半干旱黄土区不同自然恢复时期坡面植被组成与分布特征

为研究半干旱黄土区长期封禁条件下植被自然恢复过程的动态特征,选取黄土丘陵沟壑区梁峁坡为研究区,基于2009和2016年样方调查数据,应用地统计方法,分析封禁25~32年之间坡面草本植物群落物种组成、结构和空间分布的变化特征。结果表明:1)2009年到2016年物种新增16种,坡面优势种由菊科、禾本科加豆科变为菊科、禾本科、豆科和莎草科。2)坡面生物量的平均值由2009年的98.57 g/m2增加到2016年的141.27 g/m2,坡下部的生物量明显增加,生境差异对生物量的影响减弱,群落更加稳定。3)Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数的均值都明显增加,坡面总体上物种更为丰富,群落稳定性增大;半阳坡坡下物种基本达到稳定状态;其他立地类型物种多样性明显增加。4)与2009年相比,2016年植被盖度、高度、生物量和干鲜质量比的空间自相关性均减弱;2009—2016年Margalef指数空间自相关性由弱变强,自相关距离约为60 m;Shannon-Wiener指数空间自相关性持续微弱,Pielou指数由空间正相关变为负相关。总体上梁峁坡面植物物种更加丰富,空间分布更加均匀,群落稳定性增强。经过32年的封禁,在半干旱黄土梁峁坡面,植物生活型依然以多年生草本植物为主,半灌木的优势度明显增加,群落正在向更稳定的方向演替;但植被演替过程缓慢,为了加速植被恢复,适当的人工干预是必要途径。     

天山北坡煤矿废弃地土壤种子库特征研究

采用野外调查和温室萌发相结合的方法,对新疆呼图壁县西沟煤矿废弃地的土壤种子库物种组成、生活周期、物种多样性及其与地上植被间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:1土壤种子库共有40种植物种,隶属于14科,且多年生植物多达25种(62.5%)。2土壤种子库中草本层物种丰富度指数、多样性指数均为最高,其次为灌木层和乔木层,种子库物种多样性主要受草本层丰富度影响。在科属中,十字花科、菊科、蔷薇科、豆科、禾本科物种丰富度指数较高。3土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性系数为0.322,表明地上植被对土壤种子库的贡献较大,但由于长期采矿、放牧,使得种子库的物种多样性受到较大干扰。西沟煤矿废弃地具有依靠土壤种子库实现生态修复的潜力,但需要积极采取人工措施促进生态修复。研究西沟煤矿废弃地的土壤种子库特征,是合理制定废弃地生态修复措施的重要依据。     

黄土丘陵区撂荒地不同侵蚀带土壤种子库特征

采用野外调查取样和室内实验相结合的方法,研究了黄土丘陵区撂荒地不同侵蚀带土壤种子库的密度、物种组成、物种多样性以及相似性特征。结果表明:各侵蚀带土壤种子库中共发现26个物种,隶属于13科24属,不同侵蚀带物种组成有所差异,菊科与禾本科为主要组成物种;0—10cm土层内土壤种子库密度随着侵蚀带的变化而变化,有明显的先减少再增大而后再急剧减少的趋势;不同侵蚀带土壤种子库物种多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数和生态优势度存在着差异,但未达到显著相关水平;土壤种子库组成物种相似性系数变化范围为0.40～0.82,相邻侵蚀带之间的土壤种子库物种相似性较高,随着侵蚀带之间距离的增加,其相似性逐渐变小。这说明不同侵蚀带土壤种子库因受坡面径流引起的土壤侵蚀使种子流失、二次迁移和沉积以及植被的拦截而产生再分布。     

