Neuronal specification of cutaneous nerves through connections with skin grafts in the frog

Skin grafts were rotated 180 degrees in frog tadpoles. After metamorphosis, cutaneous reflexes were tested, and the receptive fields of cutaneous nerves were mapped electrophysiologically. Accurately localized limb movements were elicited by mechanical stimulation of normal skin, or of dorsal skin reimplanted on the back after 180-degree rotation. Reflexes misdirected to the original site of the stimulated skin were elicited from dorsoventrally inverted grafts, but not from anteroposteriorly inverted grafts. In most cases, the local nerves supplied the grafts, and each nerve entered the skin within its own receptive field. This observation eliminated the possibility that misdirected reflexes were due to selective regrowth of cutaneous nerves. We concluded that cutaneous nerves formed central synaptic associations which were specified by their new terminal connections with grafted skin.     

中医耳穴压籽法联合穴位电生理对消化系统癌痛的改善作用

目的 探讨中医耳穴压籽法联合穴位电生理在消化系统癌痛治疗中的应用效果。方法 纳入本院2014年11月至2017年11月收治的消化系统癌痛患者112例,利用随机数字表法分成对照组、观察组各56例。对照组采用穴位电生理治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上联合中医耳穴压籽法治疗,两组治疗时间为4周。观察两组患者治疗后临床效果,并比较两组患者治疗前后每日疼痛持续时间、数字疼痛评分法（numerical rating scale,NRS）评分的变化,采用欧洲五维健康量表（European quality of life 5-dimensions,EQ-5D）评价两组治疗前后的生存质量,记录患者不良反应发生率。结果 观察组总有效率为96.43%,高于对照组的83.93%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组治疗后的疼痛持续时间、NRS评分小于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组治疗后的自我照顾能力、焦虑/抑郁、疼痛评分较对照组明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组不良反应发生率与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 中医耳穴压籽法联合穴位电生理刺激治疗能缓解消化系统癌痛患者的疼痛感,缩短疼痛持续时间,提高生存质量,且优于单用穴位电生理治疗,值得临床推广。     

Cardiac sympathetic nerve activity: changes induced by ouabain and propranolol

A study of the effects of ouabain and propranolol on the spontaneous activity in the preganglionic sympathetic nerves to the cat heart showed that ouabain can produce both an inhibition and a stimulation of the spontaneous activity in sympathetic nerves. The inhibition appears to be reflex in nature and is not present when the buffer nerves are sectioned. The stimulation is correlated with the development of cardiac arrhythmias and is antagonized by propranolol.     

Elevated beta-endorphin in cerebrospinal fluid after electrical brain stimulation: artifact of contrast infusion?

Beta-Endorphin-like immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid was assayed in 11 patients receiving electrical stimulation of the brain for chronic pain. Immunoreactivity increased dramatically after contrast ventriculography prior to stimulation. No further elevations were observed after stimulation. The magnitude and time course of elevations were identical after placement of electrodes either in the thalamus or in the periventricular gray matter. These results suggest that previous findings of stimulation-induced elevation of beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid are attributable to an artifact of contrast ventriculography.     

Tetrodotoxin: effects on fish and frog melanophores

Tetrodotoxin blocks the response of killifish melanophores to electrical stimulation of their melanin-aggregating nerves. The direct response of killifish or frog melanophores to hormones is not affected. Since there is no effect on melanin aggregation resulting from the release of adrenergic neurotransmitter in killifish melanophores, we conclude that tetrodotoxin acts by blocking nerve conduction.     

Sympathetic nervous control of cerebrospinal fluid production from the choroid plexus

The rabbit choroid plexus, responsible for the bulk production of cerebrospinal fluid, is well supplied by sympathetic nerves emanating in the superior cervical ganglia. Electrical stimulation of these nerves markedly reduces production of cerebrospinal fluid, measured by [14C] inulin dilution during ventricular perfusion, whereas sympathetic denervation enhances the rate of formation.     

