越南油茶脂肪酸积累及相关基因表达动态分析

越南油茶(Camellia vietnamensis)茶籽油脂肪酸组成差异是影响其营养和医疗保健价值的重要因素,但目前关于其种子油主要脂肪酸含量动态变化及其分子调控机制仍不清楚。本文以16年生越南油茶实生树种子为试验材料,采用索氏提取法提油,采用气相色谱法鉴定脂肪酸种类和测定脂肪酸含量,采用荧光定量PCR法测定4个关键酶基因的相对表达量。结果表明,越南油茶茶籽油中共含有15种脂肪酸,其中棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈油酸和二十四碳一烯酸的含量在其动态变化的不同时期间存在显著变化,且油酸和亚油酸、饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸等的含量之间分别呈极显著负相关关系;8月5日到9月5日是油酸快速积累期,且油酸的积累随着种子的成熟而增加,亚油酸的积累则与之相反;不同脂肪酸含量与控制其转化的关键酶基因相对表达量动态变化特点基本一致,关键酶基因的相对表达量与硬脂酸(底物)、亚麻酸和花生一烯酸(最终的生成物)等含量之间具有极显著的典型性相关性;△9硬脂酰-ACP脱饱和酶基因(SAD)相对表达量与硬脂酸含量的偏相关系数显著且呈负相关,硬脂酸含量与脂肪酸脱饱和酶2基因(FAD2)相对表达量、SAD与FAD2和脂肪酸脱饱和酶3基因(FAD3)相对表达量、亚油酸含量与FAD3基因相对表达量等之间的偏相关系数均显著且呈正相关。可见,越南油茶茶籽油存在棕榈酸向硬脂酸、硬脂酸向油酸、油酸向亚油酸和亚油酸向亚麻酸的直接转化过程,选择合适的采果日期是提高茶籽油不饱和脂肪酸比例的有效手段之一,SAD基因表达增强促进硬脂酸向油酸转化,硬脂酸含量对FAD2基因表达、亚油酸含量对FAD3基因表达、SAD基因表达对FAD2和FAD3基因表达等均表现正调控作用。     

南美油藤种子发育过程的代谢组学和转录组学联合分析

【目的】南美油藤种子油中富含不饱和脂肪酸,是一种具有重要经济价值和应用前景的油料植物。目前影响南美油藤种子油脂合成的关键基因、途径及其调控机理尚未清晰。因此,对南美油藤种子的脂质代谢物的动态变化规律及重要脂肪酸代谢相关调控基因的研究,不仅能够为提高其种子油产量和改善油脂品质提供理论基础,也可为其他木本油料植物高效开发利用提供有价值的参考依据。【方法】选用不同生长阶段的南美油藤种子(形成初期、发育初期、中期、后期、成熟期)为研究对象,结合GC-MC代谢组学技术和高通量转录组测序技术,分析种子发育过程中脂质代谢物含量的动态变化规律,并根据种子不同生长阶段的差异表达基因寻找出脂质代谢物生物合成与累积的关联酶基因。【结果】脂质代谢组学分析发现,南美油藤种子中高含量的α-亚麻酸和亚油酸主要在种子成熟阶段合成与累积,是判别南美油藤种子中脂肪酸缓慢累积时期与快速累积阶段的依据。转录组学分析表明,南美油藤种子成熟阶段前后的基因表达存在显著差异。结合代谢组学与转录组学的分析结果显示,与脂肪酸生物合成和累积相关的6个关键酶基因的表达模式与脂肪酸的合成和累积存在显著的相关性,基因家族的不同成员存在生物学功能的差异性和多样性。其中FAD2-3、FAD7、FATA、KAS2、LACS2、LACS8和SAD酶基因表达与脂肪酸总含量及主要脂肪酸含量呈显著正相关,说明7个酶基因表达对南美油藤种子油脂的合成与累积有促进作用;FAD2-2、KCS1、KCS10和LACS1酶基因与脂肪酸总含量及主要脂肪酸含量呈显著负相关,说明4个酶基因的表达对南美油藤种子油脂的合成与累积具有抑制作用。【结论】南美油藤种子成熟前后脂肪酸含量及差异表达基因存在显著差异,可依据种子中α-亚麻酸和亚油酸的含量变化将种子发育过程划分为脂肪酸缓慢累积和快速累积2个时期;南美油藤种子脂肪酸代谢中的6个关键酶基因的表达模式与脂肪酸的合成和累积存在显著的相关性,且同一基因家族的不同成员在脂肪酸的累积过程中可能具有不同的生物学功能。研究结果可为利用分子生物学技术提高南美油藤种子油产量和改变脂肪酸组分提供备选基因和相应的理论基础。     

