Development of an irrigation regime for winter wheat to save water resources by avoiding irrigation at anthesis stage

Latest published information is limited on agronomic responses of winter wheat to irrigation quantity and the necessity of irrigation at the anthesis stage. This study was conducted to (1) evaluate winter wheat yield, water use, assimilate redistribution and economic benefit with respect to water input and (2) quantify relationship between water input and yield to develop a standard for withholding irrigation at anthesis. A 4-year long field experiment was conducted to evaluate winter wheat water use, yield formation pathway and farmers' income under three irrigation regimes: rainfed, irrigation at sowing and jointing (SJ-W) and irrigation at sowing, jointing and anthesis (SJA-W). The yield formation pathway was correlated with the water-induced variation in assimilate redistribution and accumulation. Throughout the experimental period, wheat yield was 19–38% lower in rainfed than that under other irrigation treatments. Moreover, SJ-W treatment substantially increased biomass accumulation at anthesis, accelerated assimilate redistribution in vegetative organs and eventually resulted in a similar wheat yield to that of SJA-W. Simultaneously, the SJ-W treatment had lower irrigation water, reduced additional irrigation cost, suppressed yield loss and obtained a similar farmer's net income to the SJA-W treatment. Water-induced variations in yield were determined by irrigation, rainfall and soil water storage. SJ-W plots receiving 204–331 mm water input (rainfall + irrigation) before anthesis and holding 549–587 mm soil water during anthesis stage achieved higher irrigation water use efficiency and yield relative to the rainfed and SJA-W plots. In contrast, water input under rainfed plots exceeded 200 mm before anthesis, limiting yield substantially even when seasonal soil water consumption exceeded 160 mm. Developing a standard for withholding irrigation at the anthesis stage should incorporate 204–331 mm of water input (rainfall + irrigation) before anthesis and 549–587 mm soil water storage at anthesis, which could achieve a high wheat yield and save water resources.     

干旱年型深翻与探墒沟播对旱地小麦产量形成的贡献

为明确旱地麦田探墒沟播增产增效机理,2015-2016年在山西农业大学闻喜小麦基地开展大田试验,研究休闲期耕作播种方式对旱地麦田土壤水分消耗、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,旱地麦田休闲期深翻利于蓄积降雨,提高底墒46.74mm,增产10.77%~13.38%,提高净收入1.62%~5.56%。探墒沟播较常规条播越冬、拔节期0~300cm土壤蓄水量显著提高,分别达11.24~22.35、17.11~25.56mm,深翻条件下显著降低播前–拔节耗水量及其所占比例,提高拔节后耗水量,提高生育期总耗水量11.89~21.13mm;降低越冬–拔节群体分蘖增加率和拔节–开花减少率,提高成穗率、穗长、小穗数和可孕小穗数;增加穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,产量和水分利用效率分别提高16.39%~19.12%和12.67%~13.15%,分别提高净收入和产投比103.25%~111.12%和30.27%~35.93%。此外,生育期探墒沟播耗水增产作用大于休闲期深翻。总之,旱地麦田休闲期深翻结合探墒沟播有利于降低生育前期耗水,减少早春无效分蘖发生,提高成穗率和可孕小穗数,实现增产增效,效果显著。     

西藏河谷农区灌水和中后期降雨对高产青稞耗水量与产量的影响

利用盆栽试验研究人工灌水及雨水对西藏河谷农区高产青稞耗水特性及产量的影响。试验材料为西藏青稞品种 ‘藏青 25’ , 水分处理 8个： 全生育期正常水分、 轻度水分胁迫、 中度水分胁迫和重度水分胁迫理, 以及灌浆前正常水分、 轻度水分胁迫、 中度水分胁迫和重度水分胁迫处理后灌浆期以后雨水灌溉。试验结果表明, 土壤含水量越大, 青稞耗水量越大, 拔节期及灌浆期是青稞耗水量最大的时期。全生育期土壤水分胁迫会降低青稞的生物量及产量, 轻度水分胁迫、 中度水分胁迫、 重度水分胁迫与正常水分处理相比生物量下降了 29.9%、 41.7%、 47.6%, 单株产量下降了 15.8%、 43.7%、 57.2%。但前期水分胁迫灌浆期后雨水灌溉对青稞的生长受到促进, 生物量和产量增大, 与长期水分胁迫相比生物量增长了 13%、 75.8%、 128.1%、 157.8%, 产量增长了 42.8%、 84%、 201.6%和 269.5%。雨水灌溉在后期对青稞进行了补偿生长, 水分利用率也相应提高。因此, 在适当的水分胁迫 （50%~65%土壤田间持水量） 下, 利用雨水补充灌溉, 可以提高西藏高产青稞 ‘藏青25’ 的水分利用率, 增加产量。     

