人为不同干扰方式下荒漠啮齿动物群落格局年间变动趋势

2002～2007年,在阿拉善荒漠区的典型地区,选择了4种不同干扰方式的样地,分别为开垦区、轮牧区、过牧区和禁牧区,研究啮齿动物群落的变动趋势,在每种干扰方式的地段设计了标志流放区,面积为0.95hm2,采用标志重捕法,每月连捕4d,同时在4种不同干扰方式的地区选择了4条线路取样,每条线路面积约10km2,采用铗日法调...     

Synthesis of C-glycosyl flavonoid phytoalexins as a site-specific response to fungal penetration in cucumber

Leaf tissue harvested from cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) expressing induced resistance against the powdery mildew fungus Podosphaera xanthii (syn. Sphaerotheca fuliginea, Castagne; Braun and Shishkoff) was extracted and analyzed for phytoalexin compounds. Fluorescence microscopy was then used to observe the production of these compounds in planta, and laser scanning confocal microscopy observations were made to locate the subcellular sites of phytoalexin accumulation. Phytochemical analyses and fluorescence microscopy observations revealed the production of autofluorescent C-glycosyl flavonoid phytoalexins within the epidermal tissues of disease-resistant plants undergoing fungal ingress. Phytoalexin production was triggered by the combination of an eliciting/inoculation treatment, and tissue autofluorescence of color characteristic of the phytoalexins reached a maximum 48 h after elicitation prior to subsiding following the collapse of the pathogen. After a second eliciting treatment, disease-resistant plants produced phytoalexins more rapidly in response to fungal challenge. At the cellular level, autofluorescent C-glycosyl flavonoid phytoalexins were observed associated with the plasma membrane of infected epidermal cells immediately following elicitation. In the hours that preceded the collapse of conidial chains, phytoalexins accumulated inside the haustorial complexes of the pathogen within the epidermal cells of disease-resistant plants. Taken together, the results of this study show the timely synthesis of C-glycosyl flavonoid phytoalexins at precise subcellular locations as a key defense reaction used by cucumber to create incompatible interactions with powdery mildew.     

Morphological and histochemical investigation of the response of Olea europaea leaves to fungal attack by Spilocaea oleagina

This study investigated the response of Olea europaea (cv. Conservolea) leaves to attack by the fungal pathogen Spilocaea oleagina. Cryostat and semithin sections of healthy and S. oleagina‐infected olive leaves were analysed histochemically for polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and tested for programmed cell death (PCD) induction by means of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL). At all stages of infection, the fungus remained localized between the external and internal layers of cuticle without crossing the pectocellulosic layer. No PCD phenomena could be detected in plant cells at any stage of the disease. However, extensive degeneration of palisade parenchyma cells was observed in advanced infections, with massive loss of cytoplasmic contents and disappearance of cell compartments. Polyphenol oxidases are enzymes that, in olive, oxidize o‐diphenols (principally oleuropein and rutin) to produce o‐diquinones and melanins, substances that are toxic to many pathogens. No significant increase in overall PPO activity was found in infected leaves; on the contrary, enzyme activity was gradually lost as infection progressed, most probably due to degradation of plastids within mesophyll cells, in which such enzymes are normally confined. Only a limited local PPO activation occurred in a few upper epidermal cells of the leaf, indicating a feeble induction of a plant response.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community of wheat under long-term mineral and organic amendments in semi-arid Mediterranean Turkey

