Dynamics of slow-moving landslides from permanent scatterer analysis

High-resolution interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) permanent scatterer data allow us to resolve the rates and variations in the rates of slow-moving landslides. Satellite-to-ground distances (range changes) on landslides increase at rates of 5 to 7 millimeters per year, indicating average downslope sliding velocities from 27 to 38 millimeters per year. Time-series analysis shows that displacement occurs mainly during the high-precipitation season; during the 1997-1998 El Ni?o event, rates of range change increased to as much as 11 millimeters per year. The observed nonlinear relationship of creep and precipitation rates suggests that increased pore fluid pressures within the shallow subsurface may initiate and accelerate these features. Changes in the slope of a hill resulting from increases in the pore pressure and lithostatic stress gradients may then lead to landslides.     

Origins and movement of fluids during deformation and metamorphism in the canadian cordillera

Stable isotope data from quartz veins in the Canadian Cordillera indicate that crustal fluids were heterogeneous in terms of sources and flow paths during Mesozoic-Cenozoic metamorphism and deformation. In regions of strike-slip and extensional faulting, the fluid regime to depths of at least 15 kilometers was dominated by convected, chemically evolved meteoric water. In contrast, in thrust faulted regions, the fluid regime was dominated by fluids derived from metamorphic devolatilization reactions. Deep convection of meteoric water implies that fluid pressures are hydrostatic in such systems not lithostatic, as had been commonly assumed. The occurrence of significantly lower fluid pressures would necessitate reevaluation of the manner in which metamorphic phase equilibria and stress relations in the crust are modeled. In addition, this study indicates that mesothermal gold deposits in the Canadian Cordillera are a product of the meteoric water convection process.     

Dynamics of liquefaction during the 1987 superstition hills, california, earthquake

Simultaneous measurements of seismically induced pore-water pressure changes and surface and subsurface accelerations at a site undergoing liquefaction caused by the Superstition Hills, California, earthquake (24 November 1987; M = 6.6) reveal that total pore pressures approached lithostatic conditions, but, unexpectedly, after most of the strong motion ceased. Excess pore pressures were generated once horizontal acceleration exceeded a threshold value.     

Geomorphology and Sediment Stability of a Segment of the U.S. Continental Slope off New Jersey

The morphology of complex deposits of Pleistocene sediments covering the upper continental slope between Lindenkohl Canyon and South Toms Canyon results from both depositional and erosional processes. Small slump or slide features were detected primarily on the flanks of canyons or valleys and were observed to occur only within Pleistocene-aged sediments. Eocene to Miocene sediments are exposed over much of the mid- and lower slope in this area.     

U.s. Geological survey core drilling on the atlantic shelf

The first broad program of scientific shallow drilling on the U.S. Atlantic continental shelf has delineated rocks of Pleistocene to Late Cretaceous age, including phosphoritic Miocene strata, widespread Eocene carbonate deposits that serve as reflective seismic markers, and several regional unconformities. Two sites, off Maryland and New Jersey, showed light hydrocarbon gases having affinity to mature petroleum. Pore fluid studies showed that relatively fresh to brackish water occurs beneath much of the Atlantic continental shelf, whereas increases in salinity off Georgla and beneath the Florida-Hatteras slope suggest buried evaporitic strata. The sediment cores showed engineering properties that range from good foundation strength to a potential for severe loss of strength through interaction between sediments and man-made structures.     

Recent sedimentation on the new jersey slope and rise

Radiocarbon dating and sedimentological studies of closely spaced cores indicate movement during the Holocene of sediments on the New Jersey continental slope and upper rise between Wilmington and Lindenkohl canyons. The uneven time-stratigraphic thickness of the late Quaternary sediment sections between cores and the nonuniform deposition rate at any given core site and among core sites show that the sediment blanket in canyon and intercanyon areas has been affected by downslope, gravity-driven pocesses during the Holocene to the present. The reduced rate of deposition on the slope and upper rise between the late Pleistocene and the present is largely due to decreased off-shelf transport in response to the eustatic rise in sea level. Very old radiocarbon dates at core tops result from emplacement of older reworked materials from upslope or from truncation of sections by mass wasting processes exposing older material at the sea floor. These processes also account for an irregular sequence of dated sections within cores and stratigraphic irregularities of the surficial cover from core to core. Marked variability in deposition rates on the slope and upper rise is largely a function of topographic configuration, proximity and accessibility to sediment source, and transport processes seaward of the shelf break. Moreover, higher accumulation rates on the upper rise are attributed primarily to slope bypassing. Bypassing, prevalent during the late Pleistocene, has continued periodically to the present.     