灌水量对小麦氮素吸收、分配、利用及产量与品质的影响

以济麦20和泰山23为试验材料, 在大田条件下研究了灌水量对小麦氮素吸收、分配、利用和籽粒产量与品质及耗水量、水分利用率的影响。2004—2005年生长季, 小麦生育期间降水量为196.10 mm, 两品种的氮素吸收效率、籽粒的氮素积累量和氮肥生产效率均为不灌水处理低于灌水处理, 但籽粒氮素分配比例和氮素利用效率表现为不灌水处理高于灌水处理。拔节期前, 两品种的氮素吸收强度灌水180 mm处理高于灌水240 mm和300 mm两处理, 拔节期后反之; 成熟期, 植株氮素积累量和氮素吸收效率在各灌水处理间无显著差异。济麦20籽粒的氮素积累量和分配比例、氮素利用效率和氮肥生产效率, 均以灌水240 mm处理高于灌水180 mm和300 mm处理; 灌水180 mm和240 mm处理的籽粒产量分别达8 701.23 kg hm^-2和9 159.30 kg hm^-2, 耗水量为469.29 mm和534.48 mm, 两处理间籽粒品质无显著差异, 且均优于灌水300 mm处理。泰山23籽粒中氮素积累量及分配比例、氮素利用效率、氮肥生产效率和籽粒品质, 在各灌水处理间无显著差异; 灌水180 mm和240 mm处理籽粒产量显著高于其他处理, 分别达9 682.65 kg hm^-2和9 698.55 kg hm^-2, 其耗水量分别为468.54 mm和532.35 mm。两品种的水分利用率均随灌水量增加而降低。在2006—2007年生长季, 小麦生育期间降水量为171.30 mm, 济麦20和泰山23均以灌水240 mm处理的籽粒产量和水分利用率最高, 其耗水量分别为490.88 mm和474.88 mm。综合考虑产量、品质、氮素利用效率、氮肥生产效率和水分利用率, 生产中济麦20生育期灌水量以180~240 mm为宜; 泰山23在降水量达196 mm条件下, 灌水量以180 mm为宜, 在降水量为170 mm条件下, 灌水量以240 mm为宜。     

不同降水年型旱地小麦休闲期耕作的蓄水增产效应

为明确旱地小麦通过休闲期耕作实现蓄水增产的技术途径, 2009-2012年连续3个小麦生长季, 在山西闻喜县进行了休闲期深翻、深松或无耕作的田间试验, 以明确不同耕作措施对土壤水分变化、小麦产量形成的影响。结果表明, 深翻和深松处理播种期0~300 cm土壤蓄水量增加, 枯水年增加63~91 mm, 平水年增加41~70 mm, 丰水年增加54~74 mm, 尤其在枯水年和丰水年生育后期蓄水效果仍显著, 休闲期土壤蓄水效率显著提高, 枯水年提高147%~205%。深翻和深松处理在枯水年和丰水年可促进小麦生育后期吸收300 cm土层土壤水分, 使产量和产量构成因素显著提高, 尤其在枯水年产量提高34%~45%。在平水年, 穗数、穗粒数和产量显著提高, 且在平水年和丰水年深翻和深松处理对产量构成因素中的穗数影响最大。深翻和深松处理后降水生产效率和水分利用效率显著提高。不同降水年型休闲期耕作条件下, 穗数与播种至拔节期120~180 cm、拔节至开花期60~120 cm土层土壤贮水减少量关系密切, 穗粒数与播种至拔节期60~120 cm土层关系密切, 产量与拔节至开花期60~120 cm、开花至成熟期 120~180 cm土层关系密切。总之, 在本研究条件下, 旱地小麦休闲期深翻或深松耕作有利于蓄积休闲期降水, 改善底墒, 尤其枯水年的效果更为明显; 有利于增加土壤水分, 促进小麦向深层吸收土壤水分, 优化产量构成, 实现增产。在枯水年和平水年, 以休闲期深翻效果较好, 在丰水年以休闲期深松效果较好。     