蓟运河故道消落带盐碱地土壤种子库特征

通过对蓟运河故道消落带的土壤种子进行萌发实验,确定了土壤种子库的物种组成、物种多样性指数和相似性指数,并对土壤种了库的物种特征进行了空间层次分析.结果表明:(1)蓟运河故道消落带土壤种子库共有16种植物,隶属于8科15属,其中藜科4种,菊科5种.3个区域土壤种子库物种相对多度和密度大小分布顺序为:洪淹区＞偶淹区＞常淹区.(2)不同区域种子库的Shannon—Wiener指数和Margalef丰富度指数随着水位的降低呈下降趋势,而生态优势度和Pielou均匀度指数有增大趋势.(3)种子库的空间分布特征明显,其中0--5 cm层种子数量最多,为623粒/m2;同时3个区域种子数量差异显著,洪淹区土壤种子库物种数量比偶淹区和常淹区分别多出253和353粒/,n2,而偶淹区土壤种子库物种数量与常淹区仅相差100粒/m2.     

不同林龄刺槐和栓皮栎群落土壤种子库研究

为揭示土壤种子库在植被恢复中的作用,以太行山低山丘陵区的刺槐和栓皮栎2种乔木群落为研究对象,研究不同林龄刺槐、栓皮栎群落土壤种子库的组成、多样性特征以及种子库物种与地上植被的关系。结果表明:1)各群落草本层的共有科为菊科和禾本科,且所占比例较大;刺槐(30 a)群落地上物种的科数和种数最多,栓皮栎(20 a)最少,物种科数和种数随生长年限的增加而提高;多年生草本是刺槐(10、20、30 a)和栓皮栎(20、30、40 a)6个群落的主要生活型,群落间相似性系数为0～1.0。2)芸香科和禾本科在各群落土壤种子库中占有较大比例;种子库密度随林龄的增加而提高。刺槐群落土壤种子库的多样性随林龄增加而升高,而栓皮栎则呈现降低的趋势。3)土壤种子库中植物的科数和物种数都低于地上,且与地上物种类型不尽相同;土壤种子库对地上植被更新和演替贡献不大。     

元谋干热河谷山地植被修复区土壤种子库研究

 为了解干热河谷不同植被修复方法的土壤种子库的变化模式,采用对不同处理地段(包括水平阶间坡面、自然坡面、沟底)和对照(放牧地)的土壤种子库组成、大小进行比较研究的方法,研究元谋干热河谷山地植被修复区的土壤种子库。结果表明:1)植被修复区土壤种子库密度、丰富度均大于对照区;2)修复区内第2年土壤种子库密度、丰富度均大于第1年;3)水平阶间坡面和各类型间的土壤种子库密度差异显著;4)种子库中草本植物占很大比例;5)孔颖草和扭黄茅是种子库2大优势种。研究项目所采取植被修复措施在很大程度上改善土壤种子库的数量结构和物种组成。     

石羊河上游干旱草原阴山扁蓿豆群落土壤种子库

土壤种子库是地上植被补充更新的源泉,土壤种子库的研究已成为植物种群生态学研究中相当活跃的领域.在石羊河上游干旱草原选择阴山扁蓿豆草地群落,研究了草地土壤种子库的物种组成、密度、多样性特征以及与地上植被的关系.结果表明,阴山扁蓿豆草地群落土壤种子库共有20个物种,分属12科.随阴山扁蓿豆分盖度减小,土壤种子库密度和种类在水平方向上增加,种子库密度垂直分布呈现0-5cm>10-15 cm>5-10 cm土层,物种数量随深度而减少;在阴山扁蓿豆分盖度>60%的草地群落未发现其种子库的存在.土壤种子库的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielow均匀度指数随阴山扁蓿豆盖度减小呈上升趋势,生态优势度由0.46下降至0.24;各草地群落土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性系数在0.29～0.58之间.     

