不同形态氮在土壤中的转化及对烤烟生长的影响

烤烟吸收不同形态的氮素,对其生长发育和品质形成具有明显的影响[1,2].长期以来,关于铵态氮和硝态氮对烤烟生长和品质的影响,国内外作了大量的研究[3～7],但由于供试土壤及气候条件不同,至今尚无定论.     

植物硅测定中损失硅的确定

植物中的Si主要以蛋白石形式(无定形水合二氧化硅SiO2nH2O,也有报道认为以α-石英石形式)存在[1].无定形二氧化硅在不同介质中有不同的溶解表现,其溶解度在25℃时为70～150 mg/kg[2].如此大的差异是由于SiO2粒子大小、内部水合状态、杂质含量等情况的不同造成的.诸多测定方法中,经典碱熔融法仍然具有不可替代的优点,即共熔使Si转化为可溶性硅酸盐[3].     

土壤和植物中元素含量的Zipf法则描述

土壤中含有人类已经发现的大多数化学元素,构成了植物矿质营养的主要来源.植物体内元素的种类也高达70余种,其含量从10-16到10-1,差异巨大.如果把土壤的化学组成和植物体内必须营养元素组成加以比较,可以看出两者之间存在相当大的差别.其中一些元素在土壤中的含量很高,但植物的需求量很低,如Si、Al、Fe等;而另一些元素在土壤中含量很低,但却是植物需求量较多的元素,如N、P、S;正是这些差异构成了土壤化学组成和植物营养之间关系的基础[1].元素的原子序数即核电荷数决定了元素的内在性质,一般的土壤和植物分析结果也表现出原子序数越大的重金属元素,其在土壤和植物中的含量也越低.Zipf法则由于具有普适性的特点,已被广泛地应用于离散型分布的研究[2],为了解土壤与植物中元素含量与元素原子序数之间存在的关系,利用Zipf法则对土壤与植物体内元素含量与原子序数之间的关系进行了研究.     

烟叶中含氮化合物氮素来源与肥料氮素形态的关系

氮素是影响烟株生长和发育以及烟叶质量的最重要的元素[1].烟叶内的烟碱、醚提物和蛋白质含量及它们之间的比例是影响烟叶内在质量的关键因素.这些化合物的含量与施氮量及施用肥料种类密切相关[2-4].在烟草生产中往往通过减少施氮量或后期终止供氮来控制烟叶含氮量,但效果不佳[5].上部叶烟碱含量高,工业可用性差,造成库存积压严重的问题依然存在.为了探讨烟株后期供氮与氮素来源之间的关系,利用15N-KNO3同位素标记对烟草吸收的氮素和含氮化合物中氮素的来源进行了研究,为合理施用肥料,降低上部叶烟碱含量,提供理论依据.     

有机无机肥配合施用对小麦的增产作用

在有机肥研究中,通常采用不等养分设计[1～5],即在无肥区施用有机肥,或在施用化肥的基础上增施有机肥,但这难以说明是有机肥本身还是有机肥所含有的氮、磷、钾养分的作用.     

铁改性生物炭促进土壤砷形态转化抑制植物砷吸收

通过盆栽试验研究了不同砷污染水平(10、20、40和80 mg/kg)下,添加不同量(10、20和40 g/kg)改性前后的生物炭对土壤砷形态及植物吸收砷规律的影响。该文以棉花秸秆生物炭及改性生物炭(棉花秸秆生物炭与Fe Cl3?6H2O按质量比为20∶1)为试材,小白菜为供试植物。结果表明:生物炭(10~40 g/kg)和改性生物炭(10 g/kg)能促进小白菜的生长,在添加量分别为20和10 g/kg时生物量最大,其最大值分别为8.26和6.68 g/盆,改性生物炭在添加量为10 g/kg时高于对照组和等量未改性生物炭处理组。在砷质量分数为10和20 mg/kg的基础上,添加生物炭(10~40 g/kg)后,土壤中砷主要以残渣态形式存在;水溶态砷分别增加了0.22%~3.36%和0.96%~3.70%;改性生物炭添加对土壤砷质量分数为10 mg/kg时水溶态砷无明显影响,土壤砷质量分数为20 mg/kg时,添加改性生物炭(10~40 g/kg)后水溶态砷减少了0.12%~0.58%。在高浓度(40和80 mg/kg)砷土壤中,水溶态砷含量随着土壤中砷含量的增加而增大;添加生物炭(10~40 g/kg)后,土壤中水溶态砷分别增加了0.21%~1.56%和2.11%~8.94%,但砷主要以铝形砷形式存在,残渣态砷次之。各处理组小白菜可食部分和根部砷质量分数在添加10~40 g/kg生物炭后的变化规律不尽相同,等量的改性生物炭添加后,可食部分由18.28 mg/kg显著降低至2.66 mg/kg(P0.05),根部从133.99 mg/kg显著降低至20.21 mg/kg(P0.05)。改性生物炭与未改性生物炭相比,改性生物炭能降低土壤中水溶态砷的含量及对小白菜吸收砷有显著的抑制作用。因此,该研究可为改性生物炭在含砷土壤的修复应用中提供数据支撑与理论基础。     