胶东半湿润区滴灌制度对冬小麦农田土壤水分、作物生长及水分利用的影响

针对胶东地区冬小麦生育期内降雨和灌溉水资源明显不足问题,通过研究滴灌条件下灌溉制度对土壤水分、冬小麦生长及水分利用的影响,探究该地区冬小麦最优灌溉模式。试验实施从2016到2019年,共3季冬小麦,灌溉方式为滴灌,共设置4种处理：T1：不灌水;T2：拔节期灌水40 mm;T3：开花期灌水40 mm;T4：拔节期和开花期分别灌水40 mm。结果表明：（1）拔节期灌溉（T2和T4）在0~30、30~60、60~90 cm土壤体积含水量分别为16.0%、25.5%、25.1%,比不灌水处理(T1)分别提高25.9%、5.5%、4.7%,贮水量为204.9 mm,比不灌水处理(T1)提高6.5%,叶面积指数为2.9,比不灌水处理(T1)提高26.3%,生物量为6124.8 kg/hm²,比不灌水处理(T1)提高29.0%。（2）开花期灌溉（T3和T4）在0~30、30~60、60~90 cm土壤体积含水量分别为12.8%、22.7%、22.8%,与不灌水处理(T1)相比分别提高36.6%、11.2%、6.7%,贮水量为188.7 mm,比不灌水处理(T1)提高12.8%,叶面积指数为2.2,比不灌水处理(T1)提高24.3%,生物量为10781.0 kg/hm²,比不灌水处理(T1)提高24.2%;（3）与不灌水处理(T1)相比,3年的试验结果表明拔节期灌溉(T2)可提高产量16.5%,耗水量增加13.0%,水分利用效率增加2.7%,开花期灌溉(T3)产量增加26.4%,耗水量增加13.3%,水分利用效率增加11.0%,两次灌溉(T4)产量增加22.7%,耗水量增加23.9%,但是水分利用效率降低2.0%。不同灌水处理（T2、T3和T4）3年结果相比较,T3比T2的叶面积指数增加5.8%,生物量增加5.7%,产量增加9.0%,耗水量之间无显著差异,水分利用效率增加8.7%,灌溉水利用效率增加138.5%。与T4处理相比,T3处理的生物量和产量接近,耗水量降低8.7%,但是水分利用效率增加13.4%,灌溉水利用效率平均增加160.4%。综合考虑不同灌溉制度对冬小麦生长发育、产量及水分利用的影响,滴灌条件下在开花期灌水（T3处理）可作为胶东半岛砂姜黑土区冬小麦最优灌溉制度。     

分蘖和乳熟期控制灌溉对水稻生长和产量的影响

为了合理的制定水稻控灌灌溉制度,开展了单生育期内水分控制灌溉对水稻生长影响的试验研究。在水稻分蘖(FN)和乳熟期(RS)分别以土壤饱和含水量的80%(FN1,RS1)和90%(FN2,RS2)作为灌溉下限进行控制灌溉。结果表明：与常规浅湿灌溉相比,生育期水分控制灌溉可以减少该生育期内灌水次数和灌水量,控制灌溉停止后,分蘖期处理水稻需水出现补偿效应,乳熟期则不明显;控制灌溉不利于水稻株高生长,有利于增加每穗粒数和每穗实粒数,对千粒重影响不明显;控制灌溉节水效应显著,但同时减产作用也十分明显,FN1、FN2、RS1和RS2处理分别节水21.1%,16.2%,29.4%和18.1%,减产27.8%,26.8%,29.5%和19.2%;分蘖期控制灌溉减产作用大于节水作用,灌溉水利用效率(IWUE)显著下降,较对照处理降低8.5%~12.7%,乳熟期控制灌溉IWUE和对照差异不显著。因此,从生产角度来讲,当灌溉水水资源匮乏需要控制灌溉时,为了提高IWUE,宜在乳熟期适当控灌,而分蘖期不宜控制灌溉。     

