Survival of viruses in fermented edible waste material

The survival of selected viruses in fermented edible waste material was studied to determine the feasibility of using this material as a livestock feed ingredient. Seven viruses, including pseudorabies, Newcastle disease, infectious canine hepatitis, avian infectious bronchitis, measles, vesicular stomatitis, and a porcine picornavirus were inoculated into a mixture of ground food waste (collected from a school lung program) containing Lactobacillus acidophilus. Mixtures were incubated at 5 C, 10 C, 20 C, and 30 C for 96 hours. Temperature, pH, and redox potential were monitored. Samples for virus isolation were obtained daily. Newcastle disease virus and infectious canine hepatitis virus survived the entire test period. The porcine picornavirus was inactivated at 30 C after 74 hours, but survived for the entire test period at the other temperatures. Pseudorabies virus was inactivated at 20 C and 30 C within 24 hours, but survived for 48 hours at 10 C and 96 hours at 5 C. Avian infectious bronchitis virus was inactivated at 20 C and 30 C within 24 hours, but survived 72 hours at 5 C and 10 C. Measles and vesicular stomatitis viruses were rapidly inactivated at all 4 temperatures.     

蛹虫草废弃米基发酵工艺初探

为提高蛹虫草废弃米基作为饲料中的蛋白含量，本试验采用蛹虫草废弃米基作为发酵培养基，筛选优势发酵菌种，并通过正交试验和单因素考察试验确定一套适用于蛹虫草废弃米基的二次发酵工艺。结果表明：采用酵母菌发酵效果较好。一次发酵的米基添加量为10%（m/m），酵母菌接种量为1%（m/m），发酵时间为20 h|二次发酵的米基添加量为12.5%（m/m），接种量为6%（m/m），发酵时间为48 h。综上，蛹虫草废弃米基经发酵处理后粗蛋白质含量提高了25.61%， Ca、P等无机盐含量也略有提高，同时发酵工艺对虫草素无干扰，发酵产物中保留了虫草素成分。此试验结果可作为蛹虫草废弃米基开发新型饲料的技术基础。 [关键词] 二次发酵|粗蛋白质|酵母菌|嗜酸乳杆菌     

The effect of commercial steam pasteurization on the levels of Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli on naturally contaminated beef carcasses

The aim of the study was to assess the reduction achieved by steam pasteurization of beef carcasses of Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae and total aerobic mesophilic plate counts (APCs). In total, 30 carcass halves were exposed to steam pasteurization (90 degrees C, 10 s exposure time) and the 30 corresponding carcass halves remained as untreated controls. The neck, midline and rump were sampled on each carcass half. Significant reductions in E. coli incidence (P < 0.05) and counts, 0.5 log10 CFU 1000 cm(-2) (P < 0.05), were observed on rump sites only. Significant reductions (>0.8 log10 CFU 1000 cm(-2)) of Enterobacteriaceae were observed at all carcass sites sampled (P < 0.05). Enterobacteriaceae reductions (>2 log10 CFU 1000 cm(-2)) were highly significant at the more contaminated sites (P < 0.001). Reductions in total APCs were inconsistent. Steam pasteurization significantly reduced the level of E. coli and Enterobacteriaceae at more contaminated sites, but did not result in complete decontamination. Therefore, steam pasteurization should be classed as an aid to hygienic beef processing, but not as a critical control point.     

餐厨垃圾发酵生产生物活性蛋白饲料的工艺研究

对热带假丝酵母、黑曲霉、枯草芽孢杆菌、解脂假丝酵母在经处理后的餐厨垃圾上混合发酵,将餐厨垃圾转化为生物活性蛋白饲料的工艺条件进行了试验研究。得到其试验最佳工艺条件为:以2:2:1的黑曲霉、热带假丝酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌为混合菌剂,接种量1%,添加1.5%尿素,30℃发酵48h后晾晒烘干,所得生物蛋白饲料粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分、粗纤维、水分含量分别为28.57%、2.16%、1.27%、2.09%、15.73%,且有酒香味,适口性好。     

乳酸菌对鸡传染性支气管炎病毒感染鸡胚成纤维细胞抗氧化功能的研究

为研究乳酸菌体外抗病毒作用,在鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)模型上,分析比较了6株乳酸菌对细胞内两种抗氧化酶:超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性的影响,以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化,结果显示,与病毒感染对照组相比,6株乳酸菌均显著提高了细胞总抗氧化能力(P＜0.01)、显著降低了MDA含量(P＜0.01).研究结果表明,乳酸菌能促进细胞在病毒感染状态下产生更强的抗氧化能力来清除自由基,并减少自由基所引起的氧化损伤.     

