1964—2014年柴窝堡湖面积的时序变化及驱动因素

以乌鲁木齐柴窝堡湖为例,根据Corona和Landsat遥感数据,提取近50 a湖泊水面变化的时间序列,利用激光测高卫星ICEsat/GLAS数据,提取2003—2009年水位变化信息,进而分析湖泊在气候变化和人类活动条件下的年、月空间变化特征。结果表明:柴窝堡湖水面变化分3个阶段:1964—2004年、2005—2010年和2011—2014年,其面积变化率分别为0.012 km2·a-1、-0.256 km2·a-1和-4.798 km2·a-1。水面变化由缓到急,并在2014年9月25日首现干涸,湖泊水体生态功能正在逐步丧失。湖泊水面的月变化在2005年以后逐渐明显,春季处于水面峰值,秋季处于低谷,多年的月变化曲线直观地反映了水面面积加速减退的趋势。湖面边界的空间变化与湖面水位的变化过程体现了"陡岸平底"的湖泊形态特征。2005年以前,湖水面积变化较小,而湖水水位变化相对明显;2005年以后,湖水面积显示有规律的加速缩减;2012年湖水边界退缩到湖盆底部后,湖水面积与地下水位变化呈现明显的相关性。驱动因素分析结果表明,1993年以后的地下水开采是湖泊水位与面积变化的主要动因,1999—2004年显著增加的降水减缓了湖泊水面的萎缩速度;而2004年以后,由于持续高强度地开采湖区地下水,湖泊的水量平衡被打破,导致了柴窝堡湖干涸的生态灾难。     

新疆湖泊沉积记录的气候水文变化及其环境效应

在综合分析湖泊沉积记录的西北干旱区全新世气候特征及演变规律基础上,对新疆不同时间尺度上湖泊的水文变化进行了研究.新疆不同地区全新世气候环境存在差异,北疆全新世主要经历了早期温干、中期暖湿以及后期温十的气候演化过程,但不同湖泊记录的气候转型时间有所差别.南疆全新世以来湖泊记录研究较少,对气候演变规律有不同的认识,但中全新世暖湿气候特征具有一致性.根据近千年来的湖泊沉积记录研究,近百年来新疆处于暖干化阶段.总体来看,全新世以来湖泊水位出现了明显的波动.并呈现总体下降的趋势.然而,近50年来,随着流域人口增加、社会经济发展等强烈的人类活动影响,造成流域水资源的匮乏,导致湖面的快速萎缩,引起严重的区域环境问题.地质历史时期的湖面升降,敏感地体现了气候的波动过程,由气候因子波动及人类活动趋势分析,新疆湖泊水面将继续萎缩.     

两千年来太原盆地古湖泊的水量平衡研究

根据1919-1970年汾河流域近50年器测的水文、气象资料,应用水量平衡的方法,从湖面降水量,入湖径流量和湖面蒸发量等方面,对两千年来不同的历史时段,太原盆地湖泊的水量平衡进行了估算。研究表明：在不考虑湖泊出湖水量的情况下,所有时段太原盆地湖泊水量都处于盈余的状态,所以能够维持存在。如果不考虑入湖径流量,只有先秦时期...     

新疆平原湖泊最优运行水位评价指标体系初探

上世纪中叶以来,在人类活动和气候变化的双重影响下,新疆大多数平原湖泊咸化、萎缩甚至干涸,湖泊生态环境严重恶化。近十年以来,在全球气候普遍变暖的情况下,新疆气候逐渐向暖湿转变[1],气温升高、降水增加,部分湖泊水域又呈扩大趋势,给湖泊水资源的可持续利用带来新的挑战。如何确定湖泊最优运行水位,是实现湖泊水资源可持续利用的首要问题。本文旨在通过总结与分析影响新疆平原湖泊水位的因素及湖泊水位变化对湖区生态环境和社会济发展的影响,来构建新疆平原湖泊最优运行水位的评价指标体系。     

近40a岱海湖面动态变化研究

文中以位于干旱-半干旱过渡区的岱海为研究对象,利用地形图和13期Landsat遥感影像,通过人工目视解译方法提取岱海水域面积和流域耕地面积,探讨其最近40a内时空变化过程及机制。结果表明:从1976年的149.55km~2萎缩到2015年的60.54km~2,缩减幅度达到59.52%。其中1995-2000年湖面萎缩最显著,缩减面积达到18.76km~2,2000-2006年湖面萎缩了5.01km~2,2010-2015年间又缩减了8.85km~2。从湖泊面积变化过程分析发现,其面积变化主要受人类活动以及气候暖干化等因素的共同影响。自1976-2015年间气温升幅明显,降水量和蒸发量呈减少趋势,入湖径流量减少明显。随流域人口迅速增长导致流域工农业总用水量快速增加,对湖泊面积变化形成巨大影响。     