半干旱区湿地植物群落多样性研究

为探究半干旱区湿地植物群落多样性变化,选取宁夏盐池县四儿滩湿地为研究区,采用Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数测得植被群落多样性,使用SPSS软件以植被重要值为要素进行聚类分析,分析研究区植被类型。结果表明:研究区共有14科41种植物,其中菊科、禾本科、豆科、藜科包含的植物种较多;研究区不同样线出现的植物种数不同,南样线出现的最多,西样线出现的最少;不同样线的植物频率分布存在差异,南样线出现于1个样方中的植物种数最多,西样线出现于9个样方以上的植物种数最多。四儿滩湿地植物分为4个群落,分别为盐爪爪群落、赖草+白刺群落、芨芨草+臭蒿+芦苇群落、猪毛蒿群落。研究区不同样线的多样性指数存在差异,北样线的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数均为最高值,而西样线的Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数均为最低值。     

子午岭天然柴松林土壤种子库

采取子午岭天然柴松林地3个坡位与1个对照区共4个大样地54个小样方的土壤样品,通过室内种子萌发和地上植被调查相结合的方法对其种子库进行研究,以揭示其土壤种子库特征及与地上植被的关系。结果显示：1）土壤种子密度平均为1 496.7粒/m^2,最小为1 240.0粒/m^2,最大为1 785.0粒/m^2,荒山对照区为510.0粒/m^2;2）种子库的垂直分布格局显示,近90%的种子储存于枯枝落叶层和0-7.5 cm土层中;3）研究中共统计到植物种32种,分属于20科,其中多年生草本和常绿灌木种子比例最高,分别占种子库种子总数的48.3%和41.9%;4）不同坡位的物种丰富度指数介于2.523-3.082之间,而物种多样性指数介于1.458-1.781之间,其中中坡物种丰富度指数最大而多样性指数最小,上坡多样性指数和均匀度指数都最大;5）各坡位地上植被主要建群植物种中,除白颖苔草、大披针苔草、胡枝子、唐松草在对应坡位的土壤种子库中出现且分别占该坡位种子库的19.7%、2.1%和0.8%、1.7%和3.1%0、.4%外,其他建群种如榛子、子、地榆等在种子库中均未出现,种子库不能很好地反映地上植被组成,部分未出现物种与其自身萌发性质有关;6）土壤种子库中柴松种子所占比例约为0.6%（地上植被调查发现）,柴松林下有更新幼苗,约5-7粒/m^2,说明种子库具有潜在萌发能力,森林具备一定的自我更新能力。     

金塔沙漠不同人工植被类型土壤种子库特征

[目的]对甘肃省酒泉市金塔沙漠不同类型人工植被林地的土壤种子库进行调查研究,以揭示干旱条件下沙漠人工植被土壤种子库的分布规律、种子库物种多样性的变化特征以及土壤种子库与地上植被的关系,为河西走廊退化人工林生态系统的恢复与重建提供理论依据。[方法]通过野外植被调查、土壤种子库取样和土样萌发试验进行分析研究。[结果]①土壤种子库中,共统计到植物种有24种,胡杨—假苇拂子茅群落、胡杨+沙枣—柽柳+花棒+柠条—芦苇+黑沙蒿群落、梭梭—河西菊群落、柽柳—花花柴群落土壤种子库物种数依次为18种、18种、14种、3种,土壤种子密度依次为660.71,267.85,29.64,19.29粒/m~2。土壤种子库中一年生、多年生草本的物种和密度占优势,乔木、灌木和半灌木种子所占比例较低。②物种多样性分析表明,乔木林土壤种子库物种的Margalef丰富度指数大于灌木林,土壤种子库物种的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数变化趋势基本一致,均为胡杨+沙枣—柽柳+花棒+柠条—芦苇+黑沙蒿群落柽柳—花花柴群落梭梭—河西菊群落胡杨—假苇拂子茅群落,而生态优势度指数与之相反。③乔木林土壤种子库植物与地上植被的相似程度高于灌木林。[结论]沙漠人工植被林地土壤种子库物种丰富度低,以草本植物为主,沙漠自我恢复度低,人工营造乔木林、灌木林有利于干旱荒漠区生态恢复与重建。     