A minimal amount of information is currently available concerning arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal associations with crops in semi-arid zones on Leptosols in Turkey. Therefore, using molecular ecological techniques, we studied the effects of different management practices (without fertilization, chemical fertilization, farmyard manure, and plant compost amendments) on AM fungal communities associated with wheat roots. Experiments were conducted in a field established in 1996 in southern Mediterranean Turkey where soil productivity is low owing to unfavorable climatic effects and soil characteristics. We determined 201 partial sequences of AM fungal nuclear ribosomal large subunit genes. The higher AM fungal richness was found in the control treatment without fertilization and plant compost treatments compared with the chemical fertilization and farmyard manure treatments. Clones related to Rhizophagus were found in all treatments and accounted for 37% of the total AM fungal clones, whereas those of Funneliformis were dominant under chemical fertilization. Redundancy analysis based on the frequency of operational taxonomic units revealed that AM fungal communities were divided into three groups, namely, the control treatment, the chemical fertilization treatment, and the organic treatments (farmyard manure and plant compost treatments). Although different organic amendments supported relatively similar AM fungal communities, plant compost induced higher AM fungal richness than farmyard manure fertilization.     

Involvement of FgMad2 and FgBub1 in regulating fungal development and carbendazim resistance in Fusarium graminearum

Resistance to carbendazim of Fusarium graminearum is conferred by point mutation in the β₂‐tubulin gene that plays an important role in spindle assembly. The spindle assembly checkpoint is a cellular surveillance system that is critical for maintaining genomic stability. Predicted protein Mad2‐ and Bub1‐encoding genes in F. graminearum (FgMad2 and FgBub1) were isolated and characterized. There was no difference in FgMad2 and FgBub1 expression levels between carbendazim‐sensitive and ‐resistant strains; however, after carbendazim treatment FgMad2 expression increased while FgBub1 expression stayed the same. Both the FgMad2 and FgBub1 deletion mutants became more sensitive to carbendazim. The FgMad2 deletion mutants grew more slowly, produced fewer conidia and both hyphae and conidia were malformed. Conversely, deletion of FgBub1 had no effect on fungal development other than a reduction in conidia production. FgMad2 deletion mutants exhibited a severe decrease in perithecia production and pathogenicity along with a down‐regulation of trichothecene production, whereas FgBub1 deletion mutants exhibited only a slight reduction in perithecia production and was accompanied by a twofold increase in trichothecene production. Overall, the results indicate that both FgMad2 and FgBub1 are involved in carbendazim resistance and trichothecene biosynthesis, and FgMad2 plays an important role in fungal development in F. graminearum.     

干旱胁迫下牛心朴子幼苗的抗旱生理反应和适应性调节机理

为探讨牛心朴子抵御干旱的生理反应和适应性调节机理,对其幼苗进行不同PEG（聚乙二醇）浓度和不同胁迫时间的处理。结果表明：各项生理反应主要受PEG浓度的影响,而受胁迫处理时间长短的影响较小;在10％－20％的PEG浓度胁迫下,叶片相对含水量、根系活力、根系及地上部生长量下降的幅度较小,根冠比、可溶性糖、Pro、K^ 上升的幅度也较小,表现出耐旱的生理特性;在25％的PEG浓度胁迫下,上述指标发生了很显著的变化,叶片相对含水量,根系活力明显下降,可溶性糖最大含量出现的时间较20％浓度胁迫提早3d,且较20％PEG浓度时的最大含量低,并在延长处理3d后进一步下降,根系和地上部的生长受到严重抑制,且地上部影响大于根系,根冠比显著增大,胁迫后期趋于恒定状态,生长几乎完全停止;在PEG浓度为25％的严重干旱胁迫下,处理9d时,其渗透调节物质的累积量开始下降,致使渗透调节效应减弱。研究表明,25％的PEG浓度是牛心朴子抗旱胁迫的最大适应阈值。     

A comparative study of the effects of constant temperatures on development time and survival of two coccinellid beetles of the genusChilocorus

The effect of constant temperatures on duration and rate of development and on survival of two species of predatory beetles of the genusChilocorus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) (one endemic and one imported) was studied. The observed data were analyzed and compared applying three different methods. The methods based on the logistic curve provided a better fit to the observed data as compared with the widely used Blünck-Bodenheimer equation. The imported speciesC. kuwanae had a faster rate of development than the endemic speciesC. bipustulatus at the lower temperatures tested (18°, 22°C), but it could not complete its development at 32°C. Survival ofC. kuwanae was considerably lower than that of the endemic species. As both species are active during the summer, it was concluded that the sensitivity ofC. kuwanae to high temperatures provides at least a partial explanation to the fact that this species has not become established yet in Israel.     