Parasympathetic ganglia: activation of an adrenergic inhibitory mechanism by cholinomimetic agents

Electrical stimulation of the sympathetic nerves to the urinary bladder or the intraarterial administration of the cholinomimetic substances acetylcholine or methacholine produced adrenergic inhibition in parasympathetic ganglia on the surface of the bladder. The inhibition appeared to be mediated, at least in part, via adrenergic inhibitory neurons located in the pelvic plexus. Atropine blocked the inhibitory response to injected cholinomimetic agents but did not alter the response to stimulation of the sympathetic nerves. Thus, the inhibitory neurons can be activated via both muscarinic and nonmuscarinic receptors, the latter being of primary physiological importance.     

Enkephalin-like material elevated in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of pain patients after analgetic focal stimulation

Enkephalin-like activity has been measured in the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of patients with intractable pain. Electrical stimulation of periventricular brain sites resulted in significant decrease in persistent pain in these subjects. This analgesia, which was blocked by naloxone in 80% of the cases, was accompanied by a significant rise in ventricular enkephalin-like activity, as measured by two different methods. The results present evidence of in vivo release of enkephalin-like material in humans and suggest that stimulation analgesia may be partially due to this release.     

Stimulation-dependent alterations in peroxidase uptake at lobster neuromuscular junctions

The uptake of cytochemically demonstrable horseradish peroxidase into small vesicles within nerve endings in lobster stretcher muscles can be enhanced by electrical stimulation of transmitter release by the endings. This is observed particularly if stimulation is interrupted periodically and the nerves     

Supraopticneurosecretory cells: autonomic modulation

Neurosecretory cells in the supraoptic nuclei of anesthetized cats were antidromically identified by electrical stimulation of the posterior pituitary. The responses of these units to afferent volleys from vagal and carotid sinus nerves were examined with a computer of average transients. Synaptic excitation of neurosecretory cells by stimulation of these pathways demonstrates the existence of excitatory inputs from vagal and carotid sinus nerve afferents. Since these pathways are involved in the release of antidiuretic hormone, the results support the hypothesis that its release is related to an increase in discharge frequency of supraoptic neurosecretory cells.     

ATP signaling is crucial for communication from taste buds to gustatory nerves

Taste receptor cells detect chemicals in the oral cavity and transmit this information to taste nerves, but the neurotransmitter(s) have not been identified. We report that adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is the key neurotransmitter in this system. Genetic elimination of ionotropic purinergic receptors (P2X2 and P2X3) eliminates taste responses in the taste nerves, although the nerves remain responsive to touch, temperature, and menthol. Similarly, P2X-knockout mice show greatly reduced behavioral responses to sweeteners, glutamate, and bitter substances. Finally, stimulation of taste buds in vitro evokes release of ATP. Thus, ATP fulfils the criteria for a neurotransmitter linking taste buds to the nervous system.     

NODULAR POLYMYOSITIS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

The regular findings of a nodular perineuritis in peripheral nerve trunks and of a nodular polymyositis in skeletal muscles indicates the systemic nature of this disease. Rheumatoid arthritis is not solely a disease of the joints but a systemic disease, characterized by a widespread distribution of a nodular lymphocytic inflammation in peripheral nerves and skeletal muscles. The new findings in the nerves and muscles offer an explanation of the generally encountered clinical manifestations of pain, tenderness, trophic changes and muscular atrophy.     

Proportional release of norepinephrine and dopamine- -hydroxylase from sympathetic nerves

Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase(DBH), the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine, is localized in the vesicles containing catecholamine in sympathetic nerves. This enzyme is released with norepinephrine when the nerves to the guinea pig vas deferens are stimulated in vitro, and the amount of enzyme discharged increases as the length of stimulation periods increases. The amount of DBH released is proportional to the amount of norepinephrine released, and the ratio of norepinephrine to DBH discharged into the incubation medium is similar to that in the soluble portion of the contents of the synaptic vesicles from the vas deferens. These data are compatible with the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine and DBH from symnpathetic nerves by a process of exocytosis.     

