玉米不同矮秆系的致矮力及其遗传基础的研究

从株高平均、超亲优势、回归和配合力等方面,比较不同矮秆系的致矮力。并对控制玉米矮生性的基因类型及微效多基因矮秆系的基因效应和基因对数进行了研究。结果表明,在本研究所用材料中,以隐性单基因矮秆系出现的频率最低,微效多基因矮秆系次之,而大部分矮秆系则是隐性单基因和微效多基因的重叠效应系。当这些矮秆系与中、高     

小麦显性矮秆基因Rht3及其衍生系统抗穗萌特性研究

采用近等基因系法及成熟种子室内萌发试验研究了小麦显性矮秆基因Rht3及其衍生系统的抗穗萌特性,并对普通小麦13个显性、半显性、隐性矮秆基因的抗穗萌性能进行了评价。结果表明,Rht3基因及其株高提升的突变衍生系具有显著而稳定的抗穗萌特性。将Rht3基因回交导入不抗穗萌的普通小麦,受体品种成熟种子的a-淀粉酶活性降低了     

冬小麦的诱发突变

用γ射线、快中子和化学诱变剂处理冬小麦“农大139”、“东方红3号”及“有芒白4号”的风干种子和植株,获得了矮秆、早熟、长芒、大穗等各种有利的突变类型。特别是矮秆抗倒伏突变出现的频率较高,稳定得也快。在三种诱变剂中以快中子对冬小麦的诱变效果最好。这些突变系是有用的突变资源,有的突变系如产量性状较好的矮秆突变     

籼稻多蘖矮半矮秆基因的遗传分析和基因定位

对籼稻标记基因系材料多蘖矮的遗传分析表明, 其矮生性状是由2对隐性半矮秆基因控制的,分别为sd1和一个新的半矮秆基因,该基因初步定名为sdt3。以多蘖矮与南京6号杂交F₂的分离群体为基础,应用SSR标记进行连锁分析,将半矮秆基因sdt3定位于第11染色体的SSR标记SSR98和SSR35之间,分别相距0.06 cM、0.13 cM,二者之间的物理距离约为93kb。以南京6号为轮回亲本与多蘖矮进行回交和自交获得由半矮秆基因sdt3控制的近等基因系（新多蘖矮）,以赤霉素处理表明由sdt3控制的半矮秆系新多蘖矮对赤霉素不敏感。     

小麦的矮秆基因及其研究方法

小麦的矮秆基因及其研究方法程治军,吕知敏(中国农业科学院作物所北京100081)普通小麦中已被命名的矮秆基因有20多个,它们大多由突变产生。小麦最终株高除决定于所带的矮秆基因外,还受矮秆基因所处的遗传背景和环境条件的影响。除显性、半显性的Rht3、R...     

小麦几个“矮源”品种矮秆基因的遗传分析

本研究选用矮变1号、冬协2号为主要矮源,通过株高的常规遗传分析、单体分析和赤霉酸(GA_3)鉴定,分析了矮源品种矮秆基因的遗传特点。结果表明:矮变1号受一对不完全显性矮杆基因控制,其株高和胚乳皆对 GA_3不敏感。蚰包的衍生系冬协2号、CA8333和农林10号的衍生系 G-230携带有相同的一对隐性矮秆基因 Rht2,且位于4D 染色体上,     