风沙黄土区排土场不同恢复类型植物群落与土壤种子库特征

风沙黄土区排土场作为一种人造生态系统,自然条件恶劣,土壤贫瘠,植被恢复困难。为了探明有效的人工促进植被恢复措施,采用植被调查与种子库萌发试验相结合的方法,通过研究不同植被类型地上植物群落与土壤种子库特征及二者的关系,探讨了其植被恢复效益及潜力。结果表明:研究区人工植被恢复下地上植物群落中共47种植物,分属16科40属,土壤种子库共14种植物,分属5科13属,其中均以禾本科、菊科、藜科、豆科占主导地位; 灌木植被的地上植被和土壤种子库的物种多样性均表现为最优; 地上植被与土壤种子库密度的变化范围为88.48～495.47株/m²,74.74～1422.91粒/m²,且均在草地类型下最大。土壤种子库和地上植被的相似性普遍较低,相似性系数仅为0.16～0.23。因此,风沙黄土区排土场的植被恢复与重建需要加强保护与管理,可以考虑构建以草灌配置为主的人工植被恢复模式,保障群落的恢复潜力,并提高群落多样性与稳定性,亦可考虑引入外源种子库提升群落恢复的潜力。     

金安桥水电站弃渣场土壤种子库与地面植被的关系

通过研究金安桥水电站废弃渣场种子库和周边群落种子库以及渣场地面和周边群落地面植被的变化特征,结果表明：①周边群落土壤种子库和地面植物的物种丰富度大于渣场,从地面与种子库的物种组成分析得出,渣场植被恢复正处于由一年生草本植物向多年生草本植物过渡的阶段;②周边群落地面植物与土壤种子库的物种丰富度（30,33）及数量（186,1962）,渣场地面植物与土壤种子库的物种丰富度（10,12）及数量（35,1784）;③由于植物种子寿命短,加之土壤环境差,导致周边群落地面植物与种子库相似度（0．09）和渣场地面植物与种子库的相似度（0）差异性大。     

Seed bank development after the restoration of alluvial grassland via transfer of seed-containing plant material

In the attempt to ensure long-term-conservation of flood meadows along the northern Upper Rhine transfer of seed-containing plant material was successfully applied since 2000. In this highly dynamic habitat, many typical plant species rely on a persistent seed bank for re-establishment after disturbance. But in contrast to the re-established above ground vegetation, seed bank composition remains unknown. Thus the main aims of the study were to elucidate the current seed bank composition and to assess patterns of seed and species traits. To this end we sampled above ground vegetation and seed bank on plant material plots and on control plots left to natural recruitment.Although the seed bank was still dominated by agrestal and ruderal plant species, it already contained seeds of transferred species. Analyses revealed that on the plant material plots seed density of plant material species declined significantly with soil depth, just as similarity between above ground vegetation and seed bank declined. In contrast, the seed bank on control plots comprised significantly lower numbers of transferred species. We found a vertical pattern of seed bank composition: in general, the upper seed bank layer comprised more elongated and large seeds of long-lived, competitive species able to build up transient seed bank. The lower soil layer was dominated by seeds of short-lived, agrestal and ruderal species, producing small, round and long-term persistent seeds.The present study shows that the build up of a seed bank typical of flood meadows is a time-consuming process. Thus restorative management in the early phase of vegetation development should focus on fostering high seed production of transferred species.     

Similarity between the soil seed bank and the standing vegetation in the Strandveld Succulent Karoo,South Africa

The similarity in species composition and abundance between the soil seed bank and its associated vegetation was studied in six vegetation units of the Strandveld Succulent Karoo, South Africa. A total of 103 taxa were recorded in the vegetation, of which 34 taxa were also present in the seed bank. Five taxa were unique to the soil seed bank. In general, the taxa most abundant in the vegetation were also recorded in the seed bank and vice versa. Mean seed bank density varied between different plant types. Perennial taxa were most abundant in the vegetation, while annual taxa were most abundant in the seed bank. Annual taxa (excluding grasses) yielded the highest similarity between vegetation and seed bank (67ċ9 per cent), while that of perennial (excluding grasses) and grass taxa were 34ċ2 per cent and 40ċ0 per cent respectively. An overall similarity of 47ċ0 per cent between the seed bank and its associated vegetation was obtained for this part of the Strandveld Succulent Karoo. The seed bank of the study site will be a good source of future annual vegetation, but not of perennial vegetation. Topsoil replacement, sowing and transplanting of selected species will be essential for the success of post‐mining revegetation efforts following complete destruction of the existing vegetation. Annual species may be recruited from the soil stored seed bank, while many perennial species will have to be reintroduced by means of sowing and/or transplanting. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

