不同环境因素对节节麦萌发的影响

节节麦Aegilops tauschii Coss.是麦田难治杂草,研究环境条件对节节麦发芽的影响对预测其适生区域及综合治理有重要意义。以采自陕西、山东和河南的3个节节麦种群为对象,通过室内和室外萌发试验研究了水势、pH、盐分和播种深度与节节麦萌发的关系。结果表明,3个节节麦种群在不同的环境条件下表现出相似的萌发及出苗特性,其萌发对水势敏感,发芽率随水势的下降而降低,当渗透势小于-1.0 MPa时,种子不萌发;节节麦萌发对pH要求不高,在pH 3～10条件下发芽率均超过70%;其萌发具有一定的耐盐性,盐浓度为0 mmol/L时,发芽率最高,盐浓度大于420 mmol/L时,节节麦不能萌发;节节麦出苗率随播种深度的增加而降低,播种在土壤表面时,出苗率最高,播种深度大于10 cm时,未发现节节麦出苗。3个节节麦种群发芽对上述不同环境因子的反应差异不显著。     

环境因子对繁缕种子萌发的影响

繁缕[Stellaria media(L.)Vill.]逐渐成为天津设施蔬菜田中的恶性杂草,研究环境因子对其种子萌发的影响对预防及治理繁缕具有重要意义,开展了温度、pH值、干旱胁迫、盐胁迫、埋藏深度等对繁缕萌发的影响试验.结果表明,最适于繁缕种子萌发的温度为10℃,其次是15、5℃,随着温度升高,萌发率降低,芽长随温度...     

马唐种子萌发及幼苗建成对不同环境因子的响应

马唐是我国常见的旱田杂草之一,然而近年来在部分地区直播稻田危害十分严重.本研究测定了马唐种子萌发和幼苗建成过程中对不同环境因子的响应特征,以期为直播稻田马唐综合防控提供科学依据.结果表明:马唐在 L//D=12 h//12 h,光照/黑暗阶段温度分别为40℃/30℃、35℃/25℃、30℃/20℃、25℃/15℃、20...     

胡杨种子萌发和胚根生长对环境因子变化的响应

通过温度、水分、PEG和NaCl溶液对荒漠河岸树种胡杨（Populus euphratica Olivier.）种子萌发和胚根生长的影响研究,结果表明：胡杨种子在10～40℃时萌发率均超过50％;其种子能够在完全水分浸泡情况下萌发生长;在NaCl和PEG-6000溶液胁迫下,萌发率与水势呈显著线性负相关（R^2〉0．89）,并受到温度的微弱影响;水势对种子萌发和胚根生长的抑制作用,在高水势时,NaCl比PEG-6000溶液明显,而在低水势时后者超过了前者;在各种胁迫下,胚根生长都比种子萌发受到的抑制明显。实验结果显示,早期的低盐和充分的水分条件是胡杨幼苗存活的关键。     

老芒麦不同品系种子萌发期耐盐性

为了解不同老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus L.)品系的耐盐性差异及培育耐盐老芒麦新品种,以老芒麦14个品系和1个审定品种的种子为试验材料,采用0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.2%和1.5%共6个浓度的NaCl溶液浸种,进行了发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、苗长、根长等指标测定。结果表明：1)随NaCl浓度增加,供试老芒麦材料的相对发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、根长和苗长整体表现为下降趋势,但0.2%～0.4%浓度NaCl处理对部分品系相对发芽率和发芽指数有一定的激发效应。2)与一元直线模型、二次多项式模型相比,三次多项式模型能更好地反映老芒麦相对发芽率随NaCl浓度而变化的趋势。3)综合相对发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、根长和苗长指标来看,14个品系中21号和9号品系的耐盐性优于当家品种农牧老芒麦,可在盐渍化程度偏高的地区推广种植。     

36%甲基碘磺隆钠盐·甲基二磺隆可分散粒剂防除麦田禾本科恶性杂草节节麦推广应用

本文记述了临汾市植保部门秋末和初春应用新型除草剂3.6%甲基碘磺隆钠盐·甲基二磺隆可分散粒剂防治麦田节节麦、雀麦等禾本科恶性杂草的防效情况,以及不同用量、不同时间的药效情况.并提出了宜秋末冬前推广使用的建议.     