水稻矮秆小粒类型的形态遗传机理和育种利用

矮秆小粒为栽培稻中一种特殊形态类型,表现为植株矮壮、叶片宽短、穗子粗短、谷粒短小但着粒特密,株高和千粒重为半矮秆正常类型的一半左右,矮秆小粒与半矮秆的原品种的杂种F2只分离出矮秆小粒与半矮秆两种类型,且符合1∶3的比例,这说明矮秆小粒类型是受一对隐性基因控制的多效性状,或者说由于一对隐性基因的作用导致了矮秆小粒这种形态类型.矮秆小粒材料Tax与12份(非原品种)半矮秆杂种F1代的株高、千粒重、粒长、剑叶长和宽等形态性状表现出显著到极显著(p=0.01～0.05)的超高亲,F2代同样表现出显著的超高亲分离,由此判定:矮秆小粒类型是由矮秆小粒材料遗传背景中的形态抑制隐性基因对半矮秆正常形态多效性隐性抑制的结果而不是矮秆小粒基因直接作用的结果,其作用方式是使其遗传背景中的半矮秆正常形态受到横向延展和纵向压缩从而变成粗壮矮缩的特殊形态类型.这与以往的研究结果不同,用该机理能很好地解释其它矮秆小粒材料研究中出现的类似异常遗传表现.矮秆小粒材料的育种利用价值和方法包括从中发掘利用大粒、优质和高产基因与创造以矮秆小粒类型为亲本之一的杂交稻超高产育种新途径.     

水稻辐射突变系（芽期）耐冷性鉴定

对15个籼型和粳型品种以及它们不同的辐射突变系共91份品种(系)按我国“七·五”攻关课题“水稻种质资源耐冷性鉴定技术方法”进行了耐冷性鉴定。与原种比较,籼型和粳型突变系的耐冷性表型均出现变异,变化趋势是多向性的。对此,本文进行了分析讨论,看出控制耐冷性的基因与控制如生育期、株高、叶型、壳色等性状的基因有别,原种的耐冷性遗传基础对衍生突变系影响极大。贵州省农科院水稻所通过钴60γ射线的处理获得了一批辐射突变系。蒋志谦等(1984)对这些突变系的农艺性状进行了观察,突变系的生育期、株高、叶型,壳色等特征性状与原种有明显差别。为了进一步认识和利用人工诱发的突变基因,不断丰富种质资源库,发掘优良种质,提高育种成效。对于这批辐射突变系进行耐冷性鉴定研究很有必要。     

春小麦圆柱的矮秆基因定位

春小麦“圆柱”是一个矮秆、多粒、高蛋白、高赖氨酸种质资源。本研究应用单体分析方法,对其矮秆基因进行了染色体定位。结果表明,圆柱的矮秆基因分别位于其2B、4B和5D染色体上,表现为完全隐性遗传。对比研究发现,圆柱2B和4B染色体上的矮秆基因与迄今已经定位和尚未定位的小麦矮秆基因不同,为新的矮秆基因。故此,圆柱可能是一个新的矮源。     

粳稻半矮秆突变体Y98149的矮生性遗传研究

对粳稻半矮秆突变体Y98149矮生性遗传研究的结果表明:(1)控制半矮秆材料Y98149矮生性表达的基因为一对显性核基因;(2)该显性基因与控制KL908矮生性表达的显性核基因及控制AKs1-108矮生性表达的隐性核基因sd-1均非等位;(3)分析F2群体株高资料后认为,在C078遗传背景下,可以检出在近等基因系遗传背景下无法检出的另一对显性主基     

玉米o2,o16和wx基因不同聚合类型近等基因系的选育

为研究玉米高赖氨酸奥帕克-2(opaque-2,o2),奥帕克-16(opaque-16,o16)和糯性(waxy1,wx1)突变基因聚合提高营养品质的分子机理,以玉米o2,o16和wx三隐性基因聚合系QCL 8002-11(o2o2o16o16wxwx)为供体亲本,以普通玉米自交系CML 539为受体亲本,构建玉米o2、o16和wx基因不同聚合类型的近等基因系,经过多代回交和自交,利用分子标记辅助选择技术,选育出一批含有o2o16wx三隐性基因,o2o16、o2wx和o16wx双隐性基因,o2、o16和wx单隐性基因的近等基因系材料,为玉米品质的快速改良和阐明优异基因聚合提高玉米营养品质的机理提供材料基础。     

Inheritance of Induced Morphological Mutants in Triticutn monococcum L.