陕北安塞退耕地持久土壤种子库与地上植被的对应关系

通过研究陕北安塞退耕3~31 a的阴阳坡10个样地的持久土壤种子库特征及其与地上植被的关系,分析持久土壤种子库在植被恢复中的作用。结果表明：调查样地持久土壤种子库由15个科36个物种组成,种子密度在1 908~12 617粒/m2之间,1年生物种占80%,随着退耕演替的进行,种子库中1年生物种比例呈下降趋势,多年生物种比例呈上升趋势,地带性物种在持久种子库中的比例也随退耕时间的延长而增加,物种数和种子库密度均随退耕演替先增大后降低;持久土壤种子库与地上植被的相似性较低,Serensen相似性系数为0.21~0.42;通过对适宜物种的确限度及土壤种子库大小的分析,认为该区退耕地的持久土壤种子库具有一定的植被恢复潜力。     

Soil seed banks in the Arasbaran Protected Area of Iran and their significance for conservation management

The Arasbaran Protected Area is an important but little studied nature reserve in NW Iran. In the past habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity have been threatened by over-exploitation; in the future depopulation may lead to partial abandonment. The soil seed bank was examined to see whether there are sufficient species represented as persistent seeds to reconstitute the vegetation in the event of habitat deterioration. There were differences between seed banks from different soils and vegetation types but essentially all soil seed banks contained few species and low densities of seed. Moreover, the species in the seed bank were unrepresentative of the vegetation. During future periods of changing land use it will be important to maintain the existing vegetation. There are however indications of successful recent conservation management. Annuals are abundant in the woodland seed bank but absent from the vegetation. The forest is recovering from the disturbance of collecting fire-wood.     

塔里木河下游土壤种子库分布格局及其与环境因子的关系

在塔里木河下游选择20个样地,进行土壤种子库萌发试验,并应用典范对应分析(CCA)方法研究了该地区土壤种子库分布格局及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明,塔里木河下游土壤种子库中共有物种16种,分属于7科,并且以旱生耐盐物种为主,多数样地物种出现频次较低;种子库密度不高.CCA排序表明,地下水埋深、土壤含水量、电导、pH值和植被盖度等5个环境因子对土壤种子库分布格局有一定的影响.CCA第一排序轴与地下水位、地表植被盖度和土壤含水量关系显著,反应了水分因子的作用;CCA第二排序轴与土壤电导率关系显著,反映了盐分因子的作用.根据5个环境因子的特征,CCA排序可将土壤种子库中的16种植物分为4个组,对应于不同的环境变化梯度.     

Moderate impacts of plant invasion and management regimes in coastal hind dune seed banks

Plant invaders may directly or indirectly affect ecosystem resilience through their impact on soil seed banks. The invaders, and the application of control measures, change seed bank dynamics by altering the number of seeds entering and leaving the seed bank. We tested the impact of bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata), on the seed bank. We examined seed banks in heavily-invaded, sparsely-invaded and managed dunes, where bitou bush biomass had been controlled. While management of bitou bush may have reduced the density of bitou bush seeds in the soil, it did not reduce the richness of other weed species. Native tree species richness was significantly higher in seed banks of sparsely-invaded than either heavily-invaded or managed sites, perhaps indicating a permanent shift in community structure following invasion. However, remaining indices of native seed bank diversity were similar across all invasion categories, indicating that seed banks of many native species were unaffected by both invasion and management. While examination of seed banks is informative in assessing past and potential community dynamics, low similarity between the standing vegetation and seed bank at all sites indicated that many hind dune species had other storage or regeneration modes and seed banks cannot be relied upon for comprehensive dune restoration.