An integrated sampling/speciation method for inorganic arsenic in soil solution

Arsenic mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity in soil‐water systems are strongly affected by species distribution. In spite of species‐selective analytical tools, results may be biased by postsampling oxidation or reduction of compounds. The scope of this study was to delineate a speciation method for inorganic arsenic integrated with pore‐water sampling to prevent problems related to postsampling species transformation. Experiments were performed with exchange cartridges packed with quaternary amine (nitrate‐form) to separate anionic arsenate from uncharged arsenite. Standard solutions with varied As(III) : As(V) ratios as well as groundwater and soil‐solution samples were studied. Analyses were performed by ICP‐MS using either extraction cartridges directly coupled to the instrument or samples obtained by offline speciation tests. Results showed that As(III) passes the packed bed with the rinsing solution, while As(V) is retained on the column and can be released by elution with 0.25 M NH₄NO₃. Recoveries between 98% and 116% were insensitive to pH variation (pH 3–8) and competing anions. Groundwater samples from a contaminated site yielded recoveries between 92% and 125% when the sum of As(III) and As(V) was compared to total As. Integration of the speciation scheme with pore‐water sampling was tested in a soil‐column experiment. Soil material from a fen site with elevated geogenic As contents was subjected to a varying moisture regime. Reducing conditions during prolonged saturation caused a marked increase of As(III) concentrations. Conversely, when the soil was drained, total As levels decreased and were dominated by As(V). Overall, extraction results with standard solutions and natural samples indicate reliable performance of the method in experimental investigations and field studies.     

电感耦合等离子体串联质谱测定植物样品中砷含量的去干扰方法研究

植物样品中砷(As)的快速及准确测定对于农产品安全与质量控制意义重大。然而,受样品中存在的钙(Ca)、钾(K)等大量元素导致的多原子离子干扰以及稀土元素钕(Nd)、钐(Sm)所导致的双电荷离子干扰影响,实际植物样品中痕量As的测定具有一定挑战性。本文应用电感耦合等离子体串联质谱(ICP-MS/MS),在4种模式下(无气体模式、 He碰撞模式、 H₂原位反应模式、 O₂质量转移模式),研究不同浓度的Ca、 K和稀土元素对As测定的影响,对比不同模式的干扰消除效果。结果表明,4种模式消除多原子离子干扰的有效性由高到低为O₂质量转移模式>He碰撞模式>H₂原位反应模式>无气体模式,消除双电荷离子干扰的有效性由高到低为O₂质量转移模式>无气体模式> He碰撞模式> H₂原位反应模式。采用ICP-MS/MS在O₂质量转移模式下可无干扰地测定As,该方法线性良好,准确度高,检出限为0.000 2 mg/kg,用...     

The role of tissue culture in preserving threatened and endangered plant species

The impact of human activities on natural ecosystems has become an issue of growing public concern. While not attenuated by the problems of habitat preservation, human activities in certain regions have caused a depletion of many plant species that might otherwise have remained secure in their respective habitats. Several options are available to address this problem. One which has received only minor attention but has great potential for germplasm preservation is tissue culture. Preliminary work with several species of Pediocactus shows great promise for the application of micropropagative technology.     