不同途径对节节麦的远距离传播能力研究初报

研究了4种途径远距离传播节节麦的能力。结果表明,商品麦种是节节麦最重要的远距离传播途径,携带率为20%,平均携带量0.51个小穗/kg;联合收割机携带量随疫区节节麦发生密度的增大而增加,且不同部位携带量不同。割台、粮仓(含卸粮筒)2个部位携带量最大;小麦秸秆和收获的籽粒可以大量携带节节麦种子,但其一般不直接进入农田,危险性略低。     

NaCl胁迫对板蓝根种子萌发的影响

采用培养皿发芽法研究了NaCl胁迫处理对板蓝根种子萌发的影响。结果表明:板蓝根种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数均随NaCl浓度的升高而降低。对其全株的处理表明:胚根长、下胚轴长、胚根鲜重、下胚轴及子叶鲜重均随NaCl胁迫浓度的增大而呈下降趋势,脯氨酸(Pro)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及电导率却随溶液NaCl浓度的增大而增大,呈明显的正相关关系。     

草甘膦影响假高粱种子萌发的试验

经草甘膦4个剂量处理的假高梁种子均有一定的发芽能力，发芽率在3.3％-41.7％，发芽率随着剂量的增大而下降，但在萌发后10天内所有处理的萌发株全部死亡，即发芽死亡率为100％，而未萌发的种子霉烂失去活性；对照种子发芽率为43.3％，发芽死亡率为0。试验结果表明，2000g.a.i/hm^2剂量的草甘膦即可杀死假高梁的幼苗，6000g.a.i/hm^2以上剂量能有效抑制假高梁种子萌发。     

渗透胁迫对番茄种子萌发特性的影响

采用6种不同浓度聚乙二醇(PEG 6000,7.5%、10%、12.5%、15%、17.5%、20%),分别对6个番茄品种(粉番茄HV-071、中杂9号、金珠HV-029、大圣女HV-073、绿果番茄、TTI1103B-2)在种子萌发期各胁迫12 d,测定种子发芽势、发芽率等萌发指标,并进行隶属函数和灰色关联度分析,以筛选番茄种子萌发期抗旱性鉴定适宜PEG浓度和鉴定指标.结果表明:研究用番茄种子萌发期抗旱性的适宜PEG浓度为10%～12.5%,活力指数可作为种子萌发期的抗旱鉴定指标.6个品种抗旱性由强到弱依次为:粉番茄HV-071、中杂9号、金珠HV-029、大圣女HV-073、绿果番茄、TTI1103B-2;粉番茄HV-071、中杂9号萌发期抗旱性极显著高于绿果番茄、TTI1103B-2.8个萌发指标与隶属函数均值的关联序为:活力指数>发芽率>发芽势>发芽指数>发芽速率>胚轴伤害率>胚根伤害率>幼苗伤害率.     

Factors affecting seed germination and emergence of Aegilops tauschii

Information on seed germination and emergence ecology of Aegilops tauschii is scant, despite it being a widespread invasive weed in China. We conducted this study to determine the effects of various factors on seed germination and seedling emergence in three A. tauschii populations. Seeds germinated across a wide range of temperatures (5–35°C), with germination of over 90% at 15–20°C. Germination was completely inhibited when dry seeds were exposed to a temperature of 160°C for 5 min; a similar response was observed for pre-soaked seeds at 100°C. Light was neither required for nor inhibited germination. Germination was not significantly affected by pH. Aegilops tauschii was relatively tolerant to low osmotic potential and high salt stress: over 80% of seeds germinated at −0.3 MPa, and all three populations germinated in the presence of 400 mM salt (NaCl) although salt tolerance varied among the populations. Seeds buried at depths of 1–3 cm emerged well, but emergence was completely inhibited at depths greater than 8 cm. The addition of maize straw caused a linear reduction in seedling emergence, although the rate of reduction varied among the populations. The results of this study have contributed to understanding the requirements of A. tauschii germination and emergence and optimising an integrated management system for this weed in Huang–Huai–Hai Plain of China. In addition, our study provides data for development of models to predict the geographical distribution of this weed.     

34份粗山羊草抗白粉病性鉴定及遗传分析

粗山羊草为小麦D基因组的供体,通过对来自不同产地的粗山羊草抗病性进行鉴定,用离体叶段接种方法接种12个小麦白粉病菌株(E02、E03、E05、E06、E07、E09、E11、E15、E18、E21、E23、E25),鉴定了34份不同产地的粗山羊草抗病性。结果表明:9份粗山羊草(Y170、Y186、Y189、Y192、Y201、Y206、Y212、Y214、Y215)对12个小麦白粉病菌株完全免疫,有3份山羊草(Y126、Y208、Y185)对12个菌株全部感病,其余的材料抗白粉病的部分菌株。田间全生育期用混合菌种鉴定粗山羊草抗性,其结果与离体叶鉴定的结论相一致。粗山羊草Y219与Y122杂交的后代的遗传分析发现抗病基因是1对显性基因控制;Y215与Ae43杂交后代的遗传分析表明抗病基因是1对隐性基因控制。     

不同环境因素对猪殃殃种子萌发及出苗的影响

为探讨猪殃殃种子萌发的适宜环境条件,通过室内萌发试验研究了温度、光照、pH、水势、盐分对猪殃殃种子萌发以及埋土深度对其出苗的影响。结果表明,猪殃殃种子萌发的适宜环境条件为温度10~20℃、光暗12h交替培养以及pH 4~10,萌发率可达到50%以上。猪殃殃种子对水势比较敏感,萌发率随着水势的降低而降低,当水势为0时,萌发率为50.50%,水势降低至-0.6 MPa时,仅有个别种子萌发,萌发率为3.50%,当水势为-0.7 MPa时,种子萌发完全受到抑制;猪殃殃种子对盐分胁迫有一定忍耐力,当NaCl浓度为0.16mol/L时,仍有少数种子萌发,萌发率为16.50%;适于猪殃殃种子出苗的埋土深度是1~2cm,出苗率达到49.50%。研究结果为猪殃殃的出苗调控和综合治理提供了依据。     

不同环境因素对苘麻种子萌发及出苗的影响

苘麻Abutilon theophrasti Medikus具有生长旺盛、结籽量大和适应性强等特点,已成为多种农田中的恶性杂草,研究环境条件对苘麻萌发的影响对进一步探究其生物学特性与综合防治技术具有重要意义。通过室内试验研究温度、光照、酸碱度、水分胁迫、盐胁迫与苘麻种子萌发及埋土深度与其出苗的关系。结果表明,在10～35℃下苘麻种子均可萌发,20～30℃为其最适萌发温度范围;种子萌发对光照不敏感;适应pH范围广,在pH 4～9条件下种子发芽率均在70%以上;水势在-0.2～0 MPa范围内种子发芽率最高,当水势小于-0.7 MPa时,种子萌发受到完全抑制;有较强的耐盐性,NaCl浓度为160 mmol/L时发芽率超过40%;种子对播种深度适应性较强,覆盖不超过8 cm的土层均可出苗。     

Influence of environmental factors on seed germination and emergence of Iresine diffusa

Iresine diffusa has become more abundant under no‐till soyabean in Argentina. The influence of temperature, light, cold‐wet storage, osmotic potential, dry storage and depth of seed burial on germination and emergence of I. diffusa was examined in a growth chamber experiment. Iresine diffusa seeds germinated at the highest proportion (>0.80) in all fluctuating day/night temperatures tested. Conversely, under a constant temperature regime, maximum germination rates occurred at 15 (0.78) and 20°C (0.82), and minimum germination rates occurred at 10 (0.19) and 30°C (0.36). Seed germination was not influenced by light exposure. However, germination decreased after 12 (0.76) and 16 (0.65) weeks in cold‐wet storage. To reduce germination significantly, ?0.4 MPa of osmotic potential (induced by PEG‐6000) or 120 mmol L^?1 of salt (NaCl) concentration was required. Seeds of I. diffusa showed high viability (0.85) after 720 days of dry storage. Low emergence was recorded for seeds buried at 2 cm, and seedling emergence was completely inhibited when seeds were buried at 5 and 10 cm. Iresine diffusa seeds had high viability and were capable of emerging in a broad range of environmental conditions. The thermal germination conditions, shallow soil depths and high moisture conditions in germination phase for I. diffusa are congruent with the conditions in Argentina no‐tillage soyabean. Thus, no‐tillage could provide better conditions for germination than conventional tillage systems. However, due to the fact that I. diffusa can reproduce by rhizomes, further research should be conducted to understand the relative importance of the vegetative reproductive strategy in relation to the presence and persistence of this weed in fields.     

NaCl胁迫对花棒种子萌发的影响

用不同浓度的NaCl溶液对花棒(heydeysarum scoparium)种子进行胁迫萌发实验,观察其发芽率和萌发后种苗的生长情况,并测定萌发吸水率及淀粉酶活性.结果表明:花棒种子萌发对盐胁迫有一定的适应性,当NaCl盐浓度≤0.9%时,种子的发芽率均能达到90%以上;但随着NaCl浓度的增加,种子的萌发吸水受到抑制,淀粉酶活性降低,发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均呈逐渐下降趋势.当NaCl盐浓度≤0.6%时,种子萌发出的幼苗生长基本不受影响;但当NaCl盐浓度≥1.5%时,胚根伸长基本停止.