新疆大田膜下滴灌的发展前景

膜下滴灌是先进的栽培措施与灌水技术相结合的产物,通过实地研究调查和分析有关研究资料,初步论证了大田膜下滴灌在新疆应用、发展现状及其前景,同时也指出了大田膜下滴灌发展中存在的一些问题。     

The pattern of fungal contamination of the banana bunch during its development and potential influence on incidence of crown-rot and anthracnose diseases

Anthracnose and crown rot are the main diseases affecting bananas after harvest. These diseases are mainly caused by Colletotrichum musae (anthracnose) and to some extent by various Fusarium species forming a fungal complex (crown rot). A water-borne spore trap was used to collect and quantify all inocula reaching banana bunches from flowering to harvest. The pattern of natural contamination was characterized by a peak from 25 to 40 days after bunch emergence, with a strong decline until harvest. Both Colletotrichum and Fusarium species had the same dynamics during bunch growth. Flower parts are the main inoculum source for Fusarium; both flower parts and the last bunch bract are important sources for Colletotrichum . Primary inoculum could reach flower parts and the last bunch bract through rain splash of conidia, transport by insects or aerial dissemination of ascospores. Sporulation occurring on the young flower parts and on the last bunch bract provides heavy secondary inoculum. The consequences for control strategies are discussed.     

Effects of temperature on infection and subsequent development of clubroot under controlled conditions

Controlled‐environment studies were conducted on two Brassica crops (canola, Brassica napus; and Shanghai pak choi, B. rapa subsp. chinensis var. communis) to examine the effects of temperature on infection and subsequent development of clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae. In the first experiment, canola seedlings were grown in infested soil for 3 weeks at 14–26°C to assess the impact on primary and secondary infection and transferred to 20°C for 3 weeks to assess symptom development under uniform conditions, or started at 20°C for 3 weeks and then placed at the treatment temperatures for the final 3 weeks to assess the impact of temperature on symptom development. A second experiment examined a wider range of temperatures (10–30°C). Similar experiments were also conducted on Shanghai pak choi. The studies demonstrated that clubroot severity was affected by temperature during both infection and vegetative development of the crop. Both early and late in crop development, little or no clubroot developed at temperatures at or below 17°C, and development was slower above 26°C than at 23–26°C for both crops throughout the study. In canola, the high levels of inoculum used in the study resulted in a high incidence of clubroot irrespective of temperature, but in pak choi incidence showed the same pattern as severity. This is the first study to demonstrate under controlled conditions that temperature during vegetative growth of the crop affects symptom development of clubroot.     

Adult morphology and life cycle under constant temperatures of the predator Rhyzobius lophanthae Blaisdell (Col., Coccinellidae)

The external and internal morphological characteristics of the predator Rhyzobius lophanthae Blaisdell (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) were studied. The head, antenna, thorax elytra, hind wings, legs and abdomen are described. The adult has an average length of about 2.5mm and width of 1.8mm. The flagellum of the antenna consists of 9 segments. The whole surface of thorax and elytra is covered by setae. The tarsus of the 3 legs is 3-segmented. An external morphological difference between male and female is the outline of the 5^th sternite. The alimentary canal, the central nervous system, and the reproductive system of both male and female are also described. The testes consist of 10 follicles and the ovaries of 10 ovarioles. The life cycle of R. lophanthae was studied by rearing the predator on the diaspidid Chrysomphalus aonidum (Linnaeus). The duration of the development of the embryo, 1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd, 4^th larval instars, pupa and preoviposition period of adults were measured at 15, 20, 25 and 30°C.     

