泵站水锤的防护措施及其简易计算(上)

在泵站压力管道系统中,由于阀的启闭,或水泵工作状态的突然变化,常常引起管中的压力急剧升高或降低,这种现象称作“水锤”。对于大容量,长管道,高扬程,大流量的泵站系统,常常因水锤作用使水泵、管道或阀件遭到破坏,因而导致泵房被淹、供水中断,造成重大损失。因此,泵站水锤防护措施的选择及其计算是泵站设讣的重要组成部分,是确保系统安全,节约工程投资及泉站系统优化设计的重要问题。常用的水锤防护方法主要有以下几类:     

双泵给水系统水锤敏感度分析

建立双泵并联给水系统,对本给水系统水锤过程进行了数值模拟以及定量分析,重点进行双泵给水系统水锤作用敏感度分析。结果表明:初始流量对水锤作用效果影响明显,随着初始流量增大,输水管道后压差波动明显增强;离心泵转动惯量增加,停泵水锤作用效果将减弱;输水流量不变情况下,输水管道管径增加将缓解水锤压力;另外,改变调节阀关闭方式也将对水锤效果产生明显影响。     

止回阀不完全关闭法消除扬水站压力水锤分析

止回阀不完全关闭法消除扬水站压力水锤分析李邦层，何俊生（山东省临沂市水利局２７６００３）扬水站中可能产生的水锤现象通常有关间水锤和停泵水锤。由于启闭管道上的阀门而引起的水锤现象称为关间水锤，通常按正常程序启闭阀门时，不会引起很大的水锤压力。由于突然停...     

长距离输水系统停泵水锤的数值模拟

运用瞬态水力学理论和特征线方法,结合某实际工程,对联合采用空气阀、泄压阀和二阶段缓闭蝶阀进行水锤防护的长距离有压输水管道系统的事故停泵水力过渡过程进行了计算和分析,得到管线沿程的水锤压力包络线和空化体积曲线,以及典型断面的压力时程线。计算结果表明,采用两阶段缓闭蝶阀、泄压阀和空气阀进行水锤安全防护是十分必要的,有利于抑制正水锤压力的继续升高和阻止负水锤压力的持续降低,防止断流弥合水锤的发生。但从计算结果看,管内仍存在局部空化现象,需要进一步优化空气阀的布置。     

球型调节阀关阀水锤效应的试验研究与数值计算

针对工业生产中球型调节阀快速关闭时产生水锤的现象,采用试验方法和数值计算分析关阀速度对水锤冲击波形的影响.研究结果表明,随着阀门关闭,阀前压力先增加后降低,阀后压力先降低后增加,二者几乎同时达到峰值和谷值,并都伴有一定强度的随时间推移快速衰减的压力波动.关阀水锤效应对阀前管路的冲击更强,并且阀前正压力与阀后负压力会产生合力,对阀体结构造成更大的水锤冲击力.关阀时间从3 s增加到5 s,可降低水锤冲击力,同时会改变水锤冲击波形.基于经典水锤方程和特征线法,建立一套快速分析关阀瞬态性能和水锤冲击效应的数值计算方法.自主开发计算软件,数值结果与试验数据基本吻合,能够较好地预测关阀动态过程和管道水锤现象,为相关工程应用提供技术支撑.     

长距离输水系统停泵水锤的数值模拟

运用瞬态水力学理论和特征线方法,结合某实际工程,对联合采用空气阀、泄压阀和二阶段缓闭蝶阀进行水锤防护的长距离有压输水管道系统的事故停泵水力过渡过程进行了计算和分析,得到管线沿程的水锤压力包络线和空化体积曲线,以及典型断面的压力时程线.计算结果表明,采用两阶段缓闭蝶阀、泄压阀和空气阀进行水锤安全防护是十分必要的,有利于抑制正水锤压力的继续升高和阻止负水锤压力的持续降低,防止断流弥合水锤的发生.但从计算结果看,管内仍存在局部空化现象,需要进一步优化空气阀的布置.     

浅谈溢流阀的工作原理及用途

<正>1溢流阀的结构和工作原理直动式溢流阀是依靠系统中的压力油直接作用在阀芯上与弹簧力等相平衡,以控制阀芯的启闭动作,图1(a)所示是一种低压直动式溢流阀结构图,P是进油口,T是回油口,进口压力油经阀芯3中间的阻尼孔作用在阀芯的底部端面上,当进油压力较小时,阀芯在弹簧2的作用下处于下端位置,将P和T两油口隔开。当油压力升高,在阀芯下端所产生的作用力超过弹簧的压紧力F。此时,阀芯上升,阀口被     

长距离输水管道水力过渡分析及水锤防护措施研究

为避免停泵水锤对长距离输水管道系统造成破坏,有必要对水泵机组及其输水管道进行水力过渡分析,从而提出相应的防水锤措施。采用特征线法,对四川某水厂工程在事故停泵下引起的停泵水锤进行水力过渡计算,分别对无水锤防护措施、二阶段关阀与空气阀联合防护措施以及安装单向调压塔防护措施三种情况进行分析。结果发现:无水锤防护措施下,事故停泵将引起液柱分离再弥合和水泵倒转现象,其倒转速度超过相关规范要求;安装空气阀和改善泵出口阀门关闭规律不能使输水管道内最大水锤压力降低到合理范围之内;安装单向调压塔有效缓解液柱分离再弥合现象的发生,水锤压力在管道设计压力范围之内。     

空气阀型式对压力管道水锤防护的影响

针对目前空气阀在工程应用中的盲目性和随意性,对各种型式空气阀在有压管道中水锤防护进行数值模拟,为空气阀在实际工程应用中的选型提供理论依据.根据水锤理论,建立有压管道水力过渡过程数学模型.结合算例利用特征线法对各种空气阀在有压管道中的水锤防护效果进行数值计算.结果表明:管道凸起点安装传统空气阀可以减小负压,但是同时会引起较大正压;安装孔口面积比ε=0.05~0.20的空气阀组可以有效减小负压并降低正压,上浮压力系数ω接近1.0的防水锤型空气阀也可以起到减小负压,降低正压的作用.选择合理型式空气阀,并对空气阀的参数进行优化,可以显著降低管道内负压,并能防止水柱分离再弥合水锤现象发生.     

有机玻璃管道直接水锤压力特性试验研究

为了了解黏弹性管道的水锤压力特性,文中通过搭建水库-管道-阀门系统模型,进行了系列关阀水锤试验,针对有机玻璃管道中末端阀门初始开度分别为30%,100%时关阀产生的直接水锤压力变化规律进行了研究,从黏弹性材料的本构关系角度分析了关阀时间对黏弹性材料直接水锤的影响机理,并对2种不同初始开度下阀门附近的流场进行了三维数值模拟.研究结果表明：黏弹性管道中直接水锤压力变化规律与传统的水锤理论不符,直接水锤压力不仅与阀门的关闭时间有关,还与阀门的初始开度有关,满足“阀门关闭越快,直接水锤压力越大”与“阀门初始开度越小,直接水锤压力越大”的规律.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。