Antiquity of the continental slope along the middle-atlantic margin of the United States

A detailed high-resolution geophysical study of part of the continental slope along the mid-Atlantic margin of the United States indicates that it is an ancient, relict landscape largely unmodified by modern slope processes. The slope morphology is heavily influenced by bedrock outcrops, including joints and bedding planes, rather than by any single degradational process. A pelagic drape averaging 3 to 5 meters in thickness blankets the slope. Carbon-14 dates from eight drop cores show that the drape was deposited in late Pleistocene and Holocene times. The Holocene part of the drape, comprising the uppermost 1 meter, was deposited at a continuous rate of 10 centimeters per 1000 years. Most features on the slope predate the drape cover.     

刺槐林造林密度对边坡稳定性的影响

该文通过野外调查和室内试验分析,运用非线性有限元法分析了不同造林密度对刺槐林边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:刺槐林边坡最大、最小主应力等值线总体上随土体深度的增加而增加,在边坡深层稳定区域位移等值线梯度变化比较均匀,变形主要发生在坡面附近,顺坡和坡顶的浅层边坡不仅具有较大的竖向位移,而且具有较大的水平位移。根系的存在改变了造林边坡应力场的分布,林木根系将表层土体的应力传递到深层,起到弱化浅层土体应力的作用,提高了边坡的稳定性。在边坡顶部和底部适当造林可以减小边坡顶部拉应力区范围和边坡底部剪应力区范围。为了充分发挥根系间土拱的作用,结合研究区气候条件和土壤条件应适当加大造林密度。     

黄土高原造林边坡应力应变特征及其稳定性分析

该文以刺槐林、油松林固坡为例,运用有限元方法分析刺槐和油松林边坡的应力和变形特性,探讨不同根型树种对边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:油松能将表层土体的应力通过根系传递到深层,起到弱化浅层土体应力的作用,提高边坡的稳定性。刺槐林边坡坡脚向土体内侧存在一个位移集中带,是边坡不稳定的主要部位;在边坡偏上部出现位移集中带,最大位移也出现在边坡偏上部,是边坡变形滑动时“滑出”的位置。油松林边坡未出现上述两种情况,说明油松林显著提高了边坡的稳定性,油松根系的固土作用及增加边坡稳定性效果要好于刺槐林边坡。      

冻土区坡体蠕滑作用下管道应力数值计算

长输油气管道在一般地段埋地敷设,当经过季节性斜坡冻土区时,由于冻融引起的坡体蠕滑作用导致管道产生附加应力。通过安装管道轴向应变传感器可监测坡体蠕滑作用导致的管道轴向应力变化,但开展管道强度评价时,需要明确管道应变监测初始应力,由于应力检测技术多在实验室环境下使用,工程上并不成熟,目前行业内一般通过有限元建模计算方法获取管道应变监测初始应力。以涩宁兰一线某穿越斜坡季节性冻土地貌埋地管道为例,介绍了位于季节性冻土区的管道当前面临的主要风险、土体位移分布形式与位移的确定,以及季节性冻土区斜坡体位移作用下管道的受力和变形情况。采用向量式有限元方法,利用空间梁单元和非线性土弹簧模型对灾害点管道进行了数值模拟,并得到管道现状应力分布,为确定管道本体应变监测截面位置、估计管道现状应力分布及管道安全评价提供依据。     

考虑结构面和损伤效应的路堑边坡稳定问题

以花岗岩残积土工程特性研究为基础,从结构面和非应变损伤效应2个方面研究福建省花岗岩路堑边坡稳定问题.将改进简化Bishop法应用于路堑边坡,结合算例,对总应力形式的改进简化Bishop公式进行分析与验证;利用复合体损伤模型和剪切试验统计数据,分析探讨坡体和结构面土体抗剪强度指标的选取,并提出取值建议.研究结果可用于指导工程实践,并为边坡稳定问题的损伤理论研究提供参考.     

标准坡面人工草地减流减沙效应及其坡面流水力学机理研究

通过放水冲刷实验,研究草地与裸地坡面土壤水分入渗及产流产沙过程,分析草地减流减沙效益,并从水力学特性剖析草地调控水沙的机理.结果表明:①裸地与草地坡面土壤水分入渗过程均符合Horton入渗公式i=ic＋(i0－ic)e－kt;与裸地相比,草地入渗率增加40％,产流时间推迟2.5 min,径流系数减少28.3％,输沙率减少78.4％.②裸地坡面输沙过程呈高—低—高变化趋势,而草地呈现先增后减趋势.③草地坡面流属于层流中的缓流流态,裸地则属于过渡流的急流流态,说明草地坡面抵抗侵蚀力和泥沙搬运的能力明显强于裸地;草地可明显降低径流流速,增加阻力系数和曼宁糙率系数,但对径流深度影响不明显.      