止痛促愈汤对低位型肛瘘术后创面疼痛及愈合作用的临床观察

目的 观察止痛促愈汤对低位型肛瘘术后创面疼痛及愈合的临床疗效。方法 将70例低位型肛瘘患者随机分为对照组与治疗组各35例,对照组予高锰酸钾溶液熏洗联合红外线照射治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上予止痛促愈汤治疗。14 d后观察创面疼痛、水肿、渗出及肉芽组织形态和创面面积等情况,评价创面愈合时间、愈合率及临床疗效。结果 两组治疗后创面疼痛、水肿、渗出及肉芽组织形态积分和创面面积较治疗前均有改善（P<0.05）,治疗组改善程度优于对照组（P<0.05）;治疗组创面愈合时间短于对照组（P<0.05）,治疗组创面愈合率及临床总有效率均高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 止痛促愈汤可以改善低位型肛瘘术后创面疼痛、水肿、渗出,促进肉芽组织增生,缩小创面面积,促进创面愈合,提高临床疗效。     

Botulinus toxin: effect on the central nervous system of man

Electrical stimulation of multiple peripheral nerves, elicited "H" reflexes in a patient, 61 years old, with botulism. These reflexes are extremely suggestive of some central release or failure of inhibitory control of a monosynaptic or polysynaptic spinal reflex arc. This "central" action of botulinus toxin is similar to that suggested for tetanus toxin.     

Pain perception: modification of threshold of intolerance and cortical potentials by cutaneous stimulation

Cutaneous electrical stimulation temporarily raises the threshold of intolerance for pain elicited by electric shock. Similar stimulation suppresses the somatosensory cortical evoked potential.     

Analgesic strength of 33 percent nitrous oxide: a signal detection theory evaluation

Radiant heat stimulation was applied to volunteers and rating scale responses were obtained to assess the analgesic properties of 33 percent nitrous oxide. The methodology of signal detection theory was applied to the data to demonstrate that nitrous oxide reduces both sensitivity to pain and willingness to report pain. This method is superior to threshold estimation for the evaluation of analgesics.     

Adrenergic excitation of cutaneous pain receptors induced by peripheral nerve injury

The mechanisms by which peripheral nerve injuries sometimes lead to causalgia, aberrant burning pain peripheral to the site of nerve damage, are uncertain, although the sympathetic nervous system is known to be involved. Whether such syndromes could be the result of the development of responsiveness by some cutaneous pain receptors (C-fiber nociceptors) to sympathetic efferent activity as a consequence of the nerve injury was tested in an animal model. After nerve damage but not in its absence, sympathetic stimulation and norepinephrine were excitatory for a subset of skin C-fiber nociceptors and enhanced the responsiveness of these nociceptors to tissue-damaging stimulation. These effects were demonstratable within days after nerve lesions, occurred at the cutaneous receptive terminal region, were manifest in sensory fibers that had not degenerated after the injury, and were mediated by alpha 2-adrenergic-like receptors.     

不同处理迷走神经对家兔呼吸、心率的影响

以不同频率刺激及剪断家兔颈部两侧迷走神经,记录处理后5min内呼吸运动曲线和心电图.结果显示,不同频率刺激后家兔的呼吸幅度降低、呼吸频率升高、心率降低.剪断迷走神经后呼吸频率降低,呼吸幅度和心率均升高.所以,刺激家兔迷走神经后,能不同程度地调节呼吸和心率.     

Electrical responses of the retinal nerve and optic ganglion of the squid

Recordings were obtained from the retinal nerves and optic ganglia of intact squid, which were maintained in good condition by perfusing their mantles with sea water. Only "on" discharges were found in the nerves, whereas "on" and "off" discharges as well as spontaneous activity and tactile responses were obtained from the ganglia.