Larval performances and life cycle completion of the Siberian moth, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dendrolimus sibiricus</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), on potential host plants in Europe: a laboratory study on potted trees

The Siberian moth, Dendrolimus sibiricus, Tschtv. is the most harmful defoliator of coniferous forests in North Asia. The pest has already spread over the Urals and continues moving westwards. Recently, it has been recommended for quarantine in member countries by European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). The performances of the pest on coniferous species planted in Europe were assessed on a range of potted trees corresponding to the spectrum of economically important conifers in the EU: European larch Larix decidua, Norway spruce Picea abies, Scots pine Pinus sylvestris, European black pine Pinus nigra, and the North American species: Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii and grand fir Abies grandis. Larvae showed a potential to survive and complete the development on all these host tree species. Favorable hosts were grand fir, European larch, and Douglas fir that allowed higher survival, better larval development, and as a result, yielded heavier pupae and adult moths with higher longevity. Black pine was a poor host but, however, could still support larval and pupal development. Norway spruce and Scots pine had an intermediate behavior. If accidentally introduced to Europe, the Siberian moth may become especially damaging in forest stands predominated by European larch and by the North American firs. Norway spruce and especially the two-needle pines will be less prone to intensive defoliation by this species. The fact that the pest may damage the range of economically important coniferous species should be taken into account in the pest risk assessment for Europe and also for North America where the Siberian moth occurrence is considered likely.     

白蛾周氏啮小蜂从寄主柞蚕蛹体爬出后的习性及林间释放的观察研究

白蛾周氏啮小蜂是寄生于美国白蛾蛹体内的天敌昆虫。为探索该小蜂的林间释放最佳效果,我们对白蛾周氏啮小蜂的出蜂时间、出蜂孔数、出蜂蚕蛹的数量、出蜂后的存活时间、林间释放等内容进行了观察,总结出了在释放白蛾周氏啮小蜂防治美国白蛾的过程中应注意的技术环节。     

利用森得保粉剂防治褐顶毒蛾的林间药效试验

褐顶毒蛾近期在云南省红河州爆发成灾.为了寻求更有效的防治措施,在河口县开展了利用森得保粉剂防治褐顶毒蛾的林间药效试验.试验结果表明,褐顶毒蛾对森得保粉剂非常敏感,3种浓度的森得保粉剂林间防治药效达81.7%～95.9%,防治时建议使用2 500 g/hm2和5 000 g/hm2这2种用药量.     

Occurrence of the moth Cydia pactolana is associated with the spruce canker fungus Neonectria fuckeliana

Several young damaged Norway spruce stands in eastern and central Finland were observed from 2013 to 2016. The damage included trees with heavy resin flow, necrotic foliage, stem and branch cankers and dead trees. Pest identification resulted in the tortricid moth Cydia pactolana whose occurrence was always associated with the presence of the ascomycete pathogen Neonectria fuckeliana. Both the insect and the disease contributed to the extent of the damage, but it is not possible to say in which order they had attacked the trees. Apparently, changed climate has affected the increased occurrence of both the fungus and the moth. However, the characteristics of the insect–fungus interaction and the factors contributing to the coincidences are unknown. Emerging coexistence or potential symbiosis of the two damaging agents is a serious threat for Norway spruce cultivation. Understanding the biology of this fungus–insect interaction is important for controlling them.     

林分因子与舞毒蛾危害程度的风险评估

研究了 12个影响舞毒蛾危害程度的林分因子 ,对这些林分因子对舞毒蛾危害程度进行逐步回归分析 ,从中筛选出主林层郁闭度、土壤瘠薄程度和林地面积 3个关键因子。结果表明 :土壤瘠薄程度与舞毒蛾危害程度呈正相关 ,其余 2个关键因子与舞毒蛾危害程度呈显著的负相关。用这 3个因子与舞毒蛾危害程度建立多元线形回归模型 ,该模型可对舞毒蛾危害程度进行风险评估。     