The mode of inheritance of fifteen induced morphological mutants in diploid wheat Triticum monococcum L. was determined. The results showed that earliness, reduced height, uniculm, liguleless branched spike, compact ear, and free-threshing habit of each of these mutants is the result of a single recessive mutation. Red awns and xantha traits are controlled by two recessive genes with duplicate and inhibitory gene interactions, respectively. Some of the early and dwarf mutants were non-allelic. One dwarf GA₃-insensitive mutant with recessive gene action may be a new source. Mutants such as early maturing, dwarf and free threshing habit may be of significance in breeding diploid wheat.     

若干玉米胚乳突变体基因效应的研究

对５个玉米单隐性胚乳突变体、３个双隐性胚乳突变体的可溶性糖（还原糖、蔗糖）、水溶性多糖、淀粉、粗蛋白、赖氨酸含量测定，并对突变体种子结构扫描电镜观察。分析了玉米胚乳突主体的基因效应及其互作效应。     

Pollen Characteristics and Genetics of Induced and Spontaneous Genetic Male-Sterile Mutants in Rice

Pollen characteristics, inheritance and allelism of 23 genetic male-sterile (ms) mutants of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were investigated. Ten of the mutants were induced by ethyl methane sulfonate, one induced by ethyleneimine, seven induced by gamma rays, one induced by streptomycin, one derived from tissue culture and three were spontaneous mutants found in the field. Four pollen abortion types were observed among these ms mutants: 3 no-pollen (NP) type, 6 complete pollen abortion (CPA) type, 13 partial pollen abortion (PPA) type, and 1 stainable pollen abortion (SPA) type. Progeny tests over two years indicated that each of the mutants was inherited as a monogenic recessive. A partial diallel cross among the 23 ms mutants indicated that mutant E2 was allelic to G4, E5 was allelic to E9, N2 was allelic to N3, and that three other mutants, E3, G6 and T1, shared the same ms locus. Gene symbols ms-46 (t) through ms-63 (t) were assigned to these mutants.     

Genetic basis of plant regeneration in hexaploid triticale

Summary Glume cultures of monogenic recessive mutants PGTSLS1 (Plant Genetics triticale selection large spike 1) and PGTSLG2 (Plant Genetics triticale selection long grain 2) were employed along with their parent PGTS control (Plant Genetics triticale selection control) and their F1 and F2 progenies, to determine the genetic basis of plant regeneration in hexaploid triticale. The mutant PGTSLS1 exhibited greater efficiency of plant regeneration (22.4%) followed by PGTS control (7.6%) and PGTSLG2 did not exhibit any regeneration. All the three F1's exhibited plant regeneration frequency on par with that of control (6.9–7.3%), suggesting dominant nature of control genotype over the isogenic mutants. The F2 results suggested that genetic control over the high frequency regeneration of PGTSLS1 was monogenic recessive in nature, and genetic control over the recalcitrant nature of PGTSLG2 also was monogenic recessive. The F2 of the cross PGTSLS1 × PGTSLG2 segregated into four classes. Of the 114 F2 plants, 19 showed no regeneration, 70 of them exhibited 6–8% regeneration, 20 of them 19–24% regeneration, and 5 of them exhibited highest frequency regeneration (57–60%). These observations suggest dihybrid segregation for regeneration. The highest frequency of plant regeneration (57–60%) exhibited by 5 F2 plants may be due to the interaction of non-allelic genes in recessive condition. These results clearly demonstrate the association of at least two genes with plant regeneration in hexaploid triticale.     

Genetical and Physiological Investigations on Mutants for Polyenoic Fatty Acids in Rapeseed (Brassies napus L.) III. Breeding Behaviour and Performance*

