中药饲料添加剂对奶牛泌乳性能的影响

选用党参、白术、黄芪、当归、川芎、益母草、王不留行、丝瓜络、路路通、甘草等中药组成饲料添加剂,对中国荷斯坦奶牛进行不同剂量的添加试验,测定奶牛产奶量、乳脂、乳蛋白、乳糖含量.结果表明：中药饲料添加剂可以显著提高奶牛产乳量（P＜0.05）,对牛奶成分无显著影响（P＞0.05）.中药饲料添加剂的作用与添加剂量有关,以150～200g/d为宜.     

大豆黄酮对奶牛免疫功能和血清及乳中激素水平的影响

研究口服大豆黄酮对奶牛免疫功能和血清及乳中GH(生长激素)、PR(L催乳素)、S(S生长抑素)水平的影响。结果表明:①大豆黄酮能明显提高血清及乳中特异性抗体水平,表明奶牛整体和乳腺器官的体液免疫功能明显增强;②奶牛血清及乳中GH、PRL含量明显高于对照组,而血清SS含量显著低于对照组。实验结果提示:垂体GH、PRL、和体内SS可能参与了大豆黄酮对奶牛免疫功能的调节过程。     

大豆黄酮对奶牛免疫功能和血清及乳中几种激素水平的影响

研究口服大豆黄酮对奶牛免疫功能和血清及乳中生长激素(GH)、催乳素(PRL)、生长抑素(SS)水平的影响。结果表明：1)大豆黄酮能明显提高血清及乳中特异性抗体水平,表明奶牛整体和乳腺器官的体液免疫功能明显增强。2)奶牛血清及乳中GH、PRL含量明显高于对照组,而血清SS含量显著低于对照组。本实验结果提示垂体GH、PRL和体内SS可能参与了大豆黄酮对奶牛免疫功能的调节过程。     

富铬酵母对热应激奶牛生产性能、血清指标及血浆和牛奶中微量元素含量的影响

本试验旨在研究富铬酵母对热应激奶牛生产性能、血清指标及血浆和牛奶中微量元素含量的影响。选取产奶量[(28.9±1.4) kg/d]、泌乳天数[(105±5) d]、胎次(2～3胎)相近和健康状态良好的泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛20头,随机分为4组,每组5头。对照组(CON组)饲喂不添加富铬酵母的基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮精料中添加0.4(Cr-0.4组)、0.8(Cr-0.8组)、1.2 mg/kg(Cr-1.2组)的富铬酵母(以铬计)。预试期14 d,正试期56 d。结果表明:1)随着富铬酵母添加剂量的增加,奶牛直肠温度和呼吸频率呈线性下降(P0.05)。2)随着富铬酵母添加剂量的增加,奶牛干物质采食量、产奶量和乳蛋白率呈线性升高(P0.05)。3)随着富铬酵母添加剂量的增加,血清尿素氮含量呈线性升高(P0.05),血清葡萄糖含量呈先升高后降低的二次曲线变化(P0.05)。Cr-0.8组血清葡萄糖含量显著高于CON和Cr-1.2组(P0.05)。4)随着富铬酵母添加剂量的增加,血清超氧化物歧化酶活性和总抗氧化能力呈线性升高(P0.05),血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性呈先升高后降低的二次曲线变化(P0.05),血清丙二醛含量呈先降低后升高的二次曲线变化(P0.05)。5)随着富铬酵母添加剂量的增加,血清胰岛素、皮质醇和甲状腺素含量呈线性升高(P0.05),血清胰高血糖素和催乳素含量呈先升高后降低的二次曲线变化(P0.05),血清三碘甲状腺原氨酸含量呈先降低后升高的二次曲线变化(P0.05)。其中,Cr-0.4和Cr-0.8组血清胰高血糖素和催乳素含量显著高于CON组(P0.05),Cr-0.4和Cr-0.8组血清三碘甲状腺原氨酸含量低于CON组(P0.05)。6)随着富铬酵母添加剂量的增加,血浆中铬和锰及牛奶中铬含量呈线性升高(P0.05),牛奶中铬和锰含量呈先升高后降低的二次曲线变化(P0.05)。Cr-0.8组血浆中铬含量显著高于CON和Cr-0.4组(P0.05);Cr-0.4、Cr-0.8、Cr-1.2组牛奶中铬含量显著高于CON组(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加0.8 mg/kg富铬酵母可以改善热应激奶牛生产性能。饲粮中添加适宜剂量的富铬酵母可以降低血清尿素氮含量,调节血清激素含量,提高机体抗氧化能力,增加血浆及牛奶中铬含量。     

