二斑叶螨对阿维菌素抗性和敏感品系相对适合度的研究

在室内25℃条件下通过构建实验种群生命表,比较二斑叶螨对阿维菌素抗性品系(R)和敏感品系(S)的一系列生长发育和繁殖特征参数。结果表明:二斑叶螨抗性品系(R)的发育历期、孵化率、幼螨存活率、有效产卵量等诸多指标与敏感品系(S)相比均存在一定的不利性。抗性品系的相对适合度仅为敏感品系的0.53倍,存在适合度缺陷。     

二斑叶螨混合抗性种群相对适合度的研究

研究了二斑叶螨抗甲氰菊酯、阿维菌素、螺螨酯混合品系(R)和敏感品系(S)的生长发育与生殖情况,比较种群的生物适合度。结果表明:与敏感品系(S)相比,抗性品系各螨态发育历期和产卵量均存在不同程度的下降,抗性品系的净生殖率(R0=12.765 9)远低于敏感品系(R0=42.420 3),相对适合度为敏感品系的0.300 9倍,存在适合度缺陷;其他生命表参数无种群差异。     

二斑叶螨对螺螨酯抗药性及对18种杀螨剂交互抗性

采自甘肃兰州兴隆山公园的二斑叶螨(Tetranychus urticae Koch),用雌雄单系培养敏感品系(S),用螺螨酯处理二斑叶螨种群培养抗性品系(SP R),用室内生测法对二斑叶螨S和SP R品系进行室内毒力测定。结果表明,二斑叶螨对螺螨酯抗性发展初期较慢,中期稳定,后期较快,选育至26代抗性指数(RI)达58.83。SP R对甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯有一定的交互抗性,RI分别为11.54和10.03;对苯丁锡、四螨嗪、苦皮藤生物碱、阿维菌素、氯氟氰菊酯、哒螨&#8226;四螨嗪、哒&#8226;水胺硫磷、三唑锡、三氯杀螨醇、哒螨灵、氧化乐果无交互抗性(1＜RI<5.00);对浏阳霉素、毒死蜱、噻螨酮、柴油、哒螨灵、唑螨酯可能存在负交互抗性(RI<1)。     

甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯对二斑叶螨实验种群的亚致死效应

在室内研究了甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯亚致死剂量对二斑叶螨实验种群成螨和卵的影响。结果表明,甲氰菊酯亚致死剂量LC10处理成螨后,二斑叶螨的卵期、幼螨期、若螨期、成螨期及寿命均显著缩短,处理卵后各发育历期均显著低于对照;亚致死剂量LC20处理成螨后二斑叶螨的卵期、若螨期、成螨期及寿命均显著缩短,处理卵后各发育历期均低于对照,处理后F1代种群的内禀增长率rm由0.191 9增至0.193 4～0.205 9,对种群有刺激增殖作用。螺螨酯亚致死剂量LC10处理成螨后,卵期、若螨期显著延期长,处理卵后卵期、若螨期、产卵前期均长于对照;亚致死剂量LC20处理成螨后卵期、幼螨期显著延长,处理卵后卵期、若螨期、产卵前期均长于对照,螺螨酯两亚致死剂量处理成螨和卵后成螨期和寿命均缩短,处理后F1代种群的内禀增长率rm由0.191 9降低至0.149 9～0.150 8,对种群有抑制作用。     

二斑叶螨对甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯的抗性选育及增效剂的增效作用

［目的］ 探索二斑叶螨对甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯种群的抗性机理和抗性治理途径。 ［方法］ 采用室内生物测定法,以采自兰州兴隆山自然保护区的二斑叶螨为敏感种群（S）,在室内用甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯分别对二斑叶螨进行抗性选育;用增效醚(PBO)、顺丁烯二酸二乙酯(DEM)、磷酸三甲苯酯(TPP)、有机硅、噻酮进行增效作用研究。［结果］二斑叶螨经室内甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯抗性选育45代和30代后,抗性倍数分别达到314.50倍和77.92倍。TPP、PBO、DEM 3种增效剂对二斑叶螨抗甲氰菊酯种群的抗敏增效比分别为12.15、7.78和3.09,推测其抗性机理涉及的主要解毒酶是羧酸酯酶和多功能氧化酶; DEM对二斑叶螨抗螺螨酯种群的抗敏增效比大于TPP和PBO,分别为4.87、3.67和1.91,二斑叶螨对螺螨酯产生抗性机理可能与谷胱甘肽转移酶和羧酸酯酶活性增强有关。有机硅和噻酮对二斑叶螨抗甲氰菊酯和螺螨酯种群的抗敏增效指数比分别为1.38、1.42和1.18、0.92,说明二斑叶螨的抗性与表皮通透性改变关系不密切。 ［结论］ 上述结果可以为二斑叶螨的抗性治理提供依据。     