The infection of turkey poults with Histomonas meleagridis by contact with infected birds or contaminated cages

The conditions under which infection with Histomonas meleagridis could spread from directly inoculated turkey poults to uninoculated poults without the aid of invertebrate hosts or vectors was investigated in several experiments. In three experiments in battery cages, uninoculated poults were commingled with directly infected birds on pine-shaving litter. Directly exposed birds were inoculated per cloaca with H. meleagridis by means of a plastic pipette tip attached to a 10-ml syringe or orally gavaged with fresh cecal droppings from donor turkeys 4 days postinoculation (PI). Of the cloacally inoculated controls in these experiments, 31 of 44 (70.5%) birds had severe lesions ofhistomoniasis at 14 days PI, whereas none of the orally gavaged birds became infected. Histomoniasis developed in 11 of 36 (30.5%) birds allowed to commingle with inoculated birds. In other treatments, poults were allowed only contact with droppings from directly inoculated birds after the infected birds were removed from the cages. This was done for a single period of 1 hr or repeated five times. Four of 32 birds (12.5%) became infected in this way after the single exposure, whereas only four of 44 birds (9.1%) exposed five times developed lesions. In a comparison of floor materials, 35 of 35 control birds inoculated per cloaca developed severe liver and cecal lesions, irrespective of litter. Uninoculated birds allowed to commingle with infected birds on paper or pine shavings became severely infected in all cases (12/12 and 12/12 birds, respectively), whereas only 33% of those on wire-floored cages became infected (4/12). These results suggest that transmission of infection is more likely to occur as a result of direct contact between birds than from contact with litter or fecal material.     

替米考星治疗人工感染巴氏杆菌病仔猪试验

研究了国产替米考星注射用药对人工感染多杀性巴氏杆菌病猪的治疗效果,用断奶仔猪进行试验,为临床使用提供了依据.结果表明,替米考星治疗急性猪肺疫效果确实, 推荐剂量为10 mg/kg体重.     

发酵床养猪翻床间隔研究

发酵床养猪是近年a在国内兴起的新的集约化养猪模式,它具有不冲水、不清粪、无恶臭等特点．污染物排放极少．故有人称之为零排放养殖．这对缺水及环保压力日益增加的中国养猪业无疑是很有意义的。但是．由于发酵床垫料需要经常翻动和添加．增加了大量人力．同时由于技术推广厂家在推广时部分工艺没有考虑生产运行状态的变化．     

蛋白原料发酵后营养价值评定研究

本试验把蛋白原料膨化豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕经过啤酒酵母菌、凝结芽孢杆菌以及德氏乳酸杆菌发酵处理后,得到相应的发酵蛋白原料产品指标符合国家饲料卫生标准,小肽含量及其他营养成分得到改善,抗营养因子含量基本消除和降低,显著提高了酵母菌、乳酸杆菌、芽孢杆菌和总菌数,大大提高了蛋白原料的附加值,为节约蛋白饲料,有效提高蛋白原料的综合利用价值开辟了一条新的途径.     

Endoscopic surgery in the treatment of contaminated and infected synovial cavities

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Contamination and infection of synovial cavities are a common occurrence in clinical practice and, if inadequately treated, may have career or life threatening consequences for affected horses. HYPOTHESIS: The objectives in treating contamination and infection of joints, tendon sheaths and bursae are most effectively met by endoscopic surgery. METHODS: Over a 6 year period, cases of synovial contamination and infection admitted to a referral clinic were evaluated and treated endoscopically. The horses received local and systemic antimicrobial drugs with minimal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication but no other medical or surgical treatment. All arthroscope and instrument portals and, whenever possible, all traumatic wounds were closed. Diagnostic information, endoscopic observations and results of treatment were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: A total of 140 affected animals were referred and 121 cases were treated endoscopically. These involved 70 joints, 29 tendon sheaths, 10 bursae and in 12 cases a combination of synovial cavities. The most common aetiologies were open wounds (n = 54) and self-sealing punctures (n = 41). Foreign material was identified endoscopically in 41 but predicted prior to surgery in only 6 cases. Osteochondral lesions were evident at surgery in 51 and recognised before surgery in 25 cases; 32 horses had intrathecal tendon or ligament defects. Follow-up information was obtained for 118 animals; 106 (90%) survived and 96 (81%) returned to their preoperative level of performance. The presence of osteitis/osteomyelitis, other osteochondral lesions and marked deposits of pannus were associated with nonsurvival. For those animals which survived, non-Thoroughbred horses, a combination of synovial structure involvement and regional i.v. antimicrobial administration were associated with reduced post operative performance. Marked pannus, regional i.v. antimicrobial administration and duration of systemic antimicrobial administration were associated with a group combining nonsurviving animals and those with reduced post operative performance. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic surgery makes a valuable contribution to the management of synovial contamination and infection. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The information obtained from and therapeutic options offered by endoscopy justify its early use in cases of synovial contamination and infection.     