Water Use and Seed Yield of Horsegram Under Different Moisture Regimes and Mulches in Semi-Arid Region of Eastern India

In a two years field study on effect of irrigation at vegetative and flowering stages occurring at 40 and 60 days after sowing, respectively alongwith straw mulch ca. 5 t/ha were found to have beneficial effect on growth, yield attributes and seed yield of horsegram ( Dolichos biflorus Roxb.). Application of mulches significantly increased pods/plants, seeds/pod, test weight and seed yield and maintained better soil moisture during crop growth in semi-arid lateritic region of Indian sub-tropics. Mulches proved useful to conserve more moisture in soil profile and thereby increased the water use efficiency of the crop; straw mulch was found superior to leaf mulch.     

Effects of Timing of Drought Stress on Phenology, Yield and Yield Components of Short-duration Pigeonpea

Nine short-duration pigeonpea genotypes were given adequate soil moisture throughout growth or subjected to water stress during the late vegetative and flowering (stress 1), flowering and early pod development (stress 2), or podfill (stress 3) growth stages under field conditions. The stress 1 treatment had no significant effect on the time to flowering. No stress treatment affected maturity or inter-plant flowering synchronization. The interval from a newly opened flower to a mature pod was about 30 days for all genotypes, and was unchanged in plants that were recovenng from stress 1 or undergoing stress 2. Seed yield was reduced to the greatest extent by stress 2 (by 37 %) and not significantly affected by stress 3 for all genotypes. No consistent differences were found between determinate and indeterminate genotypes in the ability to maintain seed yield under both stress 1 and stress 2. The harvest index was significantly reduced (22 %) by stress 2 but not by stress 1. However, under each soil moisture treatment, genotypic differences for seed yield were associated largely with differences in total dry matter production (TDM). For all genotypes, the number of pods m^-2 was the only yield component significantly affected by the water stress treatments. The stability of other yield components should be fully exploited to improve the stability of seed yield under drought conditions (drought resistance). Possible characteristics which may improve the drought resistance of short-duration pigeonpea include the ability to maintain TDM, low flowering synchronization, small pod size with few seeds pod^-1, and large 100-seed mass.     

旱地小麦休闲期不同耕作措施对土壤水分蓄纳利用与产量形成的影响

为了提高旱地冬小麦的水分利用率,采用大田试验,研究休闲期不同耕作措施对旱地冬小麦土壤含水量、产量及水分利用率的影响。结果表明,休闲期不同耕作措施可明显提高播前与越冬期0~100 cm、100~200 cm土层含水量,有利于旱地冬小麦出苗与越冬;同时,休闲期不同耕作措施可明显提高后续各生育期土壤含水量,提高穗数、穗粒数,显著提高籽粒产量与水分利用率,各处理下数据显示休闲期深耕处理效果优于深松与免耕处理。总之,休闲期不同耕作措施均有利于旱地小麦土壤水分、产量和水分利用率的提高,是实现旱地小麦增产的有效措施。     

不同栽培模式对金盏花土壤水分变化及产量的影响

摘要：本文研究了垄作沟灌条件下,不同生育时期内金盏花土壤水分变化及其产量。试验结果发现：与平作4200 m3/hm2相比,垄作沟灌3600 m3/hm2在各生育期各个土层中保持了较高的水分 ,水分利用效率高41.15%,可增产25% 。结果表明金盏花垄作沟灌合理的灌水量为3600m3/hm2。     