不同价态无机砷胁迫下水稻秧苗的营养生理与分子响应

为揭示水稻秧苗响应砷胁迫的营养生理机制,以"汕优63"为受体材料,采用水培方法研究了水稻秧苗在不同价态无机砷胁迫下其形态学指标(根长、株高和干重)及植株中N、P、K含量等生理响应,并采用实时荧光定量PCR (FQ-PCR)分析了不同价态无机砷胁迫下水稻秧苗根和叶中与N、P、K吸收相关的4个关键酶基因的表达差异.结果表明,砷胁迫可显著降低水稻的根长、株高、干重,As(Ⅲ)的抑制作用大于As(Ⅴ);As(Ⅲ)主要抑制水稻秧苗对磷、钾的积累,而As(Ⅴ)主要抑制氮的积累;不同价态无机砷胁迫下,水稻秧苗根部,叶部与N、P、K吸收相关的基因表达均下调,且As(Ⅲ)主要影响磷酸根离子转运蛋白和钾离子转运蛋白的表达,而As(Ⅴ)则主要影响硝酸根离子转运蛋白和氨离子转运蛋白的表达.可见,不同价态无机砷胁迫对水稻营养生理机制的影响存在差异.     

Heavy metal, total arsenic, and inorganic arsenic contents of algae food products

The total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury contents of 18 algae food products currently on sale in Spain were determined. The suitability of the analytical methodologies for this type of matrix was confirmed by evaluating their analytical characteristics. The concentration ranges found for each contaminant, expressed in milligrams per kilogram of dry weight, were as follows: total arsenic, 2.3-141; inorganic arsenic, 0.15-88; lead, < 0.05-1.33; cadmium, 0.03-1.9; and mercury, 0.004-0.04. There is currently no legislation in Spain regarding contaminants in algae food products, but some of the samples analyzed revealed Cd and inorganic As levels higher than those permitted by legislation in other countries. Given the high concentrations of inorganic As found in Hizikia fusiforme, a daily consumption of 1.7 g of the product would reach the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake recommended by the WHO for an average body weight of 68 kg. A more comprehensive study of the contents and toxicological implications of the inorganic As present in the algae food products currently sold in Spain may be necessary, which might then be the basis for the introduction of specific sales restrictions.     

Establishing of ‘Reference Plant’ for inorganic characterization of different plant species by chemical fingerprinting

The enormous amount of analytical data produced in environmental trace element research require beside a high degree of quality control a basis for comparability of single analytical values. The establishment of ‘Reference Plant’, comparable to the already existing ‘Reference Man’ by the International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP), can be a useful tool for this type of chemical ‘fingerprinting’. In this paper, various fingerprints of different plant species will be discussed and their comparability demonstrated.     

Cancer risk to Japanese population from the consumption of inorganic arsenic in cooked hijiki

The cancer risk posed by inorganic arsenic (iAs) ingestion via the consumption of hijiki seaweed, a common Japanese food item known to accumulate pentavalent arsenic, was estimated. Fourteen households were asked to supply three portions of cooked hijiki (boiled and fried with vegetables and fried bean curd, etc.), as usually cooked and served per person in each household. The monthly consumption frequency of cooked hijiki was assessed by questionnaire: it was typically two to three times a month in most households. The mean daily consumption of cooked hijiki was estimated to be 6.5 g/day (range = 1.1-14 g/day, median = 5.5 g/day) by multiplying one serving quantity (grams) by the monthly frequency of consumption. The concentration of iAs [As(III) + As(V)] in the cooked hijiki was determined after homogenization, freeze-drying, 0.07 mol/L HCl extraction, and high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICPMS). The concentration of iAs ranged from 0.4 to 2.8 mg/kg (wet weight basis) in the cooked hijiki, and iAs intake from cooked hijiki was calculated to be 0.0005-0.023 mg/day. On the basis of these data and the oral slope factor [1.5E0 (mg/kg/day) (-1)] reported by the U.S. EPA for iAs, the mean skin cancer risk through cooked hijiki consumption was calculated to be 2.4 x 10(-4) (range = 1.6 x 10(-6) -7.0 x 10(-4)), which exceeded the acceptable level of 10(-5). Taking the risk of other cancers (bladder, lung, etc.) into consideration, the contribution to cancer occurrence through the consumption of hijiki seaweed may not be negligible.     

A rapid accurate wet oxidation diffusion procedure for determining organic and inorganic carbon in plant and soil samples

Abstract

A method is presented for determining organic carbon content of soils, extracts and plant tissue utilizing an acidic wet oxidation in modified culture tubes; samples containing carbonates are pretreated with dilute acid. Evolved CO₂ is trapped in a NaOH solution and quantified titrimetrically. The method described has a range of 0.4–11 mg. carbon and the range can be extended in either direction by modifying the CO₂ trapping/titration procedure. This method is as accurate and precise as more time consuming dry oxidation procedures.