裂隙岩体渗流补给特性及边坡稳定对策研究

“岩土二元结构体”边坡失稳现象由于其物质组成、形成年代、地质结构等方面的特点,与其他岩土边坡失稳有不同的表现.为探讨降雨诱发“岩土二元结构体”边坡失稳的机理及保证边坡稳定的对策,采用自记雨量计、时域反射仪（TDR）、翻斗式自记流量测定仪对“岩土二元结构”小流域的降雨特性、坡地岩土水分的动态变化以及裂隙岩体渗流的动态过程进行了测定分析.结果表明,降雨特性、坡地岩土前期水分含量以及坡地的地质结构特性是影响降雨入渗补给渗流及降雨诱发边坡失稳的重要因素;在强降雨条件下,距坡地表层50cm深度的土壤层与岩体层结合部位存在暂时饱和区,该饱和区通过对滑动面的浸泡软化,可以促使滑坡体的滑动;降雨入渗补给裂隙岩体渗流在坡面尺度上存在“优先流”现象,这主要是由于太行山区坡面尺度介质的非均匀性与空间变异性所造成的,同时,暂时饱和区的形成也起了重要的促进作用,这有利于区域地下水资源的形成,但也为诱发边坡失稳提供了条件;可以通过渗流集蓄技术降低暂时饱和区内的水分含量及裂隙网络中的侧向水压力,从而保证边坡的稳定.      

刺槐林边坡稳定性有限元分析

该文以刺槐林固坡为例,将根土复合体看作是由土体、根系以及土体与根系之间的接触面单元所联系起来的有机体,运用有限元方法分析了刺槐林木根系边坡的应力和变形特性,探讨了刺槐根系对边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:无林边坡坡脚向土体内侧存在一个应力和位移的集中带,根系的存在使得有林边坡在坡脚集中带的区域范围减小;根系周围位移等值线变化剧烈,有林边坡最大水平位移发生在边坡根系分布区;斜坡中同一位置处有林边坡的垂直位移明显小于无林边坡的;边坡最大、最小主应力等值线随土层深度的增加而增加,有林边坡最大主应力、最小主应力的最大值小于无林边坡的,说明有林边坡更趋于稳定。     

基于离散元法植物根系对黏性土坡稳定性的影响

针对传统有限元方法不能够从细观尺度研究植被固坡作用的问题,采用离散元模型结合强度折减法,研究植被护坡位置对黏土边坡稳定性的影响。模拟结果表明:1)应用离散元模型结合强度折减法得到的无护坡情况下边坡安全系数为1.08,应用有限元模型得到的安全系数为1.09,表明采用离散元模型结合强度折减法分析边坡稳定是可行的;2)植被护坡位置对黏土边坡稳定性具有不同程度的影响:仅在坡面、坡脚或者坡顶种植植被时,植被对边坡的稳定性影响很小;3)当在坡面与坡脚或者坡顶与坡底都种植植被时,植被对边坡的稳定性具有较大影响,且当在坡顶、坡面和坡底全都种植植被时,对边坡稳定性的影响最大,边坡稳定性最高。研究结果为实际工程中植被护坡铺设位置的选择提供了相应的理论依据。     

间隔覆盖条件下坡面产流产沙状况的BP神经网络模拟

本文以塿土和黄绵土作为实验材料,尝试使用BP神经网络方法(Back-Propagation neural network)模拟人工降雨条件下,间隔覆盖坡面的产流产沙状况。通过设置不同坡度、降雨强度、面积比,获得各种因素不同水平组合下的实测数据;以实际降雨强度、坡度、面积比、径流起始时间和初始含水率5个因子为输入变量、坡面产流量和产沙量为输出变量,利用BP神经网络模型与多元线性回归模型对数据进行模拟分析,并检验其模拟效果。研究结果表明:训练样本集平均相对误差为18.23%,预测样本集平均相对误差为5.21%;与多元线性回归模型相比,BP神经网络模型拟合精度较高,拟合效果更理想,表现出更强的预测能力。另外,比较不同土质坡面产流量与产沙量模拟效果,塿土优于黄绵土。从本研究的结果看,BP神经网络模型应用于坡面产流产沙模拟预测,省时省力,方便快捷,具有一定的应用潜力,但其实际的模拟预测能力尚需进一步探索。     

