The influence of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on the cooking quality of potatoes

Summary The assessment system, worked out by the “Potato Quality” Working Group of the E.A.P.R. for the investigation of varieties, proved to be a useful system for investigating the influence of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on the cooking quality of potatoes. In addition to the influence of variety and “year” potassium, and especially nitrogen fertilization were in certain cases very important to the texture of cooked potatoes, but the response of the potatoes to fertilization greatly depends on other growing conditions, in this case possibly the quantity of water in the soil. Whenever nitrogen had any influence on texture properties, theEigenheimer variety always responded with a decrease in mealiness and dryness and with an increase in consistency, but the response of theLibertas variety was sometimes curvilinear. The influence of potassium was not very clear, although in most cases the specific gravity of the potatoes showed a marked response. No interaction between nitrogen and potassium fertilization with respect to texture was ever observed. The response of the foliage of the potatoes in the field, the yield and the specific gravity of the harvested potatoes afforded a very poor indication of the response of texture properties to fertilization. The colour of cooked potatoes of theEigenheimer variety was in some cases influenced by nitrogen fertilization, yellowness decreasing with increasing nitrogen fertilization. The influence of “year” on after-cooking discoloration was considerable, but fertilization also had a great influence, especially in the case of theLibertas variety, discoloration increasing with increasing nitrogen fertilization. Potassium fertilization sometimes counteracted to a certain extent the detrimental effect of nitrogen and in some cases the influence of nitrogen was greater when the potassium level was lower. As there were frequent interactions between “years” and fertilization this means that the response of after-cooking discoloration to fertilization probably depends on other growing conditions.

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Zusammenfassung Die w?hrend den Jahren 1957, 1958 und 1959 angelegten Feldversuche hatten den Zweck, den Einfluss der Stickstoff- und Kalidüngung auf die Speisequalit?t der Kartoffeln zu überprüfen. Als Düngermengen wurden den beiden VersuchssortenLibertas undEigenheimer 0, 60, 120, 180 und 240 kg N/ha in Kombination mit 0, 150 und 300 kg K₂O/ha abgegeben. Die Bonitierung der Speisequalit?t erfolgte nach dem durch die der Europ. Gesellschaft für Kartoffelforschung angeschlossenen Arbeitsgruppe “Qualit?tsprüfung” ausgearbeiteten Beurteilungsschema. Geprüft wurden jeweils drei Knollenmuster pro Düngungsnorm. Die Prüfungen wurden durch zwei eingearbeitete Experten getrennt durchgeführt. Nebst der Sorte und dem Versuchsjahr war unter bestimmten Bedingungen der Einfluss der Kali-und vor allem der Stickstoffdüngung auf die Textureigenschaften der Knolle bedeutend, doch letzteres trat nicht auf allen Versuchsfeldern in Erscheinung und schien auch ziemlich unabh?ngig vom Einfluss der Düngung auf den Ertrag und auf das spezifische Gewicht der Knolle zu sein. Es konnte auf mehreren Versuchsfeldern ein deutlicher Einfluss der Düngung auf die Krautentwicklung, den Ertrag und das spezifische Gewicht nachgewiesen werden, ohne dass sich dies auf eine Ver?nderung der Textureigenschaften der Knolle ausgewirkt h?tte. Teilweise konnte aber auch das Gegenteilige beobachtet werden. Wenn ein Einfluss der N-Düngung auf die Textur (Zerkochen, innere und ?ussere Mehligkeit, Trockenheit und Konsistenz) festzustellen war, so ?usserte er sich bei der SorteEigenheimer durch eine Abnahme der Mehligkeit und Trockenheit und eine Zunahme der Konsistenz, w?hrenddem sich beiLibertas eine Optimumkurve herausstellte. Der Einfluss von Kali war nicht deutlich. So nahm in einigen F?llen beiLibertas die Konsistenz, beiEigenheimer die Mehligkeit zu, doch konnte auch der umgekehrte Fall eintreten. Auf Grund der bisweilen zwischen dem Jahrgang und der Düngung festgestellten Interaktionen darf angenommen werden, dass der Einfluss der Düngung auf die Textureigenschaften deutlich von den übrigen Wachstumsbedingungen abh?ngig ist. In dieser Beziehung muss auch an die Unterschiede in der Bodenfeuchtigkeit gedacht werden, doch ist diesbezüglich unser Material zu gering, um sichere Rückschlüsse zu ziehen. Im Gegensatz zur SorteLibertas, wo die Düngung auf die Fleischafarbe der gekochten Knollen praktisch keinen Einfluss ausübte, war bei der SorteEigenheimer in einigen F?llen ein Aufhellen des Fleisches mit zunehmender N-Düngung feststellbar. Speziell beiLibertas übten Jahrgang und Düngung einen deutlichen Einfluss auf die Intensit?t der Verf?rbung des Knollenfleisches nach dem Kochprozess aus. Mit steigenden N-Gaben nahm die Verf?rbung merklich zu. Unter gewissen Bedingungen wirkte die Kalidüngung der nachteiligen Wirkung des Stickstoffes entgegen. Anderseits war in einigen F?llen eine Interaktion zwischen diesen beiden N?hrstoffen zu erkennen: mit abnehmender Kali-Düngung nahm der Einfluss des Stickstoffes zu. Im weitern kam manchmal auch eine Interaktion zwischen dem Jahrgang und der Düngung zum Ausdruck, so dass die Schlussfolgerung gezogen werden muss, dass die Reaktion der Verf?rbung des Knollenfleisches auf die Düngung ebenfalls von andern Wachstumsfaktoren beeinflusst wird.

