抗霉菌毒素添加剂对猪生长性能的影响

为了研究抗霉菌毒素添加剂对猪生长性能的影响,本试验选取体重相近的保育猪60头,随机分成2组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头,对照组保育猪饲喂基础日粮,试验组保育猪饲喂添加0.10%酯化葡甘露聚糖(一种抗霉菌毒素添加剂)的基础日粮,试验期30 d,结果显示,试验组保育猪的料肉比和平均日增重明显高于对照组保育猪的,表明在饲料中添加抗霉菌毒素添加剂可有效提高猪的生长性能,降低饲养成本。     

不同脱霉剂对保育猪粪便中霉菌毒素含量的影响

本试验旨在探究日粮中添加不同脱霉剂产品对保育猪粪便中霉菌毒素含量的影响。将180头饲养密度、体重相近的长白×大白二元杂交保育猪随机分为3组,每组60头,每组设5个重复小组,每个重复小组12头。各组安排如下:对照组(A组)为饲喂正常基础日粮,试验1组(B组)为饲喂正常基础日粮+市售脱霉剂1.0 kg/t,试验2组(C组)为基础日粮+复合处理剂(缉毒特工)1.0 kg/t。试验期28 d。结果表明:1)所有试验组粪便中均检测出相应饲料中存在的霉菌毒素,试验组与对照组间粪便中霉菌毒素排出量差异显著(P0.01);2)同等试验条件下,试验组间粪便中霉菌毒素排出量差异显著(P0.01),复合处理剂(缉毒特工)组粪便中霉菌毒素排出量明显优于市售脱霉剂组(P0.01);3)缉毒特工与市售脱霉剂相比,对伏马毒素B1的增加排出与玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素的增加排出差异显著(P0.01)。因此,猪日粮中添加霉菌毒素复合处理剂缉毒特工可有效处理猪体内霉菌毒素,降低猪场霉菌毒素风险。     

提高猪肉风味的饲料对育肥猪血液生化指标的影响

选择临床健康、70日龄的杜长大三元杂交仔猪60头，随机分成试验组和对照组，每组30头。对照组只喂给基础日粮，试验组饲喂提高猪肉风味的饲料，两组均在同一条件下，按常规方法饲养管理，饲喂90天结束试验。试验结束后，空腹耳静脉采血，离心分离血清，测定血清中14项生化指标。试验结果表明，提高猪肉风味的饲料对肥育猪血液各项生化指标无明显影响。     

提高猪肉风味的饲料对育肥猪血液生化指标的影响

选择临床健康、70日龄的杜长大三元杂交仔猪60头,随机分成试验组和对照组,每组30头。对照组只喂给基础日粮,试验组饲喂提高猪肉风味的饲料,2组均在同一条件下,按常规方法饲养管理,饲喂90d结束试验。试验结束后,空腹耳静脉采血,离心分离血清,测定血清中14项生化指标。试验结果表明,提高猪肉风味的饲料对肥育猪血液各项生化指标无明显影响。     

霉菌毒素降解剂对保育猪生长性能和抗氧化功能的影响

为研究含黄曲霉毒素饲料中添加霉菌毒素降解剂对保育猪生长性能和抗氧化功能的影响,选取50头42日龄健康保育猪,随机分为5组,每组10头;空白对照组饲喂基础饲粮,阳性对照组在基础饲粮中添加400 mg/t黄曲霉毒素B1,3个试验组分别在阳性对照组饲粮中添加0.05％、0.10％和0.20％霉菌毒素降解剂,试验期21 d.结果表明,添加0.1％和0.2％霉菌毒素降解剂能够提高保育猪日增重、日采食量和饲料转化率,消除黄曲霉毒素对保育猪生长性能的危害;降低保育猪血清丙二醛(MDA)含量,提高血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),减轻黄曲霉毒素造成的氧化损伤.     

黄芪与当归提取物对育肥猪血清生化、免疫及抗氧化指标的影响

为探究黄芪与当归提取物对肥猪血清生化、免疫及抗氧化指标的影响,本试验选取48头年龄相近、体重在87.38±0.62 kg的"杜×长×大"三元杂交的阉猪,随机分为两组,对照组和试验组.每组4个重复,每个重复6头,公母各半,进行了饲养试验.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组基础日粮+0.5％的黄芪与当归中药提取物添加剂.本次试验共进行49 d,预饲期7 d.试验结束后,采血测定肥猪的血清生化指标、血清免疫指标、血清抗氧化指标的相关数据.结果:试验组中的甘油三酯低的含量显著升高(p<0.05);试验组的血清中总抗氧化能力、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶均差异极显著(p<0.01).因此,黄芪与当归提取物可提高育肥猪血清抗氧化能力.     