杏树林害虫为害与发生规律

为全面了 解杏树林 害虫的 为害与 发生 规 律, 给 防 治提 供依 据, 采用 标 准地 方法 对 不同类型的 杏扁林进 行了系 统调查。 结果表明 , 杏树林 害虫群 落共有６ 目２５ 科５５ 种, 优势 种集中于蚧虫 、蚜虫、卷 叶蛾等 类群及天 幕毛虫、 舞毒 蛾等 。树 木 年龄 可 影响 害 虫 群落 的 组 成、优势种数 量及危害 程度 。管 理水 平 对 害虫 发 生 有明 显 影响 , 一 般 管理 水 平高 者, 害 虫 种类 少、危害较轻 。杏树林 害虫的 年发生规 律 是发 生周 期 短、优 势 种高 峰期 出 现早 、为 害期 集 中、群落凋落 迅速。     

松毛虫应用价值研究在综合管理中的作用初探

探讨了松毛虫应用价值研究与松毛虫综合管理的关系。介绍了云南民间利用松毛虫的概况,简述了松毛虫利用价值研究所取得的进展和成果。从昆虫资源的角度来看,松毛虫的种资源是相当丰富的。从森林有害生物综合管理的观点出发,松毛虫也是森林生态系统中的重要成员。如果人对松毛虫资源进行开发利用,也可以把人视为森林生态系统中抑制松毛虫种群数量增长的天敌。人类的天敌作用与对松毛虫的需求量有密切的关系。松毛虫的应用价值越大,需要量越多,松毛虫种群数量的抑制作用也就越大。因此,人类开发利用松毛虫可以视为综合管理的技术之一。     

舞毒蛾不同地理种群基于AFLP分子标记的遗传分析

舞毒蛾是一种食性很广、危害很大的世界性林木害虫,根据其地理分布和生活特性,现在被分为亚洲型和欧洲型2种。对来自俄罗斯远东地区、蒙古、日本、美国和中国5个地理种群,共26份舞毒蛾样品进行AFLP分子标记研究。成功建立并优化舞毒蛾AFLP分析体系,从16对引物组合中筛选出3对扩增条带多、多态检出率高的荧光标记引物组合,利用CEQ-8000遗传分析仪进行毛细管电泳及数据分析,共检测到507个多态性位点。通过PAUP软件对AFLP数据进行UPGM和NJ树的聚类分析以及遗传距离分析,结果表明:5个地理种群舞毒蛾明显分成欧洲型(美国种群)和亚洲型,其中亚洲型又可分成俄罗斯、日本、中国及蒙古3个类群。美国种群间遗传变异比其他种群较大,中国种群与美国种群遗传距离最大,而与蒙古种群遗传分化最小。从分子水平上研究舞毒蛾不同种群的遗传分类情况,揭示利用AFLP分子标记技术可以区分舞毒蛾不同地理种群的基因型,为研究舞毒蛾的起源、入侵与扩散、遗传与变异以及检疫措施的制定等方面提供科学依据。     

Defoliation by processionary moth significantly reduces tree growth: a quantitative review

? Context

Forests are important carbon sinks, but increasing temperatures may favour increases in insect populations, resulting in greater damage to trees. This, in turn, would lead to lower levels of carbon sequestration, intensifying global warming.

? Aim

It is therefore important to predict the impact of insect defoliation on tree growth accurately. The main insect defoliators of conifers in Southern Europe and North Africa are pine and cedar processionary moths (Lepidoptera, Thaumetopoeidae).

? Method

We conducted a meta-analysis based on 45 study cases, to estimate the effect of processionary moth defoliation on tree growth.

? Result

Overall, processionary moth defoliation had a significant impact on tree growth, regardless of the tree and moth species considered. Mean relative tree growth loss increased with the rate of defoliation levelling out at ca. 50?%; it was significantly larger for young than for old trees.

? Conclusion

These results suggest that estimates of processionary moth defoliation could easily be incorporated into tree growth models, to predict the effect of processionary moth outbreaks on carbon sequestration in Mediterranean forests.     