Quantitative resistance against an isolate of Leptosphaeria maculans (blackleg) in selected Canadian canola cultivars remains effective under increased temperatures

Blackleg disease, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, is a serious threat to canola production in western Canada. While specific major resistance (R) genes can be effective, they can also be eroded rapidly by a shift in pathogen race composition. Quantitative resistance (QR) has the potential to provide more durable, if less complete, protection. However, the effectiveness of QR may vary widely in the field. It has long been suspected that elevated temperatures may limit the expression of QR. To test this hypothesis, the infection development of blackleg was assessed on three common Canadian canola cultivars (74‐44 BL, PV 530 G and 45H29) showing QR, with and without a heat treatment of 7 h daily exposure to 32 °C for 1 week during rosette to early flowering under controlled environment conditions. The impact of elevated temperature on the susceptibility to blackleg was compared with that of a moderate temperature with a 22 °C daytime high. A susceptible cultivar, Westar, was used as a control. When data from both temperatures were pooled, all three QR cultivars showed lower blackleg severity relative to Westar. Elevated temperatures increased blackleg severity in Westar only (in terms of the stem‐lesion length from the inoculation of the first true‐leaf petiole in trials involving Westar and 74‐44 BL) and in pooled data for disease severity index in trials involving Westar, PV 530 G and 45H29. These findings suggest that the QR traits in 74‐44 BL, PV 530 G and 45H29 are useful for blackleg management in western Canada, especially under warmer growing conditions when plants are at the rosette to early flowering stages.     

Efficiency of commercial entomopathogenic fungal species against different members of the genus Otiorhynchus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) under laboratory and semi-field conditions

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - The application of entomopathogenic fungi against weevils of the genus Otiorhynchus spp. might represent an environmentally friendly management option for...     

The effect of fungal density on fungicide dose–response curves in barley powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei)

The effect of inoculation density on fungicide dose–response curves and the estimated ED₅₀ value (the fungicide concentration needed to halve the infected leaf area relative to the infected area of leaves that had not been treated with a fungicide) were investigated theoretically, and predictions were tested experimentally using powdery mildew of barley ( Erysiphe graminis [syn. Blumeria graminis ] f.sp. hordei ). A host leaf was assumed to consist of a number of independent compartments, in each of which only a single fungal spore could germinate successfully. The number of fungal spores landing in a compartment was assumed to be Poisson-distributed. The spores were assumed to vary in their sensitivity toward a fungicide, and the sensitivity of the spore population was assumed to be normally distributed around a mean sensitivity. Under these assumptions, the ED₅₀ value was shown to be a positively biased estimate of the mean sensitivity in the fungal population, and the bias increased with inoculum density. Consequently, the estimated ED₅₀ value is expected to vary between experiments and laboratories if the inoculation density varies over a considerable range. The correlation between inoculum density and estimated ED₅₀ value is expected to be strongest when the assayed fungal population consists of several genotypes differing in sensitivity. This expectation was tested by estimating the ED₅₀ values for one barley powdery mildew isolate at different inoculation densities for three different fungicides. These ED₅₀ values were positively correlated strongly with the inoculum density for fenpropimorph and more weakly for triadimenol, whereas no correlation was observed for propiconazole.     

Morphophysiological response of young olive trees to verticillium wilt under different surface drip irrigation regimes