朱砂叶螨阿维菌素抗性品系选育及适合度研究

为研究朱砂叶螨抗性适合度,在抗性选育基础上实验室组建了朱砂叶螨相对敏感品系、抗阿维菌素品系在豇豆和棉花上的生命表(26℃),比较了相对敏感品系和抗性品系在两种寄主上发育历期、繁殖力及种群参数的差异.结果表明:连续汰选42代,朱砂叶螨对阿维菌素(乳油制剂)产生约8.7倍抗性;与相对敏感品系相比,抗性品系在棉花上若螨期缩短0.55天、世代历期延长0.88天,平均产卵量无显著差异;在豇豆上卵期缩短1.71天,若螨期延长0.41天,世代历期缩短2.06天,平均产卵量减少84.29粒/雌.抗性品系在棉花和豇豆上的相对适合度分别为0.89和0.58,表明该螨产生抗药性后,存在适合度缺陷.     

二斑叶螨对螺螨酯的抗性选育及现实遗传力

二斑叶螨TetranychusurticaeKoch是我国蔬菜、花卉、果树上的重要害螨,对多种杀虫、杀螨剂容易产生抗药性。螺螨酯（spirodiclofen）对二斑叶螨等多种害螨防效突出,对卵和幼若螨杀伤力较强,而且对雌成螨有很强的不育作用。作者等参考Tabashnik的概率值分析法,研究二斑叶螨对螺螨酯的抗性现实遗传力（h2）,预测二斑叶螨对该药剂产生抗性的速率,以便合理使用农药。     

常用杀螨剂对二斑叶螨敏感种群毒力测定

采用FAO1980年推荐的玻片浸渍法和叶片残毒法,选用12种常用杀螨剂,对二斑叶螨的敏感种群进行了毒力测定。结果表明:杀卵活性依次为尼索朗>除尽>螨死净>螨即死>卡死克>扫螨净>齐螨素>螨克;对雌成螨的毒性依次为齐螨素>霸螨灵>三唑锡>除尽>三氯杀螨醇>螨即死>克螨特>扫螨净>螨克。     

二斑叶螨的检疫重要性

二斑叶螨的检疫重要性程立生（华南热带作物学院植保系）１二斑叶螨（ＴｅｔｒａｎｙｃｈｕｓｕｒｔｉｃａｅＫｏｃｈ）是一种世界性的大害螨，但在我国仅局部分布于台湾岛、北京市和天水市郊。据报道，二斑叶螨在国外主要分布于美国北部、英国、土耳其、地中海沿岸、南非...     

腈吡螨酯对扁豆二斑叶螨的田间药效及安全性评价

二斑叶螨是扁豆主要害虫之一,发生较重时可降低扁豆产量和品质。本研究评价了30%腈吡螨酯悬浮剂对扁豆二斑叶螨的田间药效及其对扁豆的安全性。田间使用有效成分量67.5、90、112.5 g/hm²,药后1 d三地的田间防效66.5%～85.9%、药后3 d 82.1%～92.3%、药后7 d 86.9%～95.2%、药后14 d 80.9%～96.1%,能有效防控扁豆二斑叶螨,具有较好的速效性和良好的持效性。作物安全性试验表明30%腈吡螨酯悬浮剂对扁豆安全。建议登记30%腈吡螨酯悬浮剂防治扁豆二斑叶螨,推荐使用有效成分量67.5～112.5 g/hm²(制剂量15～25 mL/667m²),于二斑叶螨发生初期施药1次。     

Genetic and biochemical analysis of a laboratory‐selected spirodiclofen‐resistant strain of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)