不同植被类型蛾类及植物相似性分析

对紫金山不同植被类型植物种类及蛾类群落结构、时空动态进行了调查,运用jaccard相似性分析方法对不同植被类型植物种类、蛾类种的相似性进行了分析,并在植物及蛾类的相似性之间进行了分析探讨。结果表明：紫金山植物种类丰富,植物分布特别是草本植物分布对环境有较强的依赖性。蛾类种亦丰富,有蛾类28科494种,各植被类型植物种类与蛾类种、数量呈正相关,生态环境及植物群落的差异是导致紫金山蛾类群落结构差别的主要因素;紫金山蛾类多食性种较多。紫金山针阔混交林和阔叶林、针阔混交林和针叶林亲缘关系较近,验证了紫金山针阔混交林是由针叶林衰退的基础上自然演替或是人工干预发展而成的,最后将演替成含有常绿成份的落叶阔叶林,各植被类型处于演替的不同阶段,竹林受人为干扰最大。     

Spread of Forest Pests and Pathogens in the Northern Hemisphere

There are four main forest regions in the northern hemisphere,each containing many of the same genera of trees. An organism(insect, fungus etc.) living in balanced relationship with itshost tree in one of these forest regions may cause major damageif moved to another. Examples of pest and disease problems analysedinclude Chestnut blight, White pine blister rust, Gypsy moth,Balsam woolly aphid, Dutch elm disease, Pine wilt disease andBeech bark disease.     

Climate response of tree-ring width in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Larix sibirica</Emphasis> growing in the drought-stressed forest-steppe ecotone of northern Mongolia

• Introduction   

Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) has its southern distribution limit in Mongolia in an area of rapidly rising temperatures. Direct effects of climate on tree-ring formation due to drought stress or indirect effects via the control of insect herbivore populations are little studied.     

水杉病虫害发生特点及治理对策

指出了了水杉生长中会遇到很多病虫害的威胁,包括立枯病、锈病、水杉赤枯病、咖啡蠹蛾、蔷薇叶蜂、叶蝉等,需要掌握水杉习性,做好栽培与管理工作,加强病虫害治理工作尤为必要。基于此,结合工作实际情况,总结了水杉病虫害发生的特征,并提出了有效的治理对策。     

表达豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂转基因杨树的虫试试验

将转豇豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂基因的三倍体毛白杨回交杂种 [(毛新杨×毛白杨 )×毛白杨 ]]于春季萌发前截干 .用萌条上的树叶对 3种主要杨树害虫 :天幕毛虫 (Malacosomadisstria)、舞毒蛾 (Lymant riadisparL .)和杨雪毒蛾 (StilpnotiacandidaStaudinger)进行离体虫试试验 ,年底测量各转基因株系萌条树高和地径 ,以衡量其生长性状 .结果发现 ,与对照相比 ,转基因株系的树高和地径没有显著降低 ,说明外源基因的导入没有影响转基因杨树的速生特性 ,相反 ,TG0 4的树高和地径较对照有明显的提高 ,这可能是外源导入后促进转基因杨树生长的结果 ;转基因植株均能显著提高害虫的死亡率 ,降低幼虫的排粪量、蛹重、体重增加量和成虫的产卵量 ;其中 ,TG0 7、TG0 8和TG713个转基因株系的抗虫特性较为突出 ,表明CpTI基因在它们的树体内表达较为活跃和稳定     

γ射线辐照对舞毒蛾幼虫DNA作用的研究

应用γ射线辐照灭虫方法防治病虫害,可以避免化学防治的药物残留问题。采用不同剂量γ射线辐照舞毒蛾幼虫,再用经典的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA的损伤程度,研究γ射线对舞毒蛾幼虫细胞的生物学效应。实验结果表明：γ射线照射后的幼虫细胞核DNA片段的大小与辐照剂量之间有明显的剂量效应关系,这为物理灭虫提供理论数据。     

