茶苗半叶短穗扦插繁育技术在马边的应用

正马边茶树品种基因资源丰富,品种结构多样化,既有四川群体种又有国家及省级良种,既有茶籽直播无性系繁育种植的茶园又有扦插无性系繁育种植的茶园。马边茶园发展可分为3个阶段:第一阶段为2000年前,以茶籽直播模式为主的老式茶园,面积为4.75万亩,品种以四川群体种、福选九号为主,同时种有少量福鼎大白茶、乌牛早及名山131等品种;第二阶段为2000年至2010年,以外购扦插繁育的良种茶苗为主的无性系茶园,面积为12.43万亩,品种主要以名山131、福鼎大白茶、福选九号为主,同时种有少量乌牛     

平利县无性良种茶园技术推广效益分析

陕西省平利县无性系良种茶园从1992年开始引进试种，1997年扩大引种范围，并着手无性系良种茶苗繁育试验，于1999年筛选出了二个适应平利县栽培种植的国家级茶树良种，摸索出适合平利县大范围推广的新技术，繁育试验也取得了成功，成为当时填补陕西省无性系良种茶苗繁育的空白，为此，从2000年开始正式实施无性系良种茶园技术推广项目，并与有性系茶园（群体品种园）进行对照研究。项目执行期限2000～2012年，共13年，取得了显著的经济效益，现将效益对比分析如下。     

老茶园换种改植技术

老茶园换种改植,是新茶园建设的一部分,是一项科学实用的新技术.针对浙江省人民政府办公厅2001年提出的用10年时间,实现全省茶树无性系良种化60%的要求,各地积极响应,一方面进行无性系良种新茶园的建设,另一方面着重进行老茶园的换种改植.5年来,浙江省开展了良种化工程建设,至2005年春茶结束,全省茶园面积236.06万亩,其中无性系良种茶园面积已达81.99万亩,而在去冬今春种植的无性系良种面积就达12.28万亩,包括换种改植面积2.25万亩.目前,全省无性系良种茶园面积占茶园总面积的34.73%.但要再用5年时间达到无性系良种化60%的预期目标,还需继续努力.     

浙江茶情(1)

1.省政府出台政策扶持良种发展2 0 0 1年底省政府办公厅下发了“关于加快茶树改良的通知”,通知要求 :一是争取到 2 0 1 0年全省无性系良种面积达到 1 1 0万亩 ,占茶园总面积的60 %以上 ,使我省跨入全国茶树无性系良种化先进行列 ;二是要建立完善茶树良种繁育体系 ,这是各级政府抓茶树改良的重要手段。省级在新昌建立茶树良种繁育示范场 ,为全省提供原种接穗与种苗 ,各地要根据需要建设好育苗基地和育苗点 ;三是制定落实有关政策措施。要运用市场机制 ,主要依靠茶农自行解决有关资 ,省政府每年安排一部分茶树改良资金 ,用于省级良种场建设和…     

无性系品种兼用母本园的建立及管理

茶业是浙江省农业产业化支柱产业之一.1999年,全省茶园面积已达190.9万亩,但良种茶园比例较低,无性系良种茶园仅16万亩,占全省茶园总面积的8%,是全国平均水平的一半.因此,大力推广无性系良种已成为浙江省茶叶生产的一项重要任务.为确保茶树良种纯度和种苗质量,同时最大程度地使种植者有好的收益,建立和管理好采叶养穗兼用母本园尤为重要.杭州市茶科所从60年代起就开始良种选择和繁育研究,先后选育成迎霜、翠峰、劲峰、青峰、霜峰等国家级和省级良种,以及十多个新品系.在兼用母本园的建立及管理方面积累了一些经验,现介绍如下.     