益生菌发酵复方中草药对育肥猪血清生化指标和抗氧化力的影响

文章旨在研究益生菌发酵复方中草药对育肥猪血清生化指标和抗氧化力的影响。试验将48头体重相近[（30.43±0.32）kg]、健康状况良好的育肥猪（杜×长×大）随机分为3组，每组4个重复，每个重复4头，公母各半。对照组饲喂基础日粮，试验A、B组分别在基础日粮中添加0.5%和1.0%的益生菌发酵复方中草药，试验为期30?d。结果表明：（1）与对照组相比，试验组血清中TP和ALB含量均提高，其中试验B组分别提高11.83%和5.47%(P <0.05)；试验组血清中GPT、GOT含量低于对照组（P> 0.05）；试验A、B组血清中BUN含量分别降低18.30%和23.11%(P <0.05)。（2）与对照组相比，试验组血清中T-AOC、GSH-Px和SOD的含量均显著升高（P <0.05）,MDA含量显著降低（P <0.05）。综上所述，在日粮中添加益生菌发酵复方中草药可提高育肥猪血清生化指标和抗氧化力，为益生菌发酵中草药在育肥猪生产中的应用提供依据。     

霉菌毒素吸附剂对荷斯坦牛产奶性能及免疫功能的影响

本研究采用配对试验设计,选择年龄、胎次、产奶量、泌乳天数相近的荷斯坦牛30头,随机分成两组,每组15头,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮基础上饲喂复合霉菌毒素吸附剂20g/(头·d),其他饲养管理方式不变。预饲期7d,正试期63d,分别测定产奶量、乳成分、血液生化指标、抗氧化能力及免疫调节功能指标。结果表明,饲粮中添加复合霉菌毒素吸附剂对奶牛产奶量及乳成分无显著影响(P>0.05),试验组较对照组乳中黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和伏马毒素分别降低了13.36%(P<0.05)、8.64%(P<0.05)、3.75%(P>0.05),血清中黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮和伏马毒素分别降低20%(P<0.05)、14.62%(P<0.05)、13.88%(P<0.05)。两组血液生化指标及抗氧化指标差异不显著(P>0.05),试验组的IL-1、IL-6水平低于对照组,但差异不显著(P>0.05),TNF-α含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。以上结果提示在不影响泌乳牛正常生产性能情况下,使用复合霉菌毒素吸附剂可以降低奶牛体内及乳中霉菌毒素的残留。     

牧草青贮料缓解肥育猪热应激效果的研究

为探索牧草青贮料作为肥育猪抗热应激原料的可行性,选用48头体重78kg左右的杜长大三元肉猪,将其分成2组,即对照组和试验组(青贮料添加组),每组设4个重复,每个重复6头。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮添加牧草青贮料。测定试验猪乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、丙二醛(MDA)等血清生化指标、主要营养物质表观消化率及生产性能。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组猪血清LDH、CK、AST、ALT和MDA含量显著降低,猪对总能量、粗蛋白和粗纤维的表观消化率显著提高,但在相同投喂量的情况下对肥育猪的平均日增重影响不大。     

脱霉剂对保育猪病亡率及粪便中霉菌毒素含量影响

本试验旨在探究日粮中添加不同脱霉剂产品对保育猪病亡率及粪便中霉菌毒素含量的影响,将419头饲养密度、体重相近的长白×大白二元保育猪随机分为7组,每组62头,每组设3个重复小组,每个重复小组约20头。各组安排如下：试验1组为饲喂正常基础日粮对照组（58头）;试验2组为基础日粮＋0.5kg/t缉毒特工（60头）;试验3组为基础日粮＋0.5kg/t市售脱霉剂（63头）;试验4组为基础日粮＋1kg/t缉毒特工（59头）;试验5组为基础日粮＋1kg/t市售脱霉剂（61头）;试验6组为基础日粮＋2kg/t缉毒特工（61头）;试验7组为基础日粮＋2kg/t市售脱霉剂（57头）,试验期45天。结果表明：1）各添加脱霉剂组的腹泻率,阴户红肿率以及死亡率显著优于空白对照组（P〈0.01）,同剂量组间比较,缉毒特工组的病亡率低于市售脱霉剂组,且试验6组的病亡率均优于对照组和其它各试验组（P〈0.01）。2）试验期添加脱霉剂的各试验组粪便中ZEN（玉米赤霉烯酮）和DON（脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇）的排出量显著多于对照组（P〈0.01）,且随脱霉剂添加剂量增加,ZEN和DON排出量呈增加趋势。同剂量组间,添加缉毒特工组的排出量显著多于添加市售脱霉剂组。因此添加霉菌毒素复合处理剂缉毒特工可有效处理猪体内霉菌毒素,改善病亡状况,同时对其免疫力也起一定的积极作用。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -