoflavones were obtained, whereas soybeans grown in Chuncheon showed the lowest isoflavone concentrations. However, isoflavone concentrations in the large seeds of soybean cultivated at Chuncheon showed the highest level. The soybean cultivated at Yeoncheon had high levels of phenolic compounds in small, medium, and large seeds, whereas the soybean grown at Chuncheon had the lowest. On the other hand, the phenolic concentrations of large soybean cultivated at Milyang were the least. At Yeoncheon, Yesan, and Milyang, the total isoflavone and phenolic compounds levels related to their seed size was significantly different (p<0.05), whereas in the soybean of different sizes cultivated at Chuncheon, the relationship to their seed size was not significantly different. The relationships of total isoflavones and phenolic compounds of small and medium soybean seeds were significantly higher than that of large soybean seeds. The hydroxybenzoic acid group in all sizes of seeds cultivated at six sites in Korea was the major phenolic compound, followed by flavonoid and hydroxycinnamic acid. The total isoflavone concentration was positively correlated with acetylglycoside and negatively correlated with malonylglycoside in the small soybean seeds cultivated at Yeoncheon. In medium soybean seeds cultivated at Yeoncheon, a significantly positive correlation was found between acetylglycoside and glycoside, between aglycone and glycoside, and between aglycone and acetylglycoside, whereas a significantly negative correlation was shown between malonylglycoside and glycoside, between acetylglycoside and malonylglycoside, and between aglycone and malonylglycoside. In large soybean seeds cultivated at Chuncheon, significantly positive and negative correlations were similar to those of medium seeds. The results presented here can improve the understanding of the relationships among the concentrations of individual chemical compounds and each chemical compound group and total chemical compounds in soybeans of different seed sizes from different cultivated sites.     

基于纹理分析的香菇品质分选方法

为了实现天白花菇、白花菇、茶花菇和光面菇这4种类型香菇的分选,研究了多种菌盖纹理模型以及各个模型参量的融合,并设计了整个香菇类型自动分选系统。首先从香菇菌盖中截取合适大小的纹理区域,利用灰度直方图统计,灰度共生矩阵(grey level co-occurrence matrix),高斯马尔科夫随机场(Gauss Makov Random Field)模型和分形维数模型从该区域中共提取23个纹理特征参数。然后使用顺序前向搜索法对各个模型特征数据进行融合,从中得出6个简约特征。最后构建K近邻分类器作为香菇类别分类器并对提取后的简约特征进行分类。试验结果表明,香菇类型分选模型的分选正确率可达到93.57%,利用香菇菌盖纹理对香菇进行类型分类是可行的。     

油菜精量气压式集排器的设计与试验

为有效解决型孔轮式排种器用于油菜排种时难以精确控制播量,清种、护种环节易剪切破坏种子的问题,采用气流清种与气压护种组合作用技术,设计了一种具有"倒方锥"型孔的油菜精量气压式集排器。该文对气压式集排器的工作原理进行了阐述,确定了其主要结构参数,并建立了油菜籽在清种区和护种区的力学模型,以总排量稳定性变异系数、各行排量一致性变异系数以及种子破损率为评价指标,以清种压差、护种压差及排种滚筒转速为试验因素在室内台架与田间条件下开展了排种性能试验研究,试验结果表明设计的集排器排种性能较优、种子破损率低,在清种压差250 Pa、护种压差150 Pa、排种滚筒转速以20~40 r/min时,其总排量稳定性变异系数≤2%:各行排量一致性变异系数≤2%;种子破损率0.3%。田间试验结果表明该集排器播种性能良好,满足油菜种植农艺要求。该研究证明采用气流清种与气压护种组合技术的"倒方锥"型孔油菜精量气压式集排器可用于小粒径、易破损种子的精量播种,为型孔轮式集排器结构改进与优化提供了依据。     

Conyza canadensis seed ascent in the lower atmosphere

Long-distance dispersal of wind dispersed plant seed is dependent on seeds ascending in the atmosphere's surface boundary layer (SL). However, seed dispersal research often focuses on the near-surface dynamics of abscission and deposition, with little attention paid to seed ascent and transport beyond the surface boundary layer. Our research sought to estimate the vertical seed density flux of Conyza canadensis, a common agricultural weed, in the surface boundary layer. Using a 2.7 ha field infested with Conyza canadensis, the vertical seed concentration profile was measured on 5 days, three times per day while simultaneously monitoring micrometeorological conditions to connect the mechanisms of release with the process of ascent. Vertical seed sampling was conducted from two to six meters above ground level using removable screen frames. Remotely piloted airplanes were used to quantify seed concentration at 68 and 120 m above ground level and provide a connection between near surface dynamics and dynamics higher in the SL. Seed flux density (area under seed concentration curve) decreased with height and decreased from morning to afternoon. The seed flux density was significantly correlated with mean mechanical turbulence and the interaction of mean mechanical and mean thermal turbulence, supporting earlier research of meteorological effects on seed dispersal. While fewer total seeds were collected in the afternoon, more seeds were collected at 68 and 120 m during this period and may suggest more seeds were present in the upper SL where dispersal distance may be greater. Seeds collected above the SL will potentially be carried for hours before descending, depositing seeds in the range of 2–122 m, and influencing a much greater area than seeds unable to ascend through the lower SL. While this range is very wide, the dispersal distances reported herein are several orders of magnitude greater than previously reported for plants. These findings are all the more striking since the study species has evolved resistance to glyphosate herbicide, an herbicide now widely used in soybean, cotton, and corn crops in the US. Therefore, aerial transport of C. canadensis seeds carrying genes coding for glyphosate resistance enables seed to move tens or hundreds of kilometers in a single dispersal event, a spread rate corroborated by number of cases of reported glyphosate resistance occurrences in North America.