对虾工厂化养殖与池塘养殖环境差异及简易水处理系统效果分析

【研究目的】为比较分析对虾工厂化养殖与池塘养殖环境的差异及探讨简易水处理系统的处理效果;【方法】试验借住常规的水质检测方法,对比两系统水质因子,分析处理系统废水处理前后各水质因子的变化。【结果】工厂化养殖排放废水DO含量的变化范围为7.1 mg/L ~ 12.6 mg/L;池塘养殖排放废水DO含量的变化范围为2.9 mg/L ~ 4.8 mg/L,远低于工厂化养殖。池塘养殖废水TSS含量的变化范围为100.4 mg/L ~ 140.0 mg/L;工厂化养殖废水TSS含量的变化范围为172.6 mg/L ~ 220.4 mg/L。方差分析表明,工厂化养殖废水的TSS含量显著高于池塘养殖 （F=126.393, P=0.000<0.01）;工厂化养殖排放废水的总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）含量显著高于池塘养殖（F=17.009, P=0.001<0.05）。经沉淀池处理后,TSS含量降低了66.9;经栽培有裙带菜的养殖槽,废水中TAN、NO2-N、NO3-N和PO4-P分别降低了58.1.0%、43.0%、55.9% 和29.1%。【结论】来自工厂化养殖的废水含有较多的污染物质,直接排放可能对环境的危害更大;该实验设计的简易水处理系统具有较好的处理效果。     

粘土矿物对污水中可溶态N、P的吸附研究

在室内模拟条件下,研究了活性炭、高岭土、人造沸石、蛭石、珍珠岩、蒙脱石共六种粘土矿物及其用量对污水中可溶态N、P的吸附效果。它们对铵态氮的沉降率分别是：1%,4%,78%,11%,2%,26%;对硝态氮的沉降率分别是：32%,6%,4.5%,3.6%,0.8%,56%;对可溶态P的沉降率分别是：35%,-22%,9%,11.7%,3.6%,16.8%。结果表明,人造沸石是沉降铵态氮的最佳粘土矿物,而活性炭既是硝态氮的最佳粘土矿物,同时也是可溶态P的最佳粘土矿物。综合去除率和经济效益,吸附铵态氮,最佳的沸石浓度1.5g/L,单位吸附量11.8mg/g,吸附率59%;吸附硝态氮,最佳的活性炭浓度为12g/L,单位吸附量0.108mg/g,吸附率51%;吸附磷酸根,最佳的活性炭浓度为2.0g/L,单位吸附量0.26mg/g,吸附率26%。     

Prognoses of inlet water quality via QSOM in wastewater treatment processes

A quantum self organizing feature map neural network (QSOM) method is introduced for water quality prediction in activated sludge wastewater treatment processes which includes uncertainty of microbial activity and complexity of biochemical reactions and strong lagging of parameters. This approach quantizes the inlet water quality data corresponding outlet water in abnormal state and makes the quantized data sample as the input of QSOM. The correlation coefficient of the quantum inputs and its weights are calculated as the best inputs matching of network by using quantum gates to update the weights in learning the rules. The experiments illustrate the efficiency of this prediction approach by using operational data of Chongqing Jiguanshi wastewater treatment plant.     

不同密度与施氮量对玉米品质的影响

采用二次饱和D最优设计方法,研究了不同密度、氮肥施用量对玉米品质的影响,结果表明：合理密植,增施氮肥,有利于提高玉米产量和改善玉米品质;通过模拟试验和优化选择,提出了玉米产量≥7500kg/hm2、粗淀粉≥65%、粗脂肪≥4.55%、粗蛋白质≥11.2%、赖氨酸≥0.33%、色氨酸≥0.075%的栽培措施,其相应的密度为53475~72435株/hm2,氮肥施用量为278.85~488.70kg/hm2。     

Screening chickpea for adaptation to water stress: Associations between yield and crop growth rate

Robust associations between yield and crop growth rate in a species-specific critical developmental window have been demonstrated in many crops. In this study we focus on genotype-driven variation in crop growth rate and its association with chickpea yield under drought. We measured crop growth rate using Normalised Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) in 20 diverse chickpea lines, after calibration of NDVI against biomass accounting for morphological differences between Kabuli and Desi types. Crops were grown in eight environments resulting from the combination of seasons, sowing dates and water supply, returning a yield range from 152 to 366 g m⁻². For both sources of variation – environment and genotype – yield correlated with crop growth rate in the window 300 °Cd before flowering to 200 °Cd after flowering. In the range of crop growth rate from 0.07 to 0.91 g m⁻² °Cd⁻¹, the relationship was linear with zero intercept, as with other indeterminate grain legumes. Genotype-driven associations between yield and crop growth rate were stronger under water stress than under favourable conditions. Despite this general trend, lines were identified with high crop growth rate in both favourable and stress conditions. We demonstrate that calibrated NDVI is a rapid, inexpensive screening tool to capture a physiologically meaningful link between yield and crop growth rate in chickpea.     

