新疆农业高效节水工程资产运行管理模式比较分析

新疆农业高效节水工程项目资产运行管理模式是在新疆节水灌溉工程大规模建设过程中逐渐形成的,在对新疆农业高效节水工程项目资产管理模式归纳总结的基础上,对各种模式优缺点采用定性分析的方法进行了比较,分析了存在的问题,对进一步提高节水工程项目资产管理水平提出了一些建议。     

基于DEA方法的新疆农业高效节水技术效率分析

运用DEA方法,对新疆及各地州农业高效节水技术的技术效率进行了测定。自2007年以来新疆农业高效节水技术效率2011年、2013年和2014年未达到最优,在全疆14个地州中有7个地州未达到最优,存在投入冗余和产出不足。提出今后新疆高效节水技术持续发展中财政补助资金投入要有针对性,加大南疆区域的农业高效节水力度,建立和完善工程项目资产产权管理和增加科技投入等对策建议。     

农业高效节水灌溉模式选择研究进展

随着节水农业的发展,高效节水灌溉成为破解农业水资源短缺的关键途径,因地制宜选择适应区域可持续发展需要的高效节水灌溉模式尤为重要,但农业高效节水灌溉模式选择研究中仍存在一系列的难题亟待解决.通过分析农业高效节水灌溉模式选择的影响因素、综合绩效评价和风险等相关研究成果,发现影响因素指标选取较为随意,偏重性较强,缺乏一套规范、科学的指标选取标准;综合绩效评价层次众多,动态变量和不确定性因素波动大,社会绩效和生态环境绩效难以量化,缺乏统一公认的绩效评价指标体系和与其配套的实用评价模型;高效节水灌溉模式的选择受到众多风险因子制约,其风险因子分类识别较为复杂,选择风险与灌溉绩效之间的定量关系难以确定等问题,并对未来农业高效节水灌溉模式研究的发展趋势进行了展望.     

农业管理节水技术应用分析

节水农业是综合气候、水、土和作物资源研究于一体的系统工程.为此,通过对现有节水技术的分析,着重从管理节水方法进行研究,并将其结合计算机信息技术嵌入到节水管理系统中,从管理角度阐述了农业管理节水技术的节水潜力以及在农业生产活动中不可忽视的作用.     

节水增粮项目建设存在问题及对策研究

随着全球气候的变暖,极端干旱等天气的频发,辽宁省高产、稳产农业生产受到了制约.为此,发展节水增粮工程项目建设是当前新形势的要求,也是经济社会发展的必然之路.本文阐述了节水增粮工程项目建设的重要意义,同时针对辽宁省当前高效节水项目建设存在的主要问题,提出了一系列相应的保障措施,确保节水增粮工程项目真正发挥效益.通过对节水增粮项目工程建设存在问题及保障措施进行研究,为今后工程项目建设提供参考和借鉴.     

对长江流域农业节水的认识与思考

农业是长江流域第一用水大户,做好农业节水工作是长江流域节水的关键所在。概述了农业节水的国内外研究现状,基于长江流域农业用水分布和发展趋势分析,探讨了长江流域农业节水潜力,并对流域农业节水工程建设现状、节水效果与水平以及流域取得的水管理成功经验进行了分析。通过剖析目前流域农业节水工作中存在的问题,提出今后加强流域农业节水工作的相关对策,为下一步的节水研究奠定了基础。     

云南省盈江县发展节水灌溉的经验

盈江县所处地理位置、民族习俗、地形、气候、光热水土资源及水利建设现状等各方面条件 ,决定了采用以渠道防渗为主的工程性节水措施的合理性。为使项目区真正实现农业节水增效 ,并为即将实施的水务一体化和水资源统一管理、全社会定额供水奠定基础 ,建立一个完整的农业节水灌溉管理系统、推进水价机制形成和灌区管理体制改革是非常必要的     

谈推广滴灌节水农业工程的主要措施

阜新市位于辽宁省西部,干旱少雨。为解决农业用水难题,近年来,在辽宁省农业部门的指导下,阜新市农机部门推广实施了滴灌节水农业工程项目,并取得了较好的效果。结合阜新地区实际,介绍了推广滴灌节水农业工程项目的主要措施。     

讨赖河流域农业综合节水发展对策

在农业生产过程中往往需要消耗大量水资源,这就会对农业规划和水资源利用效率产生不利影响。节水作为提高用水有效性的管理方式之一,同时也是水、土、作物资源综合开发、利用的系统工程。其以降低农业水量,提高农作物质量和提高农业生产效率为理念。该理念主要强调利用节约用水,规范沃水施肥,延缓灌溉,提高灌溉效率等措施,从而促进农业绿色生产。综上所述,应在合理工程项目和保障措施支持下,解决讨赖河流域农业综合节水发展面临的各种问题,将讨赖河流域农业综合节水目标落到实处。本文侧重分析讨赖河流域的农业节水问题,确定农业综合节水发展思路,从讨赖河流域农业综合节水发展入手确定基础工程和保障措施,在满足讨赖河流域农业良性发展需求的同时凸显节水处理的优势。     

威海市节水农业综合评价研究

针对沿海地区水资源紧缺的问题,结合我国节水农业的发展现状,以威海市为例对其进行了节水农业综合评价指标体系及评价模型的研究,构建了节水农业综合评价指标体系,建立了多层次模糊综合评价模型,优化了评价理论和方法。结果表明：威海市节水农业发展良好,所建立的评价体系、评价方法及评价模型科学合理。该研究为沿海缺水区节水农业的综合评价提供了可操作的技术,对正确实施节水农业工程的管理具有指导意义。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。