Influence of Soil Moisture on Growth, Water Use and Yield of Mustard

A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of soil moisture on growth, water use and yield of mustard ( Brassica juncea L. cv. Rai 5 ). Two soil moisture regimes were rainfed and irrigated at 10 days interval throughout the growing season. The total amount of water received as irrigation was 110 mm and as rainfall was 15 mm. Total dry matter per unit ground area, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were increased and leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA) were decreased by irrigation. Chlorophyll content and relative leaf water content (RLWC) were increased by irrigation, but proline content was greater in the rainfed crop at both the flowering and pod-filling stages. Time taken to first flowering, duration of flowering, number of seeds/pod and harvest index were unaffected by irrigation. Plant height at harvest, number of pods/plant, seed yield and oil content of seeds were increased and 1000-seed weight was decreased by irrigation. The consumptive use of water increased with an increase in water supply, but the water use efficiency (WUE) was decreased.     

氮磷钾肥配施对宁南旱区马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响

针对宁南旱地马铃薯水分利用效率较低的问题,采用养分丰缺指标法,研究氮、磷、钾肥缺素配施条件下土壤剖面水分动态分布、马铃薯产量构成、产量以及水分利用效率变化特征。以‘庄薯3 号’（一级种薯）为材料,在宁夏南部旱地上研究CK、NP、NP、PK、NPK施肥处理对土壤剖面储水动态、马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：2012—2013 年马铃薯生育后期施肥处理土壤剖面含水量均低于对照,NK、NPK处理提高了盛花期—块茎生长期1 m土体储水量,同时提高了马铃薯耗水量,NK处理提高了1.1%~1.8%,NPK提高了3.2%和4.4%。与对照相比,NK和NPK处理提高了结薯个数和单株产量,进而提高马铃薯产量,其中NPK处理最高,增产率为11.7%和15.9%,其次为NK处理;施肥处理较CK水分利用效率增幅为2.9%~13.2%、2.8%~8.0%,均以NPK处理最高,其次为NK处理。宁南旱地马铃薯缺氮和缺钾对马铃薯产量和水分利用效率影响较大,氮钾以及氮磷钾肥合理配施,可提高马铃薯对土壤水分的利用能力实现马铃薯增产和水分增效。     

Effect of Mulch and Irrigation Water Amounts on Soil Evaporation and Transpiration

Soil evaporation, transpiration, evapotranspiration, and yield of pepper as affected by mulch and five amounts of irrigation water were studied in greenhouse pot experiments during 1996 (March 26–July 13). Five different amounts of irrigation water were imposed on covered and open soil surface clay loam soil in five replicates. Water losses by evaporation and/or transpiration were measured daily by weighing. Irrigation water was applied once weekly. The amount of irrigation water added to each treatment was determined from the differences in weights.
Covering soil surface reduced the required amount of irrigation water. With deficit (under) irrigation, the reduction in applied irrigation water was about 14%. and increased to 29 % with excess (over) irrigation. Transpiration in covered soil surface treatments were higher than transpiration in open soil surface treatments with limited irrigation water applied, With limited (deficit) irrigation, increasing irrigation water applied decreased the percentage of soil evaporation and the contribution of soil evaporation to crop evapotranspiration. With excess irrigation, increasing water applied increased the percentage of soil evaporation and its contribution to the total evapotranspiration. Soil evaporation reduced pepper yield significantly, and this might be owing to the reduction in the available soil water associated with limited-to-complete irrigation.     

四川干旱情况下灌水对土壤和小麦产量的影响

为减少粮食损失,探讨四川在干旱气候条件小麦有效节水栽培,通过在四川绵阳丘陵区设置田间试验,大田生产条件下,分析比较了完全依靠自然降水和人工浇灌以及进行1 次渗灌、2 次渗灌,小麦生长重要时期土壤物理特性的变化及小麦主要农艺性状和产量状况。结果表明：不同灌溉处理在小麦各生长阶段对土壤物理特性和小麦农艺性状影响不同。苗期和拔节期,不同处理间土壤紧实度、土壤容重、土壤含水量差异较小。开花期和成熟期,不同灌溉处理对土壤紧实度、土壤容重、土壤含水量以及小麦性状影响较大。在四川丘陵干旱和半干旱地区,对冬小麦在拔节期进行渗灌1 次为宜,此次灌溉比完全依靠自然降水每公顷增加小麦产量2113.46 kg,增产极显著。     