边坡侵蚀的理论分析

自然边坡侵蚀在世界各地随处可见 ,然而对自然边坡的侵蚀过程缺乏相关的理论研究 ,包括面蚀、渗透破坏和渠道冲刷。冲刷破坏是由于对土体的切割引起的 ,它与季节性融冻深度密切相关 ,因为融冻状态下 ,土壤的抗剪强度较低 ,水跃发生在渠坡下游 ,土体切割会加速边坡侵蚀进程 ,渗流将引起严重的深层破坏。这些主要受土壤性质和作用在坡面上的附加荷载的影响。最大渗流通常发生在融雪季节 ,研究边坡浸蚀破坏的机理将有助于城市、乡村和保护区的水管理     

Changes in state of stress on the southern san andreas fault resulting from the california earthquake sequence of april to june 1992

The April to June 1992 Landers earthquake sequence in southern California modified the state of stress along nearby segments of the San Andreas fault, causing a 50-kilometer segment of the fault to move significantly closer to failure where it passes through a compressional bend near San Gorgonio Pass. The decrease in compressive normal stress may also have reduced fluid pressures along that fault segment. As pressures are reequilibrated by diffusion, that fault segment should move closer to failure with time. That fault segment and another to the southeast probably have not ruptured in a great earthquake in about 300 years.     

臂坡对堰槽组合设施测流影响分析

针对堰槽组合设施在遭遇洪水、水位较高时引发的坡脚掏蚀、岸坡冲刷崩塌等问题，将设施两侧堰顶设置一定坡度，形成向槽内倾斜的臂坡，使水流向设施中部集中，减少对两岸边坡的冲蚀。采用水力性能试验的方法，对3种臂坡(0，1/16和1/8)在12种流量(6~61 L/s)条件下的中垂面水深、弗汝德数沿程变化规律、臂坡对设施泄流能力的影响及流量公式进行研究。结果表明:1)3种臂坡下的堰槽组合设施水深沿程变化相似，随着臂坡的增大，中垂线上游水位壅高增大，两侧堰靠近岸坡一侧的堰上水深减小，明显减少了水流对两岸边坡的冲蚀；2)臂坡对临界流断面位置影响较小，集中出现在排淤量水槽梯形窄段的后半段；同一流量下，堰槽组合设施的流量系数随臂坡的增大而减小；同一臂坡下，堰槽组合设施的流量系数随着流量的增大而减小；3)相对水头较小时，流量系数变化明显，相对水头较大时，流量系数相对稳定，将流量系数分为变动流量系数和稳定流量系数2个区，并分别拟合出不同臂坡条件下的流量计算公式，与实测流量相比，臂坡为0、1/16和1/8时，相对误差绝对值的最大值分别为2.22%、2.37%和2.21%，平均相对误差分别为0.88%、0.95%和1.15%。此外，在流量为11 和21 L/s时，臂坡的增大使得流量公式计算值的相对误差由-2.22%降至-0.44%和由2.35%降至-0.24%。综上，臂坡的存在能够减少水流对两岸边坡的冲蚀，对临界流断面的影响较小，增大臂坡还可有效提高堰槽组合设施在小流量情况下的测量精度。     

基于WEPP的黄土丘陵区不同坡长条件下坡面土壤侵蚀预测

为了更全面地评价WEPP模型在我国的适用性,该文通过建立模型数据库,利用WEPP分别模拟了坡长为10、20、30和40 m的径流量和土壤侵蚀量,并用实测径流和侵蚀资料进行对比分析。结果表明,在10、20、30和40 m 4个坡长条件下,WEPP模型对降雨、每年和多年平均径流量模拟的Nash-Sutcliffe有效性(ME)分别为0.915、0.879和-0.056,对单场降雨、每年和多年平均土壤侵蚀量模拟的ME分别为0.853、0.758和-0.456,多年平均的ME为负值可能是由小样本计算造成的。WEPP模型对单场降雨和每年径流量和侵蚀量模拟效果较好。尽管WEPP模型对多年平均径流量和土壤侵蚀量模拟效果较差,但模型模拟的多年径流量和土壤侵蚀量与实测值的多年径流量和土壤侵蚀量的最大相对误差分别为7.90%和29.20%,表明WEPP模型对多年径流量和侵蚀量的模拟可满足要求。径流量模拟值随坡长增加的变化和实测值相比不够敏感;而土壤侵蚀量模拟值随坡长增加的变化和实测值相比过于敏感。