大豆膳食纤维对面团流变学特性及面制品品质影响的研究进展

随着人们对均衡膳食和高品质面制品需求的不断提高,通过添加大豆膳食纤维改良面团流变学特性,进而在一定程度上改良面制品品质成为新的研究热点.该文综述了近年来添加大豆膳食纤维改善面团流变学特性及面制品品质方面的研究进展.同时,归纳了大豆膳食纤维改善面团流变学特性及面制品品质的作用机理,为加工富含大豆膳食纤维的高品质面团及面制...     

大豆分离蛋白对冰淇淋品质及流变学特性的影响

0%~6%大豆分离蛋白添加到冰淇淋中,通过研究冰淇淋的混料黏度、膨胀率、融化率、硬度,以及流变学特性与微观结构,探讨分析大豆分离蛋白添加量对冰淇淋品质及流变学特性的影响。结果表明:冰淇淋中添加大豆分离蛋白后,其黏度、硬度均随大豆分离蛋白添加量的增加而显著上升;膨胀率及融化率随大豆分离蛋白添加量的增加先上升后下降;在添加量小于4%时,对各项指标影响较小。添加大豆分离蛋白后,冰淇淋中气泡变大。     

大豆分离蛋白在面包中的应用研究

主要研究了大豆分离蛋白在面包中的应用,添加大豆分离蛋白后,可提高面包的营养价值,但面包的品质也发生了一些改变。对此进行了一系列的应用研究,主要从选用面包专用大豆分离蛋白、调整加水量和添加谷朊粉等方面进行改善,最终确定添加大豆分离蛋白后的面包最佳配方为:面粉213.4 g、水129.8 g、白砂糖20 g、鸡蛋1个、黄油20 g、面包专用大豆分离蛋白6.6 g、食盐2 g、酵母2.5 g、谷朊粉4.4 g;最后,又对添加大豆分离蛋白的面包老化速度进行了分析研究,经过研究发现,添加大豆分离蛋白能够延缓面包的老化速度。     

燕麦粉对强筋面粉品质特性及其面包品质的影响

面包逐渐成为中国人营养早餐的选择,但面包中膳食纤维含量较低。燕麦是一种食疗兼备的特色杂粮作物,富含膳食纤维。为拓宽燕麦的应用范围、提高面包的营养价值,以优质强筋小麦品种藁优2018和燕麦粉为材料,研究了燕麦粉对小麦面粉面团流变学特性及淀粉糊化特性的影响,并进行了燕麦面包实验室制作和质构分析。结果表明,随着燕麦粉添加比例的增加,面团吸水率逐渐增加,面团稳定时间和粉质质量指数先减小后增加;面团拉伸能量、拉伸长度、拉伸阻力、最大拉伸阻力均逐渐减小。说明燕麦粉对面团拉伸特性各参数均有弱化作用。在藁优2018小麦面粉中添加10%的燕麦粉,既能保证面包的感官品质,又能满足面包营养最大化。     

维生素C对面包烘焙品质及面团特性的影响

为研究添加维生素C对不同筋力小麦粉面包烘焙品质的改良效果,以师栾02-1、石优17、矮抗58和济麦22四个不同筋力小麦品种的面粉为材料,研究了维生素C对面包烘焙特性及面团流变性特性的影响。结果表明,添加维生素C对强筋品种师栾02-1和中筋品种矮抗58的面包体积有显著改良作用,而对4个品种的面包外观、面包芯色泽、面包芯质地和面包芯纹理结构均没有影响。添加维生素C对面团的弱化度和最大拉伸阻力等流变学特性的改良作用也因小麦品种而异,而且改良作用有限,不能改变小麦粉本身的加工属性。     

豆渣在焙烤食品中的应用研究

豆渣作为大豆加工副产物在焙烤食品中具有广阔的应用前景。综述豆渣干燥、粉碎、挤压、发酵、酶制剂法等不同预处理工艺对其在焙烤食品中应用的影响,以及豆渣添加对焙烤食品感官质量和面团的流变学性质的影响,并且分析了尚待解决的问题。     