西南“旱三熟”地区不同保护性耕作措施对农田土壤生态效应及生产效益的影响

针对我国西南地区旱作农田土层浅薄、水土流失严重、季节性干旱多发等问题,以常规平作(T)、垄作(R)、平作+秸秆覆盖(TS)、垄作+秸秆覆盖(RS)、平作+秸秆覆盖+腐熟剂(TSD)、垄作+秸秆覆盖+腐熟剂(RSD) 6种措施作为处理,连续2年进行大田对比试验,研究不同保护性耕作措施对西南“旱三熟”种植区农田土壤生态要素、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明, 保护性耕作措施可以有效地改善土壤有机质和养分状况,且对酸性土壤有一定的改良作用,其中有秸秆覆盖的4个处理显著增加了土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、碱解氮含量;可改善土壤水分状况,增强作物的抗旱节水能力,各处理0~80 cm土层2年平均贮水量排序为：RSD (258.82 mm) > TSD (252.40 mm) > RS (250.19 mm) > TS (246.66 mm) > R (239.19 mm) > T (235.87 mm);可降低7月份表层土壤温度,缓解夏季高温对玉米后期生长发育造成的伤害,其中有秸秆覆盖的4个处理对5 cm和10 cm土层温度有显著降低效应;可抑制杂草生长,具有良好的控草效应,其中TS、RS、TSD、RSD处理的杂草高度、密度和生物量均比T和R有极显著下降;可促进蚯蚓的繁殖和生长,使农田生态环境得到明显改善。总体来看,秸秆覆盖措施可以改善土壤肥力,并具有增加土壤贮水、调节土壤温度、控制农田杂草和促进蚯蚓生长的作用,垄作和腐熟剂在增加土壤贮水方面有明显效果。保护性耕作模式显著提高了作物的产量和水分利用效率,增加了经济收益。2年系统平均产量和水分利用效率排序为：RSD>RS>TSD>TS>R>T(CK),总产值和纯收入排序为RS>RSD>TSD>R>TS>T(CK)。在各处理中以RSD、RS两种模式的综合效果最好,在西南“旱三熟”种植区具有很好的推广前景。     

不同底墒条件下补灌对冬小麦耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响

我国黄淮平原水资源紧缺,而且年际间降水量及其时间分布存在较大差异,探明不同底墒条件下补充灌溉对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的调节效应及其生理基础,可为该地区冬小麦节水高产栽培提供理论和技术支持。2013—2014和2014—2015年冬小麦生长季,在播种期0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量分别为201.5(A)、266.3(B)和317.0mm(C)3种底墒条件下,各设置4个补灌水处理,包括不灌水、拔节期+开花期补灌、越冬期+拔节期+开花期补灌、播种期+拔节期+开花期补灌,研究不同处理冬小麦耗水特性、旗叶光合、干物质积累与分配、产量及水分利用效率的差异。结果表明,冬小麦生育期总耗水量和土壤水消耗量均随播种期底墒的提高而增加。在底墒A和B条件下,冬小麦主要消耗降水和灌溉水。提高播种期补灌水平或于越冬期补灌,冬小麦在底墒A条件下对土壤水的消耗量显著增加,在底墒B条件下对土壤水的消耗量显著减少。在底墒C条件下,冬小麦耗水以土壤水为主,其次为降水,再次为灌溉水;播种期或越冬期补灌显著增加生育期总耗水量,对土壤水消耗量则无显著影响。于播种期、拔节期和开花期补灌,冬小麦在底墒A条件下可获得较高的籽粒产量,但水分利用效率较低;在底墒B条件下籽粒产量和水分利用效率均较高;在底墒C条件下,仅于拔节期和开花期补灌即可获得高产和高水分利用效率,播种期和越冬期无需补灌。综上所述,播前底墒是实施冬小麦合理补灌的重要依据。     