加强良种推广工作提高茶叶生产效益

浙江是我国最大的茶叶生产省份,1993年,全省茶园面积已达218万亩,其中采摘茶园面积195.5万亩,茶叶总产量12.2万吨,平均亩产62.4kg。茶叶生产之所以能得到蓬勃的发展,总的来说,一靠政策、二靠科技、三靠投入,其中茶树良种的开发和利用是一个重要因素,尤其是1988年以来,由于重视茶树良种优势的开发,名优茶产量大幅度增长,茶叶生产效益明显提高,使生产者从单纯追求产量转变到“品种、质量、效益”并重。目前,全省各地发展无性系良种茶园的积极性普遍高涨,1991年全省种植无性系良种茶苗3000余万株(其中本省出圃1100万株),发展无性系良种3600亩,占全省当年新发展茶园总面积的45％;1992年种植茶苗6200万株(其中本省出圃4300万株),发展无性系良种茶园8500亩,占当年新发展茶园总面积的89％;1993年冬至1994春出圃无性系良种茶苗9600万株,发展无性系良种茶园近2万亩,基本淘汰了茶籽直播建园,良种的优势在生产中逐步得到体现与发挥。     

依靠科技进步促进闽茶生产稳步发展

科学技术是第一生产力,茶业科技的进步,促进了福建茶业生产稳步发展。解放初期的1949年,全省茶园面积仅27.7万亩,茶叶产量也只有0.3843万吨。实施第一个五年计划的1957年,茶园面积达53万亩,茶叶产量0.70万吨。1959～1961年连续三年遭自然灾害,1962年茶园面积降至46万亩,茶园产量下降至0.43万吨。1978年在党的十一届三中全会精神的鼓舞下,我省茶业生产生机勃勃,1979年全省茶叶产量突破2.2万吨大关,1989年全省茶叶总产又突破5.6万吨,比十一届三中全会前翻一番多。1992年全省茶园面积达187.83万亩,茶叶总产突破7.052万吨,比1991年增长7.99％,是1949年的18.35倍,是1979年的3.2倍。茶叶产量跃居全国第二位。由于各级政府的重视与支持,广大茶农的努力,我省茶叶生产取得了可喜的成绩,表现在:选育无性系茶树良种,审定国家级的茶树良种全国有52个,其中我省占14个,1993年推广无性系良种茶园面积170.41万亩,占全国良种茶园面积的三分之二,占我省茶园面积的85.2％,繁育无性系良种苗木6亿株。机械化采茶茶园面积达60000亩、乌龙茶产量达31585吨,92年占全国乌龙茶总产量的83.54％。全省茉莉花产量约2万吨。茶类品种有红茶、绿茶、乌龙茶、白茶、茉莉花茶五大类。 1993年,我省新发展茶园12万多亩,累计茶园总面积约200万     

东阳茶产业发展现状与提升对策

正一、茶产业发展现状茶产业是浙江东阳市六大农业主导产业之一。近年来东阳市茶产业得到稳步发展,整体水平有了较大提高。名优茶生产加工成为东阳茶产业发展的亮点。全市现有茶园面积48135亩,比2012年增加690亩,增长1.4%;茶叶总产1326吨,总产值14025万元,比2012年增长6123万元。1.健全良繁体系,提高无性系良种覆盖率建立适合本地生长的木禾种无性系良种繁育基地50     

景宁山地无性系良种茶园高效扦插与种植技术

浙江省景宁畲族自治县通过多年探索研究,形成了一套山地无性系良种茶园高效扦插与种植技术,并推广应用于生产,从而使景宁惠明茶产业得以迅速发展。2001～2007年累计开发良种新茶园2.06万亩,从而使全县茶园面积达3.96万亩;其中无性系良种茶园面积2.46万亩,占茶园总面积的62%,名列全省前茅。产业效益大幅提升,2008年产茶1230t,产值1.1亿元。     

宜都市新建无性系良种茶园技术措施

湖北省宜都市地处长江上中游,属武陵山余脉,地势由江汉平原向鄂西山区过渡,是历史上有名的绿茶和“宜红茶”产区。近年来,无性系良种茶园因萌芽整齐适宜机械化生产、成园快投产早、商品质量好、经济效益高而被当地茶农广泛认同,到2013年底,全市共有茶园10．8万亩,其中无性系良种茶园2．5万亩。根据农业部2013年4月下发《关于促进茶叶生产持续健康发展的意见》“力争到2015年全国无性系茶树良种普及率达到60％”的精神要求,宜都市明确提出今后不再用种子直播方法发展茶园。根据该市发展无性系良种茶园20多年的实践经验,总结出如下建园技术措施。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。     

大豆根潜蝇及根腐病的发生与防治

近年来，随着大豆播种面积的增长，受病虫危害日趋严重。特别是大豆根潜蝇（又名根明）与根腐病共同发生危害，严重影响大豆的生产。综合防治技术主要手段是三年以上轮作，适时播种及种衣剂拌种等措施。     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.