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Résumé Dans le but d'apprécier l'influence de la fumure sur la qualité culinaire des pommes de terre, nous avons organisé nos essais de la fa?on suivante: Les diverses parcelles expérimentales re?urent: 0, 60, 120, 180 et 240 unités d'azote à l'hectare, ainsi que 0, 150 ou 300 unité de potasse à l'hectare pour les variétés considérées:Libertas etEigenheimer, durant les années 1957, 1958 et 1959. Les essais furent successivement conduits en sol sablonneux sec et en sol sablonneux humide. La qualité culinaire fut appréciée au moyen de trois échantillons pour chacune des deux variétés, par deux experts utilisant à cet effet un barème de taxation selon les dispositions définies par le groupe “Qualité de la pomme de terre” de l'Association européenne pour la recherche sur la pomme de terre. En dehors de l'effet attribuable à la variété et à l'année, la fumure potassique et surtout la fumure azotée ont une influence propre sur les propriétés de la texture. Cette influence ne se manifeste pas sur tous les champs d'essais et de plus, le rendement et le poids spécifique n'y sont guère sensibles. On pouvait remarquer dans quelques cas, soit une influence importante de la fumure sur le développement de l'appareil végétatif, sur le rendement et sur le poids spécifique et aucune sur la composition de la texture, soit le contraire. Si on observait une influence de la fumure azotée sur la texture (l'état farineux, la consistance de la chair et la sécheresse) celle-ci se manifestait avecEigenheimer par une diminution de l'état farineux, de la sécheresse et par une augmentation de la fermeté, tandis que surLibertas. on notait une courbe maxima. Dans certains cas, la consistance des tubercules deLibertas et l'état farineux desEigenheimer augmentaient avec la quantité de potasse apportée, mais on pouvait aussi constater le contraire. Comme il y avait un certain rapport entre l'année et la fumure apportée, on pouvait penser que la modification des propriétés de la texture lui est due. On pourrait aussi penser que l'humidité du sol joue un r?le, mais nos données sont insuffisantes pour pouvoir étre affirmatif. AvecLibertas, la couleur des tubercules cuits variat très peu en fonction de la fumure, mais avecEigenheimer ils devenaient moins jaunes avec une augmentation du nombre d'unités d'azote. Spécialement avecLibertas, le noircissement après cuisson, dont l'importance est proportionnelle à la quantité d'azote apportée, était aussi influencé par l'année. On put aussi remarquer que, dans certains cas, la potasse faisait diminuer l'effet du noircissement d? à l'azote. Enfin, comme on a vu qu'il peut y avoir une relation entre l'année et la fumure apportée, le fait d'observer une augmentation du noircissement en fonction de la fumure n'est pas suffisant pour conclure. Il faut aussi rechercher d'autres causes intervenant durant la végétation.

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The author was stationed at the Provinciaal Onderzoekeentru voor de Landbouw in Drenthe, Oostersingel 21a, Assen, Netherlands, by the Institute for Storage and Processing of Agricultural Produce (I.B.V.L.), Wageningen.     

Effect of K fertilization on yield and leaf nutrient concentrations of potatoes grown on a sandy soil

A large percentage of winter and spring potatoes (Solanum tuberosum, L.) grown in the USA is produced in northeast Florida (NEF) on sandy soils with low cation exchange capacity. Maintaining adequate K nutrition is a major concern. A study was conducted on an Elzey fine sand (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Typic Humaquept) in NEF to relate yield and leaf K to soil and fertilizer K levels. In 1981, Mehlich-I soil K in the 0–15 cm depth averaged 73 mg/kg. Yields of 35 t/ha were obtained without any K fertilization and no response to K sidedressed at rates up to 70 kg/ha was obtained. In the following three years, soil K prior to fertilization was < 40 mg/kg. In 1982 and 1983, significant differences in yield were obtained as a result of K fertilization at planting at rates up to 186 kg/ha. In 1984, no yield differences were obtained with K fertilizer rates ranging from 94 to 280 kg/ha. Differences in maximum tuber yields from year to year were related to the number of growing-degree days accumulated between planting and harvest. Yield-leaf K relationships for leaf samples taken late in the season showed that the critical leaf K concentration for 35 t/ha yields was no more than about 20 g/kg; that for yields approaching 40 t/ha was no more than about 45 g/kg. The results of this study indicated that current K fertilizer recommendations are higher than necessary for the yields being obtained by most NEF potato growers.     

