给犬投药的方法

当我们的爱犬生病时,常需要给它们喂一些口服药,但犬毕竟与人不同,它不会积极配合你,如果掌握不好正确的投药方法,有时你忙了半天,结果还是无济于事,如果不讲究方法,还可能会把它弄烦了误伤了自己。给病犬投药的方法很多,应根据药物的剂型、剂量及病状而选用适当的方法。常用的投药方法有以下几种:     

饲料和饲料添加剂管理条例新增设的管理制度

2001年11月29日,朱镕基总理签发第327号国务院令,公布了《国务院关于修改<饲料和饲料添加剂管理条例>的决定》,《饲料和饲料添加剂管理条例》的修改体现了3个原则:一是与世贸组织(WTO)规则接轨,增设了知识产权保护制度;二是以保证饲料安全为重点,实行饲料生     

禽病常见给药三法

近几年来,在蛋鸡从初产到快速攀升高峰的时候,鸡群里会零星出现一些瘫痪鸡,严重时可引起鸡的死亡,鸡群会出现水样腹泻。笔者认为,这是初产母鸡的一种应激、营养代谢综合征,最常见的是笼养蛋鸡骨质疏松症的表现。     

家禽安全高效给药五注意

一选择最适宜的给药方法 在给家禽投药前,首先要根据用药的目的、病情缓急及药物本身的性质来确定最适宜的给药方法.如预防用药,一般是拌料或饮水等,这样可省工省时;如个别治疗用药,一般是口服、注射,这样做可使用药的剂量准确、效果确实.一般的抗球虫药及抗组织滴虫药,只有在一定时间内连续使用才有效,因此多采用拌料给药.抗生素用于促进生长及控制某些传染病时,也可混于其中给药.     

Intra-articular administration of doxycycline in calves

Objective-To evaluate local tissue compatibility of doxycycline hyclate (DOX) in antebrachiocarpal joints of calves. Animals-10 healthy calves between 80 and 110 kg. Procedures-Calves were assigned to 2 treatment groups. Calves in groups DOX(low) and DOX(high) were administered 5 and 10 mg of DOX, respectively, locally in 1 antebrachiocarpal joint. The contralateral joint served as a control joint and was injected with 0.9% NaCl solution. General and local clinical findings were scored. Several variables were assessed in blood and synovial fluid for 9 days. Calves were euthanatized and pathologic changes and drug residues evaluated. Results-Throughout the study, none of the calves had clinical changes or abnormal hematologic values. Significant differences between treatment and control joints were evident only for matrix metalloproteinases at 0.5 hours after injection, with less activity for the DOX-treated joints in both treatment groups. Values for all synovial fluid variables, except nitric oxide, increased significantly during the first 12 to 72 hours after arthrocentesis in control and DOX-treated joints. Histologic examination revealed minimal infiltration of inflammatory cells independent of the treatment. No drug residues were detected 9 days after arthrocentesis in any tissues obtained from the liver, kidneys, fat, and skeletal muscles. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-DOX had excellent intra-articular compatibility in healthy calves. Arthrocentesis induced a mild transient increase of inflammatory mediators in the synovial fluid. Significant decreases in matrix metalloproteinase activity in DOX-treated joints may indicate a potential chondroprotective effect of DOX.     

Comparison of transdermal administration of fentanyl versus intramuscular administration of butorphanol for analgesia after onychectomy in cats

OBJECTIVE: To compare postoperative discomfort assessed by subjective pain score and plasma cortisol concentrations in cats undergoing onychectomy that received analgesia by use of transdermal fentanyl (TDF) patches or an i.m. injection of butorphanol. DESIGN: Randomized prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS: 22 client-owned cats weighing 2.2 to 5 kg (4.84 to 11 lb) undergoing onychectomy. PROCEDURE: Researchers were blinded to which cats received a TDF patch (25 microg/h) 18 to 24 hours prior to surgery or an i.m. injection of butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg (0.09 mg/lb]) at the time of sedation, immediately following extubation, and at 4-hour intervals thereafter for 12 hours. Clinical variables, plasma cortisol concentration, and pain scores were evaluated and recorded 24 hours prior to surgery, at extubation, and 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after surgery. RESULTS: The TDF group had a lower pain score than the butorphanol group only at 8 hours after surgery. Both groups had significantly lower mean plasma cortisol concentrations 0, 24, 36, and 48 hours after surgery, compared with mean plasma cortisol concentrations prior to surgery. No significant differences in appetite or response to handling the feet were observed between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our data did not reveal a difference in pain relief between administration of TDF and butorphanol. Plasma cortisol concentrations were not different between groups. Fentanyl appeared to provide equivalent analgesia to butorphanol in cats undergoing onychectomy. The primary advantage of using a TDF patch is that repeated injections are not required.     

Pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen after intravenous and oral administration and assessment of safety of administration to healthy foals.

OBJECTIVE: To determine pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen in healthy foals and to determine clinical effects after oral administration for 6 days. ANIMALS: 7 healthy 5- to 10-week-old foals. PROCEDURE: Serum concentrations of ibuprofen were measured after IV and oral (nasogastric tube) administration at dosages of 10 and 25 mg/kg of body weight. Foals were given ibuprofen (25 mg/kg, PO, q 8 h) as a paste for 6 days. Serum and urine were obtained before and after the 6-day period. RESULTS: Half-life of elimination (Kel t1/2) of IV-administered ibuprofen (ie, 10 and 25 mg/kg), was 79 and 108 minutes, maximal serum concentration (C(MAX)) was 82 and 160 microg/ml, and clearance was 0.003 and 0.002 L/kg/min, respectively. At the higher dosage, clearance was significantly lower and C(MAX) was significantly higher. Ibuprofen given via nasogastric tube resulted in Kel t1/2 of 81 and 100 minutes and C(MAX) of 22 and 52 microg/ml for 10 and 25 mg/kg, respectively. The absorption half-life was 13 minutes, and bioavailability ranged from 71 to 100%. Foals remained healthy during oral administration of ibuprofen. Serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, and L-iditol dehydrogenase values increased significantly, and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity and osmolality decreased, but all measurements remained within reference ranges. Urine GGT activity doubled. Necropsy did not reveal gross or histologic renal lesions attributable to ibuprofen. Acute gastric ulcers were evident in 1 foal, although clinical signs of ulcers were not observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ibuprofen can be given safely to healthy foals at dosages < or = 25 mg/kg every 8 hours for up to 6 days.     

Perspectives on academic veterinary administration

It is important for veterinary administrators to apply knowledge bases from other fields to their own unique administrative needs. For example, although some resources are written for business managers, the discussions of four key management competency areas, guidelines for mastering these skills, organizational assessment tools, and other self-help tools may provide interesting food-for-thought for veterinary administrators.(76) In developing their own administrative styles, administrators should seek to apply those principles that seem to intuitively fit with their personal research styles, work situations, managerial styles, administrative preferences, and unique organizational culture. Through strengthening their liaisons with community and university business programs, counseling agencies, employee assistance programs, and psychology researchers, administrators can continue to be exposed to and benefit from new paradigms for consideration in veterinary medical environments. Through these liaisons, the unique needs of veterinary medical environments are also communicated to individuals within the fields of psychology and business, thus stimulating new research that specifically targets veterinary medical environment leadership issues. Each field has unique contributions to help veterinary administrators work toward creating veterinary medical environments that are creative, energetic, visionary, pragmatic, and highly marketable in order to help administrators recruit and nurture the best and brightest veterinary researchers, teachers, and clinicians.     

家禽免疫接种技术操作要点

家禽免疫接种在控制病毒性传染病、保证家禽健康并保持良好生产性能等方面发挥着非常大的作用，因此，制定科学的免疫程序并严格执行就显得非常重要。     

Effects of cyclosporin A administration in cats

Cyclosporin A was administered orally to 10 cats for 28 consecutive days at a dosage of 20 mg/kg body weight daily divided into 2 equal doses. Serum trough CyA concentrations ranged from 134 to 902 ng/ml with a mean of 567 +/- 249 ng/ml (means +/- SD). Immunosuppression by CyA was suggested in 5 cats by significantly depressed lymphoblast transformation responses. Various hematologic, serum chemical, and urinalysis parameters were monitored on a weekly basis in 10 cats. Serum urea nitrogen concentration increased significantly from baseline values on days 7, 14, and 21, but not on day 28. Urine concentrating ability was unimpaired. Alanine aminotransferase activity was decreased significantly from baseline values at each sample period during CyA administration. Drug-related side effects were minor; one cat developed gingival hypertrophy which regressed within 21 days of CyA withdrawal.