近40年来内蒙古岱海水位下降的主要原因

内蒙古岱海为地处东南季风区边缘的内陆封闭湖泊，近40多年来湖泊水位持续下降，湖泊面积持续萎缩。结合历史文献，本文回顾近代岱海湖面涨、水位波动的历史，进而对近40年的岱海水量平衡要素，以及气候资料进行了定量分析。结果显示岱海湖面波动气候变化的反应敏感，气候变化仍是近40年来岱海湖泊水面萎缩、水位波动的根本原因；现代人类活动的强烈干预是岱海萎缩的强化因素。     

近60a巴尔喀什湖水量平衡变化及其影响因素

本文基于水文观测和遥感监测数据,获取近60 a巴尔喀什湖面积、水位变化信息,重建湖泊水量变化时间序列,探明巴尔喀什湖水量变化特征;依据湖泊水量收入(入湖径流、降水)支出(湖面蒸发)建立巴尔喀什湖水量平衡模型,分析巴尔喀什湖水量平衡要素变化特征,定量解析气候变化和人类活动对巴湖水量变化的影响.结果表明:(1)1961—2...     

黄河源区湖泊水环境特征及其对气候变化的响应

为了掌握青藏高原东北部湖泊水环境状况和气候变化特征,特地开展了青海境内黄河源区湖泊现状调查,结果发现黄河源区湖泊呈现水位升高和水量增大现象。收集近50年来气候资料得到:区域气候整体处于气温升高,降水趋减的态势,近几年降水呈现增多;区域内部有效降水存在差异:东部有效降水逐步减少,西部玛多有效降水呈逐年增大。湖泊水位升高的水源主要来自气候降水。应与区域气候波动周期的丰水阶段有关。     

中国西北干旱区湖泊水资源—环境问题与对策

西北干旱气候区湖泊众多 ,多盐湖和咸水湖泊 ,湖泊水资源贫乏。在人类活动的影响下 ,西北内陆干旱区多数湖泊水资源严重短缺 ,湖泊咸化、萎缩甚至干涸的过程加快 ,对湖泊生态环境造成巨大的破坏。西部大开发过程中要重视湖泊流域水资源管理、积极节约用水、加强湖泊生态环境恢复建设和公众环境教育等对策的实施     

红碱淖湖泊面积变化影响因素及预测分析

通过水量平衡计算,分析表明入湖地表水量减少是20世纪90年代末以来红碱淖湖泊持续萎缩的主要原因,而导致入湖地表水量减少的主要因素包括经济社会用水增加、水库工程拦蓄、植被建设耗水量增加、地下水超采和地下水位下降等方面。结合流域内水库工程供水情况,考虑适当压减农田灌溉面积以压采现状地下水超采量,设置不同用水情景预测了未来湖泊面积:若流域内水库工程按照现状供水水平向河道外供水,考虑压采现状流域内地下水超采量781.3万m3,湖泊面积可维持在35.6km2,较2010年湖泊面积38.2km2缩小2.6km2;若流域内水库工程按照设计供水能力向流域外供水时,即使压采781.3万m3的地下水超采量,未来湖面面积仍将进一步缩减至22.0km2。     

Impacts of climate change and human activities on water resources in the Ebinur Lake Basin,Northwest China