不同灌水方式对水稻生育特性及水分利用率的影响

以冈优527、D优363、汕优63为材料,设4个不同水分灌溉方式,研究了不同灌溉方式下水稻生育特性、产量和水分利用率。结果表明:与淹水灌溉相比,湿润灌溉(前期) 浅水灌溉(孕穗期) 干湿交替灌溉(抽穗-成熟期)的灌溉方式,可促进叶片和根系生长,剑叶叶绿素含量和净光合速率高,有利于干物质积累;植株生理活动旺盛;其有效穗、结实率、千粒重、产量和水分利用率均高于淹水灌溉。湿润灌溉有利于根系生长,延缓根系和叶的衰老;产量和水分利用率比淹水灌溉略高。旱种抑制水稻根系生长和地上部干物质积累,产量和水分利用率比淹水灌溉显著降低。因此,湿润灌溉(前期) 浅水灌溉(孕穗期) 干湿交替灌溉(抽穗-成熟期)的灌溉方式更有利于稻株生长发育、产量和水分利用率的提高。冈优527、D优363的水分利用率显著高于汕优63。     

华北冬小麦开花期补灌的增产效应及其影响因素

为阐明华北地区冬小麦开花期补灌增产效应及其影响因素,制定稳产节灌制度,于2007—2016连续10年进行了大田定位试验,研究在冬小麦拔节期灌水基础上,播前底墒、长期不同施氮及生育期降水等对开花期补灌增产效应及水分利用的影响。裂区设计,灌水量为主区,设春灌1次水(拔节期75mm,W1)和2次水(拔节期和开花期各75mm, W2) 2个处理;施氮量为副区,设6个水平,分别为0 (N0)、60 (N60)、120 (N120)、180 (N180)、240 (N240)、300 kg hm-2 (N300)。冬小麦开花期补灌增产效应受播前底墒影响显著,播前2 m土体贮水量越大开花期补灌增产率越小。施氮水平也显著影响开花期补灌增产效应,随着定位试验年限的增加,N0和N60处理土壤有机质和全氮含量逐年下降,从第6年开始开花期补灌的增产效应基本丧失。在足墒播种和正常供氮(施氮量不低于120kghm-2)条件下,开花期补灌的增产效应还受冬小麦生育期有效降水量的影响,尤其是拔节–开花期的有效降水量。开花期补灌增产率随生育期以及开花后的有效降水量的增加而降低。拔节–开花期有效降水量大于25.3 mm时,开花期补灌没有显著优化穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、生物量、收获指数等产量性状,最终增产不显著;此情景下,拔节期灌1次水(75 mm左右),即可在维持较高产量的前提下,降低耗水、提高水分利用效率,实现稳产与节水协同。本研究表明,华北平原冬小麦在足墒播种、施氮量不低于120 kg hm-2、拔节期灌水前提下,拔节–开花期有效降水量可作为开花期灌水与否的重要决策依据。     

绿洲膜下滴灌调亏对马铃薯土壤环境及产量的影响

为测定膜下滴灌调亏马铃薯全生育期内不同调亏水平土壤养分、土壤水热动态、生长动态、产量效应和水分利用效率,于2016年在河西荒漠绿洲灌区民乐县益民灌溉试验站开展了马铃薯不同生育阶段水分调亏灌溉的试验研究,结果表明,马铃薯膜下滴灌调亏土壤水热变化均匀且利用率高,有利于马铃薯对土壤养分的充分吸收和利用;土壤养分是土壤肥力的核心,是植物在生长发育过程中不可或缺的重要因素,膜下滴灌调亏栽培能有效减少土壤速效养分的流失,并提高马铃薯对土壤速效养分的利用效率;不同生育阶段马铃薯耗水量受水分调亏程度影响较大,其耗水量随调亏程度增大而显著减少(P0.05),水分调亏处理马铃薯全生育期总耗水量均低于全生育期充分灌水CK处理。块茎形成期轻度水分亏缺马铃薯水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率、生物量均达到最大,较全生育期充分灌水显著提高29.04%,35.61%。因此,块茎形成期轻度水分亏缺灌溉方式能使马铃薯根区土壤始终保持湿润状态,有效减少渗漏损失和植株间无效蒸发损失,改善土壤水、肥和热量状况,有利于提高作物水分利用效率,且不显著降低马铃薯最终产量。