米糠膨化浸出制油技术

米糠是糙米碾白时分离出来的糠层和胚平的混合物。每吨稻谷加工成精米可得到6％～8％的米糠,米糠含油量为15％～20％,由于米糠中油酸与亚油酸的比例基本上达到1：1,具有较高的营养价值,同时米糠油中含有较为丰富的类脂,主要有人（90n。a／100g～163mg／1009）,谷维素（2％～3％）,合当醇及其它植物淄醇（3％～3．5％）,所以米糠具有降低血清胆固醇、对心血管疾患具有较高的防治作用,也是目前降低血清胆固醇效果最显著的食用油。但米糠脂质中含有活性较强的解脂酶等,致使米糠发生酸败,使其储存、运输性能极差,给精炼油的制取及应…     

异长叶烷酮合成新型喹唑啉衍生物的研究

以异长叶烷酮为原料,叔丁醇作溶剂,通过缩合得到7-(4'-氟苯亚甲基)异长叶烷酮(FBI),再与盐酸胍环化合成了喹唑啉衍生物4-(4'-氟苯基)-6,6,10,10-四甲基-6a,9-桥亚甲基-5,6,6a,7,8,9,10,10a-八氢苯并[h]喹唑啉-2-胺(FBQ),考察了催化剂种类及用量、反应温度、反应时间以及FBI与盐酸胍的物质的量比对环化反应的影响,并通过正交试验法确定了环化反应的适宜工艺条件。最优工艺条件为:以叔丁醇钾为催化剂,n(t-Bu OK)∶n(FBI)为2.9∶1,反应温度75℃,反应时间14 h,FBI与盐酸胍的物质的量比为1∶4,产物得率达到79.51%。采用FT-IR、MS、1H NMR、13C NMR及X射线单晶衍射等分析手段,确定了产物的结构及空间构型。通过X射线单晶衍射法测定表明,化合物属于三斜晶系,P-1空间群,晶包参数a=0.660 85(9)nm,b=1.175 27(16)nm,c=1.340 65(17)nm,α=86.229(3)°,β=83.094(4)°,γ=77.558(4)°,V=1.008 6(2)nm3,Z=2,DC=1.203 g/cm3,F(000)=392,Mr=365.48,μ=0.078 mm-1,R=0.099 3,wR=0.156 5。     

掌叶木不同种源种子的经济性状

【目的】研究掌叶木种子千粒质量、出仁率、含油率和籽油脂肪酸等经济性状在种源间的差异及变异规律,评估并筛选最优生物柴油原料种源。【方法】以广西乐业、田林、凤山、环江和贵州独山5个种源掌叶木种子为试验材料,测定千粒质量和出仁率后,采用索氏抽提法分别测定种子、种仁和种皮含油率,利用气相色谱法分析籽油脂肪酸组成和含量;对种子经济性状间及其与地理-气候因子进行相关性分析,并对各种源进行聚类分析;基于脂肪酸燃料特性因子对各种源进行评估。【结果】1)各种源间的种皮含油率差异不显著,千粒质量、出仁率、种子和种仁含油率差异均极显著(P<0. 01),此5个性状在种源间变异系数均值为13. 7%,其中凤山种源除种皮含油率外,千粒质量(210. 02 g)、出仁率(68. 89%)、种子含油率[43. 23 g·(100 g)^-1]和种仁含油率[56. 56 g·(100 g)^-1]均最高。2)掌叶木籽油含有14种长链脂肪酸,包括6种饱和脂肪酸、5种单不饱和脂肪酸和3种多不饱和脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸平均质量分数高达94. 08%,种源间变异系数仅为0. 53%; 8种主要脂肪酸(质量分数>1%)占籽油脂肪酸组成的98. 19%,它们在种源间的变异系数均值为7. 21%,其中神经酸平均质量分数(7. 8%)排在已知含有神经酸木本植物第4位。3)相关性分析结果表明:种子含油率与种仁含油率呈极显著正相关(P <0. 01,R=0. 997);除亚麻酸外,主要脂肪酸间均呈较多的显著或极显著相关,这些脂肪酸按碳链长度22划分为2大类群,群内各组分相互促进,群间反促进;千粒质量与亚麻酸、出仁率与饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸、种子含油率与棕榈酸、亚油酸、芥酸和单不饱和脂肪酸均呈极显著相关(P <0. 01),相关系数分别为-0. 983、-0. 964、0. 964、-0. 998、-0. 981、0. 995和0. 976;种子经济性状与地理-气候因子间的相关性不显著。4)聚类分析结果显示:5个种源被分为3组,其中,乐业和独山2个种源聚为一组,田林和环江2个种源聚为一组,凤山种源单独聚为一组。5)掌叶木籽油作为生物柴油原料须分离木焦油酸和神经酸,且不能满足冷滤点-10℃要求,凤山种源各项评估数值均为最优。【结论】掌叶木种子千粒质量、出仁率、种子含油率和种仁含油率等经济性状在种源间存在丰富变异;籽油经济利用价值较高,籽油低温流动性较好,主要脂肪酸质量分数在种源间离散程度和变异幅度均较小,性状稳定;种子经济性状受地理-气候因子影响不显著,在种源间具有随机变异的特点,且广西凤山为最优生物柴油原料种源。     