Changing climatic conditions and extensive human activities have influenced the global water cycle. In recent years, significant changes in climate and land use have degraded the watershed ecosystem of the Ebinur Lake Basin in Xinjiang, Northwest China. In this paper, variations of runoff, temperature, precipitation, reference evapotranspiration, lake area, socio-economic water usage, groundwater level and water quality in the Ebinur Lake Basin from 1961 to 2015 were systematically analyzed by the Mann-Kendall test methods(M-K) mutation test, the cumulative levelling method, the climate-sensitive method and land-use change index. In addition, we evaluated the effects of human activities on land use change and water quality. The results reveal that there was a significant increase in temperature and precipitation from 1961 to 2015, despite a decrease in reference evapotranspiration. The Wenquan station was not significantly affected by human activities as it is situated at a higher altitude. Runoff at this station increased significantly with climate warming. In contrast, runoff at the Jinghe station was severely affected by numerous human activities. Runoff decreased without obvious fluctuations. The contributions of climate change to runoff variation at the Jinghe and Wenquan stations were 46.87% and 58.94%, respectively; and the contributions of human activities were 53.13% and 41.06%, respectively. Land-use patterns in the basin have changed significantly between 1990 and 2015: urban and rural constructed lands, saline-alkali land, bare land, cultivated land, and forest land have expanded, while areas under grassland, lake, ice/snow and river/channel have declined. Human activities have dramatically intensified land degradation and desertification. From 1961 to 2015, both the inflow into the Ebinur Lake and the area of the lake have declined year by year; groundwater levels have dropped significantly, and the water quality has deteriorated during the study period. In the oasis irrigation area below the runoff pass, human activities mainly influenced the utilization mode and quantity of water resources. Changes in the hydrology and quantity of water resources were driven primarily by the continuous expansion of cultivated land and oasis, as well as the growth of population and the construction of hydraulic engineering projects. After 2015, the effects of some ecological protection projects were observed. However, there was no obvious sign of ecological improvement in the basin, and some environmental problems continue to persist. On this basis, this study recommends that the expansion of oasis should be limited according to the carrying capacity of the local water bodies. Moreover, in order to ensure the ecological security of the basin, it is necessary to determine the optimal oasis area for sustainable development and improve the efficiency of water resources exploitation and utilization.     

1960-2018年博斯腾湖水位变化特征及其影响因素分析

结合博斯腾湖1960—2018年水位、出入湖径流以及气象站点实测资料,采用集合经验模态分解(Ensem?ble Empirical Mode Decomposition,EEMD)、水量平衡和气候弹性方法,对近60 a博斯腾湖水位变化及其影响因素进行了详细分析。结果表明:(1)1960—2018年博斯腾湖水位总体呈下降态势,具体表现为“下降-上升-下降-上升”四个阶段。(2)在年际尺度上水位存在准3~4 a、准8~9 a的周期性振荡,而年代际尺度上表现出准29~30 a和准33~34 a的周期性变化。(3)1960—2018年降水、气温和潜在蒸散发对开都河、黄水沟和焉耆径流的累积贡献率分别达85.1%、42.1%和23.8%,而下垫面、其他气象变量和人为等因素累积对径流的贡献率分别约为14.9%、57.9%和76.2%。(4)对不同阶段博斯腾湖水位变化原因分析:1960—1987年水位急剧下降的主要原因同入湖径流减少和湖面蒸发量大有关;气温升高和降水量增加导致入湖水量增加是1988—2002年水位显著升高的主要原因;入湖径流减少和出湖水量增多,导致2003—2014年水位显著下降;博斯腾湖入湖水量的显著增加及对出湖水量的严格控制是2015—2018年水位明显上升的主要原因。     

新疆阿尔泰山区白湖水质水量基本特征

白湖位于喀纳斯国家级自然保护区的核心区域,人迹罕至,湖泊及其流域环境保持自然状态。湖水直接接受喀纳斯雪冰融水补给,湖泊基本特征的变化敏感地反映了流域的气候变化。开展核心区湖泊流域水文、水质以及生物等基本特征的调查,为了解不同气候变化背景下自然环境的变化特征与规律,为科学保护和管理环境、适应未来气候变化提供依据。据调查,目前白湖最大水深为137 m,湖泊面积约9 km²,蓄水量4.1×10⁸ m³,湖水矿化度为32.9 mg•L^-1,硬度和碱度分别为17.1 mg•L^-1和18.2 mg•L^-1,pH为8.3,水体呈弱碱性。水化学特征与喀纳斯湖接近,但水体颜色差别大。采用LEO1530VP扫描电子显微镜、INA C300 X射线能谱仪分析表明,水体中白色悬浮颗粒主要为石英矿物,并从河源区物质、河水动力以及湖水介质3个方面分析了白湖颜色形成的原因。     

艾比湖及周边地区环境演变与对策

本文讨论了艾比湖地区近代自然环境演变及出现的湖泊急剧干缩、灾害性天气增加、沙漠化扩展，植被恶性演替等环境问题，指出近代环境变化主因是人为活动，人工绿洲内部的良好环境与外部的荒漠环境反差更加显著。对恢复和稳定区内环境提出了维持湖泊面积，节水农业，恢复荒漠林，控制人口等项措施。     