中药饲料添加剂对泌乳中后期奶牛产奶性能的影响

选用泌乳日平均为140日龄的奶牛100头,随机分为对照组和试验组,每组50头。采用单因子试验设计。以饲喂基础日粮组为对照组,试验组日粮中添加100 g的中药饲料添加剂,预饲期1周,正式试验期6周。结果表明:①泌乳中后期奶牛日粮添加中药饲料添加剂6周后,试验组奶牛平均日产奶量比对照组奶牛少降低2.48 kg(P0.05)。②乳中脂肪、蛋白、干物质含量均有增加趋势,乳糖含量略有降低,但差异不显著(P0.05)。结论:中药饲料添加剂对泌乳中后期奶牛具有缓解产奶量下降的作用,并显著降低乳中体细胞数量。     

铅染毒和新城疫疫苗免疫对蛋用鹌鹑血清甲状腺激素(T_3、T_4)、生长激素和皮质醇含量的影响

采用2×5因子试验设计研究了铅染毒和新城疫(ND)疫苗免疫对蛋用黄羽鹌鹑血清三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)、生长激素(GH)和皮质醇含量的影响。结果表明,试验35 d后,ND疫苗免疫可提高三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)的浓度(P0.01);但铅染毒对血清T3的含量影响不显著(P0.05)。ND疫苗免疫和铅染毒对鹌鹑血清T4、GH和皮质醇的含量均无显著影响(P0.05)。     

一种中药复方饲料添加剂对肉仔鸡免疫功能的影响

选用40只1日健康AA肉仔鸡随机分成4组,分别饲喂基础日粮＋金霉素、基础日粮＋中药复方饲料添加剂1、基础日粮＋中药复方饲料添加剂2、基础日粮＋中药复方饲料添加剂3,以研究不同水平中药复方饲料添加剂对42日龄肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫器官、睥淋巴细胞增殖指数、血清中白介素-4和干扰素-7含量的影响。结果表明,基础El粮＋中药复方饲料添加剂1组在对肉仔鸡生长性能、脾淋巴细胞增殖指数和血清中白介素-4含量的影响中均有显著效果,可有效提高淋巴细胞和细胞因子的免疫调节功能。     

一种中药复方饲料添加剂对肉仔鸡免疫功能的影响

选用40只1日健康AA肉仔鸡随机分成4组,分别饲喂基础日粮+金霉素、基础日粮+中药复方饲料添加剂1、基础日粮+中药复方饲料添加剂2、基础日粮+中药复方饲料添加剂3,以研究不同水平中药复方饲料添加剂对42日龄肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫器官、脾淋巴细胞增殖指数、血清中白介素-4和干扰素-γ含量的影响。结果表明,基础日粮+中药复方饲料添加剂1组在对肉仔鸡生长性能、脾淋巴细胞增殖指数和血清中白介素-4含量的影响中均有显著效果,可有效提高淋巴细胞和细胞因子的免疫调节功能。     

中药饲料添加剂对奶牛免疫机能的影响

根据传统的中兽医理论和现代的中药研究成果，以源自天然的毒副作用小、无残留、不易产生耐药性的中药为原料，制成无抗生素的集“增乳、保健、安全”为一体的复合型绿色饲料添加剂。试验表明，该中药饲料添加剂可以显著提高奶牛的生产性能，增强机体抗病力，为了解中药饲料添加剂对奶牛免疫机能的影响，解释中药饲料添加剂的抗病机理，进行了试验。     

中草药饲料添加剂提高牛奶产量及质量的试验

2015年8月至10月,在富农牛羊养殖基地用中草药饲料添加剂加入奶牛饲料中饲喂奶牛,观察奶牛产奶量及质量的变化。一个多月的试验表明:将该饲料添加剂饲喂奶牛后,奶牛明显地增加了产乳量,产奶量提高了12.6%～17.26%,并且改善了牛奶的品质。使用该饲料添加剂对奶牛还具有保胎、驱虫和防病等效果,对饲料还可防止其霉变。对中草药饲料添加剂进行营养成分测定,其中蛋白质含量为12.29%,粗脂肪为2.66%、钙含量为1.8%、磷含量为0.22%。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.