面筋蛋白对小麦粉理化性质及面包烘焙品质的影响

为明确不同类型小麦的面粉改良方案,为我国优质面包专用粉的生产提供理论与技术支持,以三个筋力不同的小麦品种宁麦13、扬麦16和郑麦9023为材料,通过洗面筋法提取各供试材料的湿面筋,将其冷冻干燥后按照7%、8%、9%、10%、11%的添加比例与各自面粉进行配比,对配粉的面包烘焙品质、面粉理化性质和面团流变学特性进行了测定分析。结果发现,随着面筋蛋白添加量的提高,配粉的蛋白质、湿面筋、谷蛋白大聚体(GMP)含量和沉降值逐步上升;粘度参数和面团弱化度有所下降;糊化温度和糊化时间呈上升趋势。在同一添加量下,强筋小麦的烘焙品质和面粉理化性质始终优于中筋小麦和弱筋小麦。随着面筋蛋白添加量的提高,面包体积、弹性、回复性、内聚力增大,而硬度、咀嚼性减小,感官品质得到改善。面筋蛋白添加量超过一定范围(宁麦13、扬麦16添加9%,郑麦9023添加8%),面包品质改良效果变缓,且色泽不断加深。综上所述,适量添加面筋蛋白可改变面粉的理化性质,提高其面包烘焙品质;配粉的蛋白质含量为18%左右是最经济的面包烘焙品质改良方案。     

富含11S大豆分离蛋白中试规模提取及其在冰淇淋和面制品中的应用

11S球蛋白是大豆蛋白中的主要成分,具有优良的加工特性.本文报道了中试水平上提取富含11S组分大豆分离蛋白技术,及其添加到冰淇淋和面粉中对产品特性的影响.试验结果表明,中试生产所得到的富含11S组分分离蛋白中,11S组分的含量达81.3%(占总蛋白含量).添加6%左右的富含11S组分大豆分离蛋白代替冰淇淋原料中的脱脂奶粉可提高冰淇淋的膨胀率,并具有良好的风味;在中等筋度的小麦粉中添加3%的富含11S组分分离蛋白,可提高面团吸水率、面团形成时间和面团稳定性,粉质评价值得到提高.     

新疆冬小麦品种品质性状与面包、馒头、面条加工品质的关系

为了给优质面包、馒头、面条专用品种选育提供品质辅助选择指标,以30份新疆冬小麦品种(包括自育品种和引进品种)为材料,分析了新疆冬小麦品种品质性状与面包、馒头、面条加工品质的关系.回归分析结果表明,小麦籽粒性状、面粉品质、面团特性、淀粉糊化特性以及面粉色泽对新疆冬小麦品种面包、馒头和面条加工品质均有显著影响;面粉灰分、湿面筋、稀懈值、亮度和红度是影响面包、馒头和面条加工品质的共同品质性状;形成时间、稳定时间、延展度是影响面包和面条加工品质的共同品质性状;而籽粒性状仅对新疆冬小麦品种馒头加工品质有显著影响.相关分析结果表明,千粒重、形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸面积、最大拉伸阻力、红度和黄度与面包总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.460、0.516、0.537、0.719、0.707、0.534和-0.403;籽粒蛋白质含量、面粉蛋白含量和湿面筋含量与馒头总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.397、-0.458和-0.552,面团延展度、稀懈值与面条总分呈显著相关关系,相关系数分别为0.438和0.432.从以上结果可以看出,面包与面团流变学特性,馒头与蛋白质和面筋数量,面条与面团流变学特性及淀粉糊化特性的关系更为密切,这些品质性状可以作为新疆冬小麦品种面包、馒头、面条加工品质改良时的辅助选择指标.     

大豆制品在提高焙烤食品品质方面的作用

文章介绍了大豆油脂制品、大豆蛋白制品及大豆副产物在焙烤食品中的应用范围、功能特性、营养强化、添加工艺及添加量。大豆制品在焙烤食品中的应用，不仅能大大改善焙烤食品的品质，延长产品的保质期，降低生产成本，而且能显著提高焙烧食品的营养价值和保健功能。     

旱地小麦新品种小冰麦143品质特性研究

为了了解旱地小麦新品种小冰麦143的品质特性，采用国际(ICC)、国家(GB)标准分析方法，将小冰走143的部分品质性状(蛋白质品质、面团流变学特性、淀粉特性、蛋白质电泳特性)及其食品(面包、面条、馒头)的加工品质与晋走47和长武134进行了对比与分析。结果表明，小冰麦143的籽粒品质优于长武134和晋走47；蛋白质品质、面团漉变学特性与长武134、晋麦47相近；馒头加工品质优于这两个品种；面包加工品质与这两个品种也相近；加工面条韧性差，干物质失落率比长武134和晋麦47高，面条加工品质较差。参照国家有关标准综合评价，小冰走143是一个具有良好食品加工特性的面包、馒头兼用型小麦新品种。     

Suitability of enzymatic hydrolyzates of extracted gluten from fresh pasta by-product used as bread improvers