近50年岱海生态与环境变化分析

岱海是我国北方地区的一个内陆湖,历史时期受构造运动和气候变化的影响,湖泊经历多次扩张和收缩,最大水域面积曾达到760 km2。近50年来,随着全球气候变暖及湖区农业活动的加强,岱海的补给水量急剧减少,自20世纪70年代以来,岱海水位持续下降,且下降速度呈现出明显的加快趋势;与此同时,湖水的矿化度不断升高,咸化现象已十分明显;受农业活动和城镇生活的影响,岱海水体的富营养问题也日益突出;其原始的自然环境发生了巨大变化。通过对各影响因素进行分析,结果表明,近50年来岱海环境恶化主要是由人类对流域水土资源的过度开发利用和对污废水的不合理排放造成的,气候变化只是起到了加速强化的作用。     

居延海的演变与环境变迁

本文根据实地考察,参考历史资料并利用卫片、航片,对居延海的形成、演变及其湖泊生态环境的变化进行了研究;并对终端湖和居延海的排泄,以及影响湖泊演变的因素等问题加以探讨。     

Effects of climate change and land use/cover change on the volume of the Qinghai Lake in China

Qinghai Lake is the largest saline lake in China.The change in the lake volume is an indicator of the variation in water resources and their response to climate change on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP)in China.The present study quantitatively evaluated the effects of climate change and land use/cover change(LUCC)on the lake volume of the Qinghai Lake in China from 1958 to 2018,which is crucial for water resources management in the Qinghai Lake Basin.To explore the effects of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume,we analyzed the lake level observation data and multi-period land use/land cover(LULC)data by using an improved lake volume estimation method and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.Our results showed that the lake level decreased at the rate of 0.08 m/a from 1958 to 2004 and increased at the rate of 0.16 m/a from 2004 to 2018.The lake volume decreased by 105.40×10⁸ m³ from 1958 to 2004,with the rate of 2.24×10⁸ m³/a,whereas it increased by 74.02×10⁸ m³ from 2004 to 2018,with the rate of 4.66×10⁸ m³/a.Further,the climate of the Qinghai Lake Basin changed from warm-dry to warm-humid.From 1958 to 2018,the increase in precipitation and the decrease in evaporation controlled the change of the lake volume,which were the main climatic factors affecting the lake volume change.From 1977 to 2018,the measured water yield showed an"increase-decrease-increase"fluctuation in the Qinghai Lake Basin.The effects of climate change and LUCC on the measured water yield were obviously different.From 1977 to 2018,the contribution rate of LUCC was -0.76% and that of climate change was 100.76%;the corresponding rates were 8.57% and 91.43% from 1977 to 2004,respectively,and -4.25% and 104.25% from 2004 to 2018,respectively.Quantitative analysis of the effects and contribution rates of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume revealed the scientific significance of climate change and LUCC,as well as their individual and combined effects in the Qinghai Lake Basin and on the QTP.This study can contribute to the water resources management and regional sustainable development of the Qinghai Lake Basin.     

Characterizing regional precipitation-driven lake area change in Mongolia

Lake area is an important indicator for climate change and its relationship with climatic factors is critical for understanding the mechanisms that control lake level changes. In this study, lake area changes and their relations to precipitation were investigated using multi-temporal Landsat Thermatic Mapper(TM) and Enhanced Thermatic Mapper plus(ETM+) images collected from 10 different regions of Mongolia since the late 1980 s. A linear-regression analysis was applied to examine the relationship between precipitation and lake area change for each region and across different regions of Mongolia. The relationships were interpreted in terms of regional climate regime and hydromorphological characteristics. A total of 165 lakes with areas greater than 10 hm2 were identified from the Landsat images, which were aggregated for each region to estimate the regional lake area. Temporal lake area variability was larger in the Gobi regions, where small lakes are densely distributed. The regression analyses indicated that the regional patterns of precipitation-driven lake area changes varied considerably(R2=0.028–0.950), depending on regional climate regime and hydromorphological characteristics. Generally, the lake area change in the hot-and-dry Gobi regions showed higher correlations with precipitation change. The precedent two-month precipitation was the best determining factor of lake area change across Mongolia. Our results indicate the usefulness of regression analysis based on satellite-derived multi-temporal lake area data to identify regions where factors other than precipitation might play important roles in determining lake area change.