水稻-病原菌互作途径研究进展

水稻稻瘟病和白叶枯病分别由真菌病原菌Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae)和细菌病原菌 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo)引起,是造成世界范围内水稻减产的主要病因,水稻-稻瘟病菌及水稻-白叶枯病原菌互作已成为研究植物-病原菌互作的模式系统。本文归纳了目前已克隆的抗稻瘟病及白叶枯病基因与其分子结构和功能,概括了近年来鉴定的一些病原菌相关分子(Pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMPs)及稻瘟病菌和白叶枯菌分泌的效应蛋白,并总结了针对稻瘟病菌和白叶枯菌介导的病原物分子诱导的抗病反应(PAMP-triggered immunity,PTI)和效应蛋白诱导的抗病性(Effector-triggered immunity,ETI)及其信号传导途径的研究成果,指出效应蛋白-抗病蛋白间互作将为探索植物-病原菌间互作提供新的分子基础,并为水稻抗病育种实践提供借鉴与指导。     

水稻-病原菌互作途径研究进展

水稻稻瘟病和白叶枯病分别由真菌病原菌Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae)和细菌病原菌 Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo)引起,是造成世界范围内水稻减产的主要病因,水稻-稻瘟病菌及水稻-白叶枯病原菌互作已成为研究植物-病原菌互作的模式系统。本文归纳了目前已克隆的抗稻瘟病及白叶枯病基因与其分子结构和功能,概括了近年来鉴定的一些病原菌相关分子(Pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMPs)及稻瘟病菌和白叶枯菌分泌的效应蛋白,并总结了针对稻瘟病菌和白叶枯菌介导的病原物分子诱导的抗病反应(PAMP-triggered immunity,PTI)和效应蛋白诱导的抗病性(Effector-triggered immunity,ETI)及其信号传导途径的研究成果,指出效应蛋白-抗病蛋白间互作将为探索植物-病原菌间互作提供新的分子基础,并为水稻抗病育种实践提供借鉴与指导。     

The water quality comprehensive evaluation and cluster analysis on drinking source water in Chongqing

Recent researches on the Yangtze River and the Jialing River water in Chongqing section of the Three Gorges Reservoir indicate that the pH value is relatively high and the CODMnconcentration is more than 4.5 mg/L in most of the time. Especially the proportion of dissolved molecule organic is high, as well as the high turbidity during the summer flood period. And the organic contamination is relatively serious. The fuzzy weighted water quality coefficient and hierarchical cluster analysis methods are applied to evaluate and sort the characteristic qualities of two-river water sources. During the research period, the results show that the Yangtze River water source quality is characterized by high turbidity and polluted of summer stage, middle temperature and micro-polluted of spring-autumn stage and low temperature and micro-polluted of winter stage. The Jialing River water source quality is characterized by low turbidity stage, high alga-polluted of early spring stage and high temperature and polluted of winter stage. Due to the various water qualities of two-river water sources at different periods, it is hard to meet the requirement of Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB 5749-2006) by using traditional water treatment technologies. So the research on enhanced treatment is necessary.     

水分对作物生长发育和产品质量的影响

植物需求的水分包括地下部分的土壤水分和地上部分的空气湿度。自然降水或灌溉贮存于土壤中，提供植物根系吸收，用于生理生态所需的水分。植物一生中需要的大量土壤水分主要依赖于自然降水或灌溉。降水量的多少、降水强度和性质，以及降水时间的分配等都直接影响土壤水分状况，因此．降水或灌溉适时适量是确保稳产、高产、优质的重要条件。空气湿度是影响植物蒸腾和根系吸收的重要因素．由于不同作物空气湿度的大小也同样影响植物的生长发育和产品质量。     

棉花缩合单宁和Bt杀虫蛋白的交互关系

通过有机溶剂提取、柱色谱分离和花色素反应鉴定得到棉花缩合单宁。将不同浓度的棉花缩合单宁和Bt毒蛋白拌入人工饲料对棉铃虫幼虫进行剂量反应试验,发现棉花缩合单宁和Bt毒蛋白之间有一定的拮抗作用。采用高效液相色谱法测定转Bt基因棉花缩合单宁的的变化,结果表明3叶期到花铃期转Bt基因棉花的缩合单宁含量显著低于受体品种,在一些组织器官中缩合单宁含量减少达30％,说明Bt杀虫蛋白表达会影响到棉花中缩合单宁的合成。     