Gluten extracted from fresh pasta by-products (PG) was enzymatically hydrolyzed by two different commercial proteases (Alcalase 2.4 L and Pancreatin) to different degrees of hydrolysis (DH 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0%). Commercial gluten (CG) was used as reference. The evaluation of functional properties of hydrolyzates from pasta gluten (PGH) and commercial gluten (CGH) showed that Pancreatin hydrolyzates had the highest emulsifying capacities. Regarding the foaming activity, all hydrolyzates performed better than unhydrolyzed gluten. PGH and CGH were added to wheat flour (1%) and their effects on dough rheology were studied. Most hydrolyzates with DH 8% increased dough thermal stability and elasticity during mixing, accelerated the denaturation rate of the protein network, and delayed the gelatinization speed of starch as the temperature increased. Texture profiles and specific volumes of breads from low quality wheat flour with added Pancreatin hydrolyzates (DH 8%) were comparable to those of breads from high quality flour. This showed the potential suitability of PGH and CGH as bread improvers.     

Texture,processing and organoleptic properties of chickpea-fortified spaghetti with insights to the underlying mechanisms of traditional durum pasta quality

Nutritionally enhanced spaghetti was prepared from durum semolina fortified with 0–30% desi chickpea ‘besan’ flour. This study examined the dough rheology, processing ease and quality attributes of the fortified spaghetti including protein, starch, texture (firmness, resilience and stickiness), colour, cooking loss, and organoleptic acceptability. Chickpea-fortified spaghetti was acceptable to consumers, had reasonable pasta quality, including lower cooking loss and less stickiness than the control spaghetti and retained firmness better than durum after refrigeration. This study suggests that chickpea-fortified spaghetti may be suited to uses such as fresh pasta, in soups, canning, and microwave re-heating. In addition, this study has added to the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of pasta quality. The main findings were: (1) gluten content/composition appears to be more important than protein content for pasta firmness; (2) the protein–polysaccharide matrix appears to be more important than the starch composition for cooking loss; (3) increased protein and amylose contents were associated with decreased pasta stickiness; (4) cooking loss and stickiness were not necessarily as strongly related as commonly believed. Further research into these theories is necessary to fully understand the underlying mechanisms of pasta quality.     

Functional Properties of Gluten-Free Pasta Produced from Amaranth, Quinoa and Buckwheat

The use of amaranth, quinoa and buckwheat for the production of gluten-free pasta was investigated in the present study. The aim of the work was to produce pasta of good textural quality, in particular, low cooking loss, optimal cooking weight and texture firmness. The results demonstrated that pasta produced from amaranth had decreased texture firmness and cooking time, while pasta from quinoa mainly showed increased cooking loss. In buckwheat pasta the least negative effects were observed. By combination of all three raw materials to one flour blend in the ratio of 60% buckwheat, 20% amaranth and 20% quinoa, dough matrix was improved. After decreasing dough moisture to 30%, addition of an increased amount of egg white powder of 6% and addition of 1.2% emulsifier (distilled monoglycerides) texture firmness as well as cooking quality of gluten-free pasta produced from such a flour blend reached acceptable values comparable to wheat pasta.     

Evidence for different supramolecular arrangements in pasta from durum wheat (Triticum durum) and einkorn (Triticum monococcum) flours

The effects of the replacement of einkorn flour on pasta proteins aggregation were studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and size exclusion high performance chromatography. Pasta was produced replacing durum wheat semolina with an increasing amount of einkorn flour (30, 50 and 100%). The polymeric protein structure of flours and related pasta and pasta mixture was determined by protein subunits composition and size of polymeric proteins. The unextractability of polymeric protein was related to the unextractable protein fraction and to the determination of –SH/-SS groups. Durum wheat semolina and einkorn flours increased their unextractable and polymeric fractions during pasta processing. The unexpected results derived from the areas of unextractable fractions and total and large unextractable polymeric fractions of 70/30 semolina/einkorn pasta mixture that were lower than those of 50/50 semolina/einkorn pasta mixture. Although the semolina flour contained more gluten proteins than einkorn flour, a higher aggregation was registered for 50/50 semolina/einkorn flour pasta. These results suggested that a different assessment of gluten network occurred in pasta mixture and it was regulated by a self-assembling machine influenced by nature of HMW-GS. The 50/50 semolina/einkorn pasta mixture determined a supramolecular structure in the developing of its network architecture.     