平菇菌糠的营养价值研究

试验对不同收菇次数的平菇菌糠进行了营养成分和微生物指标分析测定。结果表明,以棉籽壳和木屑为主要栽培基质的平菇,在第4次和第5次收菇后,平菇菌糠中粗蛋白质含量分别为7.4%、8.1%,氨基酸总量分别为4.26%、5.22%,钙含量分别为1.2%、1.1%。与前三茬平菇菌糠相比,第4茬和第5茬平菇菌糠粗纤维和水含量降低,粗灰分、铁、锌、锰含量升高,并且黄曲霉毒素B1含量极低。结果提示,与前三茬平菇菌糠相比,第4茬和第5茬平菇菌糠的营养价值较理想。     

玉米粉和食淀粉乳杆菌混合处理对苜蓿青贮品质的影响

试验旨在研究添加玉米粉和食淀粉乳杆菌(Lactobacillus amylovorus)对苜蓿青贮品质的影响。试验采用析因设计,选取4个玉米粉添加量(占鲜重的0%、3%、6%、9%),3株不同食淀粉乳杆菌[L.amylovorus KM112088(L_1)、L.amylovorus KM112091(L_2)和L.amylovorus KM112089(L_3)]以及不接种处理,共计16个组(4×4),青贮35 d后开封,分析不同处理对苜蓿青贮品质的影响。结果表明,苜蓿单独青贮发酵品质较差;单独添加玉米粉,随着添加量的增加,苜蓿青贮的p H值以及氨态氮的含量显著下降(P<0.05),苜蓿青贮品质显著改善,但玉米粉中的淀粉降解较少;单独添加L.amylovorus处理中,虽然L_2处理组显著降低苜蓿青贮的氨态氮含量(P<0.05),提高乳酸和乙酸质量比,但对苜蓿青贮品质的改善效果较小;混合添加玉米粉和L.amylovorus,淀粉被有效降解和利用,且L_1和L_2与玉米粉混合处理组的苜蓿青贮品质得到显著改善(P<0.05),在复合添加3%的玉米粉时,即可获得优于单独添加9%玉米粉的发酵品质。综上所述,在苜蓿青贮实践中,可通过复合添加3%玉米粉和L_1或L_2,来提高玉米粉的添加效果,改善苜蓿青贮的发酵品质。     

The microbiological effects of trimming sticking wounds in pasteurized pig carcasses

Neither pasteurizing of uneviscerated carcasses nor trimming reduced the numbers of total aerobic bacteria recovered from sticking wounds in pig carcasses. However, trimming after pasteurizing increased the numbers of coliforms and Escherichia coli recovered from sticking wounds, whereas pasteurizing without trimming reduced these counts.     

Logistical study in Hyogo prefecture on disposal of poultry carcasses infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus to prevent infection spreading to other flocks

Establishment of a disposal plan for carcasses in advance is important for prevention of epidemics. A disposal plan for contaminated goods such as poultry carcasses infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus was studied in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. We investigated all poultry farms with over 1,000 birds for their locations, species and numbers of birds, structure and size of poultry facilities and land spaces of the farms. Moreover, we judged whether they could dispose of all the carcasses at their farms. In 2005, 5.5 million layers and 2.7 million broilers were being kept. If HPAI had broken out, 44.0% of the farmers could bury all the carcasses, and 65.6% could compost them at their farms. However, 23.4% could not dispose of them except by burning them at incineration facilities. We decided to choose burning first for rapid disposal as long as the virus was not a pandemic type.     

畜牧场废弃物的处理与利用

随着科学技术的迅速提高，全世界生产力也高度发展，致使大量的工农业生产废弃物及居民生活废弃物进入人类和生物的生活环境，造成全球性的环境污染，严重威胁着人类和生物的生活和健康。因此，环境污染问题已被人类和各国政府所关注，并采取环境保护和措施进行防止和解决。２０世纪５０年代以后，畜牧业发展迅速，大规模、高密度的工厂化畜禽生产集中产生了大量粪尿、污水、有害气体和恶臭。特别是化肥的使用，使大量粪肥未能还田利用，加剧了对环境的污染，造成的公害日益严重，在这种情况下，畜牧业生产也受到各种污染的危害。畜牧场环境…     

基于海藻酸钠的复合壁材包被嗜酸乳杆菌及其效果评估

为进一步提高微胶囊对乳酸菌的保护性能,以海藻酸钠和瓜尔豆胶为复合壁材,利用乳化法对嗜酸乳杆菌进行微胶囊包被,并通过测定微胶囊物理特性(包被率、粒径大小、外观结构)及胃肠道性能(耐酸性、耐胆盐以及肠道释放)等方面,评估微胶囊对目标菌的保护效果。结果显示,复合壁材包被率为(47.49±1.91)%,活菌数(荷载量)为(1.78±0.44)×10~9CFU/g,与对照组相比,差异显著(P<0.05);SEM图像展示了复合壁材微胶囊更为有序致密的表面结构;胃肠存活率方面,复合壁材微胶囊显示出更佳的保护效果(P<0.01),胃肠液作用后目标菌活菌数均接近107CFU/g;释放性能方面,复合壁材微胶囊在进入肠液后2 h达到最大释放性能,保证了嗜酸乳杆菌正常生理功能的发挥。据此,复合壁材微胶囊对嗜酸乳杆菌有较好的包载效果并对其可以起到充分的保护作用。     

固态生料发酵棉籽蛋白制备小肽研究

利用黑曲霉生料发酵棉籽蛋白粉制备植物小肽,研究了温度、时间、pH值单因素对小肽含量的影响;在此基础上,进行了正交试验对发酵工艺参数进行了优化,试验结果表明:在温度为30℃、时间为36 h、pH值为5.5时,小肽含量可以达到35.44%。