Rapeseed oil is marked by, 1 too low content of linoleic acid and a too high, content of linolenic acid to meet the nutritional quality requirements. First mutants with a considerably improved poly en OIL fatty acid (t.a.) pattern were low in vigour and seed yield. The present experiments were set out to analyze their mode of inheritance and to check the hypothesis chat a low linolenic acid content of the thylakoid membranes inhibits sufficiently high yields of such mutants for physiological reasons. Six independently induced mutants transmitted the high linoleic and low (or in one cast high linoleic acid content of their seed oil by one recessive gene: two expressed allele mutated allele in an intermediate fashion. Of six double mutants of various origin, three revealed an independent, additive action of two loci for the changed polyenoic f.a. contents, while in the three others the mutant alleles exerted partial dominance over their plus alleles. One or two backcrosses with productive varieties improved the performance of the mutants stepwise over the original types. It is therefore, concluded that mutations towards the desired polyenoic f.a. convent are not necessarily incompatible with high seed yields, when the responsible genes are transferred into an appropriate genetic background. But strong effects of environment on yield, oil content and polyenoic f.a. content of the mutants were still seen in a yield test of second backcross progenies.     

水稻几个披垂叶突变体的表型研究及其遗传分析

随着水稻功能基因组学的发展,水稻突变体已成为研究相关基因功能与表达的良好实验材料。同时,水稻突变体还可以为当今水稻常规育种和分子育种提供新的种质资源。本文主要阐述了几个水稻披垂叶突变体在株型、株高、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重等方面的特征特性,并分析了它们在与正常植株杂交后F1、F2群体表现。研究表明,突变体与野生型正常植株杂交的F1代在经济学性状和生物学性状上均表现出超亲优势,而在F2群体中表现出有规则的分离,3个突变体中披垂叶性状均为隐性基因控制。在突变体材料MR304中,控制披垂性状的为2对隐性基因,其中1对为主效基因。在突变体材料MR168和MR312中,控制披垂性状的均为单隐性基因。     

水稻卷叶基因RL13的遗传分析和分子定位

叶片形态是理想株型的重要指标之一,叶片适度卷曲有利于理想株型的建成,是水稻超高产育种的重要材料。在EMS诱变籼稻缙恢10号群体中发现一个卷叶突变体,表现叶片筒状卷曲,经过多代连续自交,性状稳定,命名为rl₁₃ (rolled leaf 13)。rl₁₃的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量均显著高于野生型对照缙恢10号,类胡萝卜素含量在苗期、孕穗期与野生型相比有显著提高,而抽穗期和成熟期则差异不显著。rl₁₃的三片功能叶的卷曲度与野生型相比均达到极显著差异,但rl₁₃的三片功能叶之间差异不显著。通过石蜡切片分析,突变体叶肉细胞层数变薄,野生型含有的一个较大泡状细胞转变为卷叶突变体的两个大小相近的泡状细胞,导致了叶片弯曲。以该突变体为父本,西农1A为母本配制杂交组合构建F₂遗传群体,结果表明,该卷叶性状由一对隐性核基因控制。选用F₂代分离群体中的1 215个隐性单株作为定位群体,将RL₁₃定位在第6染色体短臂上分子标记RM276和SWU6-1之间,遗传距离分别为1.1 cM和0.2 cM。     

2个水稻矮杆突变体的遗传分析

为了研究水稻矮杆突变体的遗传规律,通过将2个矮杆突变体mini-plant（mp）和矮糵丛生突变体分别与‘明恢63’、‘明恢86’等进行正反交杂交组合,经过田间的性状调查与卡方测定,发现F1代中2个矮杆突变体均为隐性遗传,在F2分离群体中,2个矮杆突变体的遗传规律符合孟德尔的常染色体单基因隐性遗传。因此,可以推断2个水稻矮杆突变体都是由常染色体上的隐性单基因控制。     

Male Sterility in Barley

The anther form and development of eight two-rowed genie male sterile barley mutants are abnormal. The male sterility in each mutant is conditioned by single non-allelic recessive genes. These mutant genes cause reductions in anther size and lumen diameter. Though in seven mutants, the male meiosis is normal until microspore liberation, the micro-spores abort in all cases after release from the PMCs. In one mutant, the microspores degenerate at the tetrad stage before release from the PMCs. In four mutants, the tapetal development and disintegration are normal, in four others they are abnormal. Despite these variations, the male sterility in all the eight mutants is complete.