鹅肉及其副产物的深加工

鹅肉含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪、无机盐和维生素等，由于鹅肉中脂肪含量占１１％，比鸡、鸭都要高，所以吃起来美味可口。鹅肉的脂肪易于消化，其脂肪熔点较低，其中所含的一种必需脂肪酸──亚油酸，占脂肪酸含量的６０％左右，可与植物油媲美。鹅肉属完全蛋白质，其中含有十多种氨基酸，是人体生长发育所必需的。鹅肉中富含维生素Ｅ，由于维生素Ｅ具有抗氧化作用，所以鹅肉不易酸败。鹅的内脏也是众人喜爱的食品，尤其是鹅肝的营养价值超过鹅肉，还有鹅肠、鹅肺等，都是味道鲜美的佳肴和良好的滋补食品。随着我国经济建设的振兴和产业结构的调整，农村养鹅业近年来得到飞速的发展，对鹅肉进行深加工成了当前迫切需要解决问题。我们对鹅肉深加工进行了广泛深人的探讨和研究，并经数年努力成功地开发了香辣鹅、风糟鹅、鹅肉肠、鹅火腿、鹅肝肠、香酥鹅枣、冷香鹅糕、葱爆鹅肠、多味鹅脆片等系列鹅肉深加工方便食品。此系列产品采用现代的工艺技术和科学的配方精制而成，产品风味独特，色香味俱全，采用真空包装，保质期长，携带方便，既适合家庭消费，也适用休闲旅游消费，是馈赠亲朋好友的珍口Ｄ口。 主要生产原料：鹅肉及其内脏、翅、爪等。 技术指标：产品保质期＞１年，产品出品率７７５％。 设备投...     

栽植密度对‘凤丹’结实性状和产量的影响及其籽主要营养成分分析

【目的】探索油用牡丹‘凤丹’的栽培技术,提高产量,改善结实性状。【方法】以‘凤丹’2年生实生苗为材料,设置3种栽植密度(0.4 m×0.6 m、0.4 m×0.5 m、0.3 m×0.6 m),栽植4 a后,研究不同栽植密度对‘凤丹’结实性状及产量的影响,并使用气质联用色谱法对‘凤丹’籽主要脂肪酸和氨基酸成分及其含量进行测定。结实性状指标包括单果果角数、单果种籽鲜质量、鲜出籽率、单果种籽数、百粒种籽质量。【结果】‘凤丹’产量、单果种籽鲜质量、鲜出籽率、单果种籽数、百粒种籽质量等指标均随着栽植密度增加而减小。0.4 m×0.6 m栽植密度条件下,单果鲜质量为29.85 g,单果种籽鲜质量为58.330 g,单果种籽数为68.33,与0.4 m×0.5 m和0.3 m×0.6 m栽植密度处理的差异均达到极显著水平;0.4 m×0.6 m栽植密度条件下,单位面积产量达到2 465.25 kg/hm~2,极显著高于0.3 m×0.6 m栽植密度处理。相关性分析结果表明,‘凤丹’单位面积产量与单果果角数、鲜出籽率有极显著正相关关系,与单果种籽数、百粒种籽质量有显著正相关关系。‘凤丹’籽油不饱和脂肪酸含量为94.48%,其中亚麻酸、亚油酸、油酸含量分别为52.00%、19.84%、22.64%,饱和脂肪酸主要有棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生酸等。‘凤丹’籽含有16种氨基酸,其中谷氨酸含量最高。【结论】‘凤丹’适宜的栽植株行距为0.4 m×0.6 m。‘凤丹’籽油含有较多的不饱和脂肪酸及丰富的氨基酸,可作为营养保健油开发利用。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.