A water quality evaluation model based on AHP and variable fuzzy set

To provide objective and comprehensive evaluation of surface water environmental quality for management and engineering projects a Fuzzy-AHP evaluation model is introduced. Level 1 is comprised of several current evaluation systems. On level 2 variable fuzzy set is introduced to evaluate the accurate grade. The model is applied to evaluate Jialing River (Ciqikou section) and evaluation result is grade III which is reasonable and reliable. The model is well-developed and physically grounded makes use of information of monitoring data more scientifically and comprehensively and provides an alternative evaluation method for water quality assessment.     

The bacteriological quality of water and fish of a pond system for the treatment of cattle feedlot effluent

A cattle feedlot waste system consisting of a high-rate algal pond and a fish pond was regularly sampled for bacteriological analyses. High numbers of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and potential pathogens (e.g. Salmonela spp.) were present in the waste water. The waste treatment system reduced all bacterial groups by more than 99·6%. The skin, gills and intestines of the waste-grown fish housed large numbers of bacteria, including potential pathogens. However, similar bacterial numbers, including potential pathogens, were associated with the skins, gills and intestines of naturally-grown fish, which suggests that the health risk involved in the consumption of waste-grown fish might not be substantially different to that of natural fish populations. In both cases the tissues and blood appeared to be sterile, which would contribute to a much reduced health risk.     

Effects of cinnamon extract,chitosan coating,hot water treatment and their combinations on crown rot disease and quality of banana fruit

The antifungal activities of cinnamon extract (CE), piper extract (PE) and garlic extract (GE) were evaluated on banana crown rot fungi (Colletotrichum musae, Fusarium spp. and Lasiodiplodia theobromae) in vitro. The assay was conducted with extracts of CE, PE and GE with concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 0.75 g L⁻¹ of carbendazim (CBZ) on potato dextrose agar at room temperature. CE completely inhibited conidial germination and mycelial growth of all fungi at 5.0 g L⁻¹. PE totally suppressed mycelial growth of all fungi at 5.0 g L⁻¹ and conidial germination at 10.0 g L⁻¹ except for Fusarium spp. GE had no significant effects but low concentrations (0.1 and 0.5 g L⁻¹) enhanced germ tube elongation of the three fungi. The ED₅₀ values were higher for mycelial growth than for conidia except for Fusarium spp. Combined treatments were investigated on crown rot development in banana fruit (Musa AAA group ‘Kluai Hom thong’). Treatments included 5.0 g L⁻¹ CE, 1% (w/v) chitosan solution, hot water treatment (HWT, 45 °C for 20 min), CE plus chitosan, CE plus HWT and 0.75 g L⁻¹ of CBZ, applied before and after inoculation of the fruit. Crown rot development was assessed during storage at 13 °C for 7 weeks. Disease development was least (25%) on CE treated fruit after inoculation compared to CBZ but was higher when CE was applied before inoculation. Chitosan significantly delayed ripening as in terms of peel color, firmness, soluble solids and disease severity. CE showed no negative effects on quality of fruit. CE plus HWT caused unacceptable peel browning.     

不同水分条件下HMW-GS对小麦品质的影响

以SY95-71 (1, 13+16, 5+10)和CH7034 (1, 14+15, 5'+12)重组自交系研究了高分子量麦谷蛋白(HMW-GS)在不同水分条件下对品质性状的影响。结果表明,Glu-1位点各亚基及组合对品质性状的效应受水分条件影响,当Glu-A1为1, Glu-D1为5'+12时, 14+15面团形成时间(雨养)和最大抗延阻力(灌溉)明显高于13+16,增幅分别为5.10%和6.16%; Glu-A1位点为1, Glu-B1为13+16时,含5+10亚基的沉降值(灌溉),以及雨养条件下拉伸面积和最大抗延阻力显著高于5'+12; 1, 14+15, 5+10组合对沉降值(雨养和灌溉)和拉伸面积(灌溉)的效应大于1, 13+16, 5'+12,增幅分别为7.49%、9.54%和10.39%。各组合的蛋白质含量和延伸性、1, 13+16, 5+10的稳定时间以及1, 14+15, 5+10的稳定时间和拉伸面积受水分影响较大,1,13+16,5+10和1,14+15,5+10的面包体积在雨养条件下大于灌溉条件下,1,14+15, 5'+12和1, 13+16, 5'+12则反之。研究结果对选育和推广符合当地生产用途和栽培模式的品种具有指导作用。     