龙山林区天敌对马尾松毛虫抑制作用的研究*

龙山林场松毛虫天敌的种类繁多,从蜘蛛、昆虫、病菌到鸟类,构成一个极其复杂的天敌综合体。从两年四代生命表中可清楚地看出天敌的作用。在各类死亡因子中,最主要的是幼虫期的捕食性天故和其他一些死亡因子,所造成的死亡率平均为78％,根据天敌作用的系统考查,初步认为生物因子是这个周期(1984—1985年)松毛虫虫口下降的主导因子。     

NEWCONE AND SEED PESTS COLLECTED IN NORTHEASTERN CHINA BARBARA FULGENS KUZNETSOV (LEPIDOPTERA:TORTRICIDAE) THE LUSTROUS SPRUCE CONE MOTH

Arecentsurveyofconeandseedinsectsoccuringinsomeconiferforests'ofHeilongiiangandInnerMongoliaprovinces.gaveustheopportunitytocol1ectseveralspeciespreviouslyunknownfromChina(Fangetal.,1988).ThispaperisthefirstofaseriesprovidinginfOrmationgathereduponthemorphologicalcharacteristics,biologicalcycleanddamagecorrespondingtothesespeciesinNortheasternChina.Thelustrousspruceconemoth,BarbarafulgensKuznetsov,wasprevious-lyrecordedfromthesingleFarEastSovietUnion(intheKhabarovskarea),yetclosetoHeilon…     

槐小卷蛾性诱剂的合成与林间诱蛾活性试验

槐小巷蛾（ＣｙｄｉａｔｒａｄｉａｓＭｅｙｒｉｋ）性诱剂的主要成分为（反、反）－８，１０－十二碳双烯－１－醇（简式ＥＳＥ１０－１２：ＯＨ）。从两个易得的Ｃ６原料出发，通过Ｇｒｉｇｎａｒｄ偶联反应合成了这种性诱剂。林间诱蛾试验结果表明，ＥＳＥ１０－１２：ＯＨ对槐小卷蛾具有强烈的引诱作用，诱蛾量的变化能及时而准确地反映林间槐小卷蛾的发生与消长情况，从而为进行适时而有效的防治提供科学依据。     

Towards a resistance management strategy for Helicoverpa armigera in Bt-cotton in northwestern China: an assessment of potential refuge crops

Transgenic Bt-cotton now dominates the cotton-growing belt in northwestern China where there are few natural plant refuges to act as sources of moths susceptible to Bt toxin. As an initial step towards developing an insect resistance management (IRM) plan for the pest moth, Helicoverpa armigera, on Bt-cotton in this part of China, we assessed the potential of six crops grown in two configurations to act as refuge hosts for susceptible moth production in both broad-acre and small-holder farms. Egg and larval abundance indicated that H. armigera had a preference for chickpea, pigeon pea, and corn, over cotton, sorghum, and benne (sesame). There were no significant differences in egg or larval abundance between plot and strip configurations of these crop hosts. We found that sorghum was not attractive to H. armigera, contrary to the findings in other cotton production areas. Moreover, chickpea, pigeon pea, and corn were determined to be potential refuge hosts based on egg and larval abundance over the growing season. From the adult moth population dynamics in broad-acre and small-holder farms, the efficiency of alternative refuge crops, and local agricultural practices, we recommend that spring corn be grown as a strip crop as part of an IRM strategy to improve the probability of Bt-susceptible moth production and mating with resistant moths in broad-acre farms. In small-holder farms where current agricultural practices are entrenched, wheat and summer corn should be evaluated as refuge crops in the future.     

“碳铵-杀虫双”新型诱杀剂对黄脊竹蝗的防治意义

黄脊竹蝗是我国仅次于松毛虫的森林大害虫,一些传统的防治方法的综合防治效果并不理想。笔者在多年的森保工作中探索出一种新型的黄脊竹蝗诱杀剂——“碳铵-杀虫双”,其防治效果优于传统的防治方法。