Cotyledon thermal behavior and pectic solubility as related to cooking quality in common beans

The characteristic of proteins, starch and pectic substances in cotyledons of two bean cultivars varying in cooking time were determined to investigate their possible contribution to bean cooking quality. Both cultivars showed the same enthalpies of starch gelatinization but different protein denaturation enthalpies. The proportion of hot water soluble pectins was higher in Michigan, the cultivar with the lower cooking time, than in Ojo de Cabra, the cultivar with the higher cooking time. These results were not due to differences in pectin methylation or in the ratio of monovalent to divalent cations in the tissue, suggesting that in fresh beans the β-elimination reaction is not the sole or predominant route of thermal pectin degradation. Overall, this study indicates that varietal differences in bean cooking quality may be reflections of the rate of pectin loss during soaking/heating and that the thermal properties of starch and protein fractions seem to have a minor contribution. Researchers involved in this study propose that in fresh beans, the thermal pectin loss results from a two step mechanism: pectin enzymic breakdown during the bean soaking followed by thermal solubilization rather than β-elimination during the bean heating.     

植物钾、钙、镁素营养的研究进展

总结了近年来植物钾、钙、镁素营养方面的研究应用,综述了植物对钾、钙、镁素营养的吸收、互作关系及其生理作用,并提出需要解决的问题。     

Shear press determinations of the raw product as a possible tool for quality measurement of potatoes

Texture determinations were made with a Food Technology Corporation shear press on Russet Burbank and Norgold tubers as they grew and developed from July 1 until October 15, 1970. Shear force reading increased as Russet Burbank tubers grew and increased in dry matter content. However, no increase in shear force was obtained with growth and development of the Norgold variety. Tubers harvested in the Fall were placed in 48 F storage and separated into specific gravity groups in increments of 0.005 with a brine solution. As specific gravity of the Russet Burbank variety increased, shear force readings also increased. Shear force of the Norgold Russet did not change with specific gravity changes. A very high correlation was obtained between raw shear force readings of specific gravity groups (Russet Burbank) and processed frozen french, fries of the same lots which were finish fried and shear force readings made within 3 minutes after removal from the fryer. Again, the correlation between raw shear force readings and finish fry readings of Norgold Russet was very poor, although the finish fry product readings increased as specific gravity increased.     

Sodium, potassium and calcium concentrations in varieties of Dactylis glomerata

Twelve varieties of cocksfoot, Dactylis glomerata L., were analysed for three mineral elements (Na, K, Ca) and their dry matter (DM) yields were measured in pot and field trials. Among these characteristics there were strong varietal differences in Na concentration, whereas in other cases the varietal differences were less significant. The concentrations of individual mineral elements were, in most cases, independent of yield and of one another.
Parent plants and their clonal derivatives were highly correlated in Na and Ca concentration as well as in DM yield. Tiller size or position on the parental plant had no significant effects on the mineral concentrations or DM yields of clones derived from separated tillers.
Within varieties continuous variation was observed for Na concentration and the range of variation increased with increasing mean Na concentration. When plants were grown under different experimental conditions there was a high repeatability in Na concentration within varieties over cuts and years. This result was taken as an indication of a strong genetic basis for Na concentration. The results obtained in this study show that it is possible to develop grass varieties of defined potential Na concentration.     

水稻土施钙、硼对花生养分吸收及产量品质的影响

通过田间试验研究了南方典型酸性土壤施用钙硼对花生生长、产量和品质的影响.结果表明:单施钙能促进营养物质从营养体向荚果转运调节花生生长、改善花生品质;花生种仁蛋白质含量比对照提高6.95%.单施硼增产效果明显,比对照高3.96%;花生种仁粗脂肪含量提高5.70%.钙、硼配施促进各种营养元素吸收和积累,增产效果显著,达到10.82%;花生种仁粗脂肪和蛋白质含量分别提高7.73%和6.48%.显著改善花生品质.     

Glycoalkaloid content, cooking quality and sensory evaluation of early introductions of potatoes into New Zealand

Summary The indigenous Maori people quickly adopted early introductions of potatoes into New Zealand. These early cultivars known as Maori Potatoes are smaller in size and differently coloured when compared to modern potato cultivars and are thought to have remained unselected. The glycoalkaloid content of tubers ranged from 38.7 to 142.6 mg kg⁻¹ (mean 76.5). A taste test conducted on 10 different cultivars showed that they were generally well accepted; however all panellists noted a slightly bitter after taste in some of the cultivars. The texture and flavour were within acceptable limits for all the cultivars tested.