转基因枳橙中GA20ox1与rol基因互作关系的研究

为分析转rol ABC基因枳橙GA20ox1基因与rol基因表达的互作关系,进一步阐释其矮化性状形成的分子机制。以转rol基因枳橙实生苗为试验材料,研究其对赤霉素的敏感反应,用荧光定量RT-PCR分析GA20ox1基因和rol基因的表达,并检测幼芽中POD酶活性和植物内源激素含量的变化。结果表明转rol基因枳橙既不属于GA缺陷型,也不属于GA不敏感型,喷施GA3能促进其茎伸长生长,但恢复不到野生型水平,幼芽中IAA（P<0.01）、GA1和GA4（P<0.05）显著降低,POD酶活性显著提高（P<0.01）。转rol基因枳橙幼芽中GA20ox1基因mRNA水平相比对照显著下调（P<0.01）。B、D系与野生型嫩茎中无明显差异,B、D系老叶中明显降低,E系中嫩茎和老叶中均明显增加。B、D和E系嫩叶中GA20ox1基因转录表达均较野生型高。在幼芽、嫩茎中,rol C基因与GA20ox1表达负相关。rol基因通过在幼芽中的高表达下调了GA20ox1基因转录表达,进而抑制了活性GAs在幼芽中的合成,顶端分生组织较低量的活性GAs限制植物茎伸长,在转rol ABC基因枳橙矮化性状建成中发挥重要作用。     

水肥配合对小麦品质影响的回归分析

小麦籽粒的品质除了受本身基因型的影响，还受栽培措施的影响。其中，水分和肥料是主要影响因素，水肥措施常可以改变小麦的品质状况。为探讨水分与化肥、有机肥相互搭配对小麦粉品质的影响，在中等肥力土壤上进行研究，采用双重筛选逐步回归分析方法，对影响小麦品质指标项目的六个水肥因子进行分析，剔除不显著因子，保留显著因子，建立7个最优回归模型。结果表明，7个因变量均入选，模型回测拟合结果较好。     

Field Observations on Interactions between Orobanche cernua Loefl. and Bidi Tobacco in Nipani, India

Interactions between Orobanche cernua and bidi tobacco were recorded in naturally infested tobacco fields at Nipani, India. At harvest, most broomrapes occurred in clusters of 4–9 spikes per tobacco plant. The effects of broomrapes became visible at 50 days after transplanting tobacco and were mainly caused by a reduction of the growth rate of the tobacco plant and not by shortening the growth period. The tobacco crop grew exponentially until 60 days and thereafter linearly in the period 60–140 days after transplanting. From 140 days onwards the growth of the crop became truncated. The reduction in tobacco yields depended on the number of broomrapes per tobacco plant. Individual broomrape spikes were lower in dry weight when more spikes occurred per tobacco plant.     

播种深度和播后淹水时间对冬小麦出苗率及冬前幼苗质量的影响

为探讨淹水时间和播种深度对不同小麦品种出苗率及冬前幼苗健壮程度的影响,在控制条件下对四个不同类型品种进行了研究,结果表明：播种后淹水1-4天,可导致五种播深TN18的平均出苗率降低22.43%,越冬期单株干物重降低21.56%;JM20分别降低23.43%和18.46%;SN8355分别降低9.66%和19.86%;LM14分别降低6.21%和23.20;说明淹水对TN18 JM20两品种出苗率的影响显著低于SN8355和LM14。淹水可使3cm地温降低0.470C,5cm降低1.150C。在淹水时间相等条件下,随播种深度的增加,对出苗率和幼苗质量的影响逐渐增大;在播深相同时,淹水时间越长影响越大。在播深2cm～6cm范围内,播种越浅出苗率和越冬期单株干物重越高,淹水对其的影响也越小,浅播是降低渍涝地区渍涝灾害的有效措施;但由于浅播分蘖节基本处在2cm处,不利于抗寒和抗旱,因而该结果仅适于渍涝麦田应用。     

Effect of surface treatments on soil crusting and infiltration

The effects of phosphogypsum and plant residue mulches on soil crusting and infiltration were studied on a Rhodic Paleustalf in Northern Natal, South Africa. Under field conditions infiltration rates were considerably higher than those obtained with a laboratory type rainfall simulator. Both ameliorants were effective in countering crust formation. Their effect continued over a growing season (4–5 months). Scanning electronmicrographs showed that under moist conditions microbial hyphae and residues were prominent in the surface crust. Extractable soil P built up to high levels in the phosphogypsum treated plots.