The effects of irrigation on verticillium wilt in olive, in terms of morphological, biomass and physiological parameters were evaluated on pot‐grown trees maintained in the field for 3 years. Plants inoculated and noninoculated with Verticillium dahliae were irrigated to high and low range of soil water content (HR and LR) at daily (DF; about 2 days/event), weekly (WF) and daily‐weekly (DWF) drip‐irrigation frequency. Morphological parameters, relative biomass and biomass water‐use efficiency were higher at LR than at HR (with few exceptions) and at DF than at other frequencies in noninoculated and inoculated plants, but the fungus reduced those parameters by 17.0–38.5%. Lower root weight ratio, relative biomass and shoot length as area originated at HR in noninoculated plants, could be favourable to the accumulation of root infections and the amount of fungus per tissue length in inoculated plants because higher infection was known at HR. Moreover, higher aerial biomass and length promoted by irrigation at DF could prevent the more severe expression of symptoms, which occurred at WF and DWF in the presence of Verticillium. Negative correlations were found between indicated parameters and disease. Lower water stress (S_Ψ), and higher stomatal conductance (g_s) and net photosynthesis at DF in noninoculated plants could limit the disease by improving water status, as S_Ψ was increased by the fungus only at WF and DWF, and g_s and disease were negatively correlated. LR‐DF treatment minimized the disease and kept the growth, water‐use efficiency and physiological parameters in inoculated plants to levels close to noninoculated plants.     

两指数分解下京津冀经济非均衡发展的空间计量分析

京津冀经济的健康发展是京津冀协同发展重大战略实施的重要保障。文中对京津冀2002-2015年间经济非均衡发展状况进行综合测算,运用泰尔指数的三区域分解以及基尼系数的三次产业分解方法对京津冀经济发展的非均衡特征进行了实证分析,并在证实京津冀经济发展存在空间相关性之后采用空间计量模型揭示了京津冀经济非均衡发展的内在来源。研究结果表明:京津冀经济的非均衡发展由各地在产业结构、投资水平、财政收入以及人口规模等方面的差异导致。根据研究结果提出建立京津冀统一指挥协调机构以及点面结合推进京津冀协同发展的政策建议。     

Effect of controlled fluctuating low temperatures on survival of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Puccinia striiformis</Emphasis> f. sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">tritici</Emphasis>

Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is an important disease of wheat worldwide. Understanding the survival of Pst during the winter is critical for predicting Pst epidemics in the spring. We used a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) method to quantify Pst CYR32 biomass in infected wheat seedlings under several fluctuating temperature regimes (three average temperatures 0, ?5 and ?10 °C, each with two daily fluctuating amplitudes 8 and 13 °C). The survival of Pst CYR32 increased with increasing average temperature but also varied greatly with the amplitude – larger amplitude led to lower survival, particularly at 0 and ?5 °C. Nevertheless the survival at both amplitudes was still significantly greater than under the corresponding constant temperatures. There were small, albeit statistically significant, differences between the two cultivars (Xiaoyan 22, low winter-hardiness; Lantian 15, high winter-hardiness) in Pst CYR32 survival. This study indicated potential errors that could result from using daily average temperatures to predict Pst survival during the winter.     

不同生长条件下半日花劈裂生长中内源激素含量的比较

通过对温室和野生状态下半日花内源激素在劈裂植株与未劈裂植株各组织中的对比,研究了内源激素对半日花劈裂生长过程的影响.结果表明:(1)在野生植株中,半日花未劈裂植株除根系外各组织ABA含量均高于劈裂植株,而IAA含量则相反.在根部和劈裂部位积累的IAA在劈裂生长过程中影响细胞的伸长生长.劈裂发生部位和根系中GA3含量未劈裂植株明显高于劈裂植株,数值可达到两倍.ZR含量未劈裂植株根系中含量最多,而在劈裂植株中茎部和劈裂发生部位的ZR含量增加,说明劈裂的植株ZR会向茎部及劈裂发生部位转移.(2)温室内植株,茎部IAA和ABA含量虽年龄增加而增加,GA3和ZR含量无显著变化.(3)温室劈裂植株与野外劈裂植株比较,劈裂部位ABA含量二者无显著差异,温室植株IAA含量根部含量最大,而野生植株叶片含量最大.GA3含量在二者各组织内无显著差异,ZR含量在野生劈裂植株的茎部和劈裂发生部位最大,其余组织中无明显差异.