BACKGROUND: Spirodiclofen is a selective, non‐systemic acaricide from the new chemical class of tetronic acid derivatives. In order to develop strategies to minimise resistance in the field, a laboratory‐selected spirodiclofen‐resistant strain of the two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, was used to determine genetic, toxicological, biochemical and cross‐resistance data. RESULTS: Selecting for spirodiclofen resistance in the laboratory yielded a strain (SR‐VP) with a resistance ratio of 274, determined on the larval stage. The egg stage remained far more susceptible. No cross‐resistance was found against other established acaricides, except for spiromesifen. Based on synergist experiments and enzyme assays, it appeared that especially P450 monooxygenases, but also esterases and glutathione‐S‐transferases, could be involved in the metabolic detoxification of spirodiclofen. Genetic analysis showed that the resistance is inherited as an intermediate trait under control of more than one gene. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance to spirodiclofen exceeded by far the recommended field rate. A good acaricide resistance management programme is necessary to prevent fast resistance build‐up in the field. Spirodiclofen can be used in alternation with most established acaricides, except for other tetronic acid derivatives. Without selection pressure, resistance tends to be unstable and can decrease in the presence of susceptible individuals owing to the intermediate, polygenic inheritance mode. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biochemical analysis of a chlorfenapyr-selected resistant strain of Tetranychus urticae Koch

Tetranychus urticae Koch has recently developed resistance to chlorfenapyr in Australia and Japan, but no attempt has yet been made to describe the biochemical mechanisms involved in chlorfenapyr resistance. In this study a laboratory-selected chlorfenapyr-resistant strain was investigated. Resistance to chlorfenapyr was associated with a strong increase in esterase activity and P450 mono-oxygenase (MO) activity but a decrease in 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMBZ) peroxidation activity. Differences in esterase activities between susceptible and resistant strains increased with increasing carbon number of the aliphatic side-chain of the nitrophenol substrate. A 4.4-fold increase in the O-deethylation of 7-ethoxy-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin (7-EFC) mediated by P450 MOs was detected. Remarkably, the resistant strain showed only half of the total TMBZ peroxidation activity found in the susceptible strain. The activity of these enzymes was further determined on different crosses and back-crosses of both strains. Results indicated that activities correlated with chlorfenapyr susceptibility and could be considered as biochemical markers. Esterase isozymes of both strains and their crosses were separated with isoelectric focusing (IEF) and visualised after activity staining. It was clear that two distinct zones of enhanced esterase activity were present in the chlorfenapyr-resistant strain (EST 11, pI = 4.88 and EST 16, pI = 4.71). EST 11 was identified with inhibitors as a carboxylesterase. The relative presence and intensity of these esterase zones changed in the different crosses and could be seen as a marker for chlorfenapyr resistance. Glutathione-S-transferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were not significantly different between strains. A twofold decrease in TMBZ peroxidase activity in the resistant strain could reflect decreased activation of chlorfenapyr. On the basis of these results the involvement of P450 MOs and esterases in the activation and detoxification of chlorfenapyr in T. urticae is challenged and discussed.     

增效剂与常规药剂混用对抗性二点叶螨增效作用的研究

供试二点叶螨为抗氧乐果、甲氰菊酯、螨死净和抗螨嗪菊酯混剂种群 ,用 4种增效剂分别与氧乐果、甲氰菊酯、螨死净、螨嗪菊酯混用研究其增效作用。结果表明 :增效磷 (SV₁)对甲氰菊酯、氧乐果、螨死净、螨嗪菊酯的增效作用最明显 ,增效倍数分别为23.33、17.26、7.09、9.42 ;其次是八氯二丙醚 (S₂)和增效醚 (Pb) ,全能增效剂 (ARS)对4种药剂增效作用最差。田间药效试验结果表明 :增效剂SV₁和S₂ 与氧乐果、甲氰菊酯、螨死净混用 ,对苹果和豇豆上的二点螨均有增效作用。     

二斑叶螨与朱砂叶螨种间竞争的研究

１９９７年４～６月对二斑叶螨与朱砂叶螨的种间竞争进行了研究。结果表明,无论单种种群还是混合种群,二斑叶螨的活动虫态和雌成虫的ｒｍ均高于朱砂叶螨。二斑叶螨具有更强的种间竞争能力,在该螨发生地极有可能取代朱砂叶螨而成为农田中的优势种。     

二斑叶螨对常用杀螨剂的抗药性测定

采用玻片浸渍法 ,测定了二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch山东寿光种群 (R1)和山东烟台种群 (R2 )对常用杀螨杀虫剂的抗性 ,与山东泰安相对敏感种群 (S)相比 ,对哒螨灵、高效氯氟氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯 3种药剂的抗性 ,R1分别达 6.67、6.33和 10.36倍 ,R2分别达 26.56、15.4 5和 31.30倍 ,R1和 R2对上述 3种药剂均产生了较高水平的抗药性。另外,R1、R2种群对其它药剂也均表现出了不同程度的抗性现象。