Gelatinization and pasta making conditions for buckwheat gluten-free pasta

The formulations and the operative conditions of the processes involved in the production of buckwheat gluten free pasta were investigated. Buckwheat flour alone and/or in combination with maize and rice flours was used to make balanced formulations that, coupled with emulsifier and stabilizers (monoglycerides of fatty acids, propylene glycol alginate and/or flour of carob and guar), appropriate technologies (gelatinization of flour), and conventional pasta making process, allowed to achieve excellent nutritional and cooking quality properties. The presence of buckwheat flour in the formulation (49.2–99.4%) resulted in an experimental pasta with a high protein and dietary fiber content (values ranging from 8.9 to 11.2% d.w., and 8.9–14.4% d.w, respectively), hence making the innovative products suitable for celiac patients. The combined use of 0.1% propylene glycol alginate, 0.5% monoglycerides of fatty acids, and the gelatinization of mixed flour (buckwheat, maize, rice) allowed to obtain pasta with the highest cooking quality and texture.     

Nutritive value of soybean protein supplemented with purified amino acids and bread

The nutritive value of soybean alone, supplemented with methionine+tryptophan or with bread was investigated. The results showed high Net Protein Utilization (N.P.U.) values for the autoclaved soybean diet (61.5) compared with that of raw soybean supplemented with methionine+tryptophan (57.7). It was found that rats fed the diets of raw soybean supplemented with methionine and tryptophan survived and the growth was improved to some extent.The N.P.U. values of the autoclaved soybean supplemented with methionine and tryptophan (67.4) was in close for that of casein (70.6).The effectiveness of soybean as a supplement to bread at a protein level of 50% was elucidated. The N.P.U. values of the autoclaved soybean supplemented with bread (65.8) was higher than that of either soybean or bread alone which showed the values of 61.5 and 47.0 respectively.     

Increasing atmospheric CO2 modifies durum wheat grain quality and pasta cooking quality

The present study focused on the quality traits of durum wheat grains (protein and content, gluten content, yellow pigment content), semolina (gluten index and yellow index) and pasta (firmness, yellow index, cooking time) obtained from 12 durum wheat genotypes grown under elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration in an open field Free Air CO₂ Enrichment (FACE) experiment. The aims were to evaluate the impact of elevated CO₂ on durum wheat pasta making related traits as well as investigate genetic differences existing in a panel of old and modern cultivars. The protein content showed a not significant decrease (7%), the GC decreased significantly (13.3%), while the GI showed an increasing significant tendency (14%). The overall pasta quality (firmness and weight) worsened in ELE. Correlation between all traits and pasta firmness demonstrated that the decrease in pasta firmness under ELE was correlated with GPC and GC while it was not with the GI. All varieties, although to different extent, showed lower pasta firmness values compared to the ambient condition. Among the varieties tested, some were more sensitive than others to the increased atmospheric CO₂ concentration, a finding that can be exploited by breeding for designing novel genotypes with lower sensitivity to increased atmospheric CO₂.     

超声波对大豆蛋白增溶作用的研究

为了提高大豆深加工产品的得率和蛋白质含量，利用超声波处理大豆经湿磨后的浆潭混合液态物，产生超声空化效应，提高大豆蛋白的溶出率，减少大豆蛋白在豆渣中的残留，试验表明：超声提取技术能提高大豆蛋白的溶出率，从而使豆乳蛋白含量相对提高6.6%，豆乳干物质重量相对提高11.6%。该技术对于传统大豆制品及现代大豆加工新产品如豆奶、速溶豆粉及分离蛋白、农缩蛋白等产品的生产均具有提高蛋白含量、增加得率的效用。     

Improvement bread characteristics of high level sunn pest (Eurygaster integriceps) damaged wheat by using transglutaminase and some additives

The purpose of this study was to improve the baking quality of high level sunn pest damaged wheat (HLSPDW; 20.6%) sample by using at varying levels transglutaminase, and fixed additive combination (diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono and diglycerides + citric acid + L-ascorbic acid) with or without transglutaminase. It was observed that transglutaminase plays an important role in baking quality of HLSPDW. The increase in transglutaminase caused very clear increase on bread characteristics of wheat. Bread yield, height, pore structure, and crumb softness values increased sharply; weight loss and wideness of bread samples decreased accurately depending on increasing transglutaminase level. This increase did not affect obviously on bread quality at a certain proportion (0.3%). However, when the transglutaminase was more than 0.3% and depend on increase of percentage, bread characteristics showed significant increase. It was determined that, in the absence of transglutaminase; other additives could not improve the bread qualities examined. The unique application of using transglutaminase was found to be considerably to improve the bread quality of the HLSPDW. Overall results indicate that the properties of the bread from HLSPDW can be restored by the addition of transglutaminase. The highly disrupted protein structure present in the HLSPDW gluten requires higher transglutaminase concentrations.