Local Diversity,Human Creativity,and Technological Innovation

The purpose of this paper is to point out some shortcomings of traditional approaches to the study of “knowledge spillovers” and to suggest an alternative based on how knowledge is actually created and exchanged by individuals. Which regional setting is the best incubator of technological change and economic growth? Is this promoted by regional diversity or specialization of economi activity? This study will include economic analyses of geographically localized “dynamic knowledge externalities, Jacob's externalities, or adding new work to old, industrial classification and technology combination, human creativity, and technology combination through human action and imaginative use of resources. Employees add to, or switch their product line; individuals move from one type of production to another; individuals observe a product/process in another setting and incorporate it; individuals possessing different skills and working for different firms collaborate; and urban diversity and resource collaboration are utilized. It is concluded that problems are solved through the combination of previously unrelated things and that promoting regional specialization at the expense of spontaneously evolved local diversity might be a counter‐productive policy.     

Reliability assessment of multiple NC machine tools with imperfect repair

天津农产品加工业进入新的发展时期,在原料供给、发展规模、产业结构调整和科技创新等方面表现出新的特点和趋势,也面临着发展理念落后、原料有限、成本价格高、质量安全、地区竞争、政策扶持等问题和劣势。为进一步做强做大天津农产品加工业,在广泛调查研究的基础上,提出了发展天津农产品加工业的思路、重点发展领域和对策建议,为政府决策和产业规划提供依据和参考。     

Technology and the Convergence of U.S. Urban Migration Patterns: 1970–2000

ABSTRACT The theoretical premise of this study is twofold. First, that industrial and occupational restructuring within three industries in the U.S.—manufacturing, finance, and high technology—occurred because of technological developments and these, in turn, influenced the settlement patterns of working‐age individuals. Second, that quality‐of‐life factors are increasingly important for the migration decisions of workers as the importance of proximity to ports and raw materials declines. As expected, the results show that high concentrations of high‐technology and finance occupations generally have a positive pull for migrants, with younger migrants most attracted to technology jobs. High concentrations of manufacturing jobs have a negative effect. Most surprisingly, the explanatory power of the model declines substantially across the three decades. Both employment variables and proxies for quality‐of‐life variables lost explanatory power for modeling age‐specific in‐migration to metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). Overall, the results support the industrial restructuring hypothesis, but do not find support for the idea that quality‐of‐life factors have grown in importance.     

Does Creative Destruction Work for Chinese Regions?

Creative destruction is a key driving force behind industrial development. The continuing process of creative destruction provides an impetus to regional industrial renewal. Our analytical framework emphasizes the ways in which firm exit creates a stimulus for firm entry is complementary to the process of technological change and industrial renewal articulated by Schumpeter who pays attention to how new entrants bring in radical innovation and new products, making incumbents' products and technologies obsolete and forcing them to exit or catch up. Using firm‐level data of China's industries during 1998–2008, this paper seeks to argue that the relationship between firm exit and entry has been constantly shaped by an assemblage of various factors, including not only firm characteristics, but also industrial linkages, and most importantly, national and regional institutional contexts, particularly in the context of China where a triple process of decentralization, globalization, and privatization has resulted in enormous spatial and temporal variations in the economic and institutional landscape.     

Investment,Capital Stocks and the Age of Capital in U.S. Regions

ABSTRACT This paper outlines a conventional method of constructing regional capital stocks using investment and depreciation data. The method was used to estimate annual capital stocks for twenty (two-digit SIC) manufacturing industries in the nine census regions of the US. between 1955 and 1989. The novelty of the paper is the disaggregated capital stock data generated. Those data reveal that the industrial distribution of capital is becoming increasingly similar among regions of the U.S. They also show the familiar snowbelt-sunbelt shift of manufacturing capacity. Statistical tests establish that the redistribution of regional net capital stocks between 1955 and 1989 is significant in sixteen of twenty industries and that in ten of these sectors the most pronounced shifts in capacity occurred before the early 1970s. As investment moved away from the old manufacturing heartland, the age of capital in the mid Atlantic and east north central states increased and the age structure of capital stocks became relatively youthful in the west. Age pyramids reveal that regional variations in the age distribution of capital and the average age of capital were greater in 1989 than in 1955. Models of embodied technological change claim that the age of capital is a useful surrogate of best-practice technology.     

The launch and evolution of a technology‐based economy: The case of Austin Texas

This paper uses the lens of institutional theory to explain the launch and evolution of Austin, Texas's technology‐based economy. The case underscores the importance of context, contingency, and the evolution of key local development organizations in explaining how regional economic development trajectories can change and evolve. The case history provides insights into how economic development networks form and operate to “set off” processes of industrial specialization and agglomeration and how they can promote successful adaptation to change in technology and industrial structure. The Austin story further suggests a “stage” process of regional technology‐based evolution where the development of industrial agglomerations linked to a substantial local research base is seen as a necessary precursor to increasing endogenous innovation and start‐up activity. Successfully navigating these stages is bolstered by the formation of institutions and networks that are durable, strategic, and adaptive, and which, at the right time, recognize and support entrepreneurial firm development to help sustain technology‐based growth.     

Heterogeneity of correlation between the locational condition and industrial transformation of regenerative resource-based cities in China

Based on the measurement of the locational condition from a spatiotemporal perspective, the entropy weight TOPSIS, a grey relational analysis model, and other methods are adopted to analyze the correlative heterogeneity characteristics of industrial restructuring, path locking, and path innovation of regenerative resource-based cities in China from 2005 to 2016. In this paper, we conclude that locational conditions were closely related to industrial transformation. And specifically, the locational condition of study cities was the most closely related to path innovation, followed by the advanced index of industrial structuring, and the weakest correlation with the speed of industrial restructuring. For non-remote cities, due to the proximity of provincial capitals and regional central cities, the path innovation was the fastest, and the correlation with the advanced index was the closest. For remote cities, the advanced index showed a downward trend. However, the correlation between the locational condition and the advanced index or path innovation were both high. For extremely remote cities, the speed and advanced index of industrial restructuring were most disadvantaged. Furthermore, the path locking was the strongest, and the path innovation was the weakest. It had the strongest correlation with path innovation. Overall, the heterogeneity of the correlation between geographic location and industrial transformation is significant.     

乡村振兴时代科技创新赋能产业振兴路径与对策探析

在乡村振兴时代背景下,产业振兴是乡村振兴的基础,科技创新是产业振兴的关键,强化科技创新支撑产业振兴的作用对于实施乡村振兴战略具有重要的现实意义。本研究基于陕西省安康市的实证,深入分析科技发展现状、存在的问题以及面临的机遇与挑战,从微观视角和实证层面研究产业振兴对科技的实际需求,探索提升科技支撑现代农业创新能力、新兴工业创新水平以及社会事业发展能力的有效路径,并从主导产业重大创新、创新平台升级发展、科技资源创新服务、科技创新生态营造等方面提出赋能产业振兴的对策建议,为同类地区科技创新助推产业振兴提供案例研究和决策参考。     

中国粮食主产区农业科技进步贡献率的测算与分析

为了深入研究农业科技进步对中国粮食主产区农业经济增长的影响,揭示中国农业科技进步在农业经济增长中的作用机理,探讨农业科技进步对农业经济增长影响的区域差异及其产生原因。作者基于C-D生产函数的一般形式,建立固定效应变参数面板数据分析模型,并依此对中国粮食主产区农业科技进步贡献率进行了详细地测算和分析。研究表明：中国粮食主产区农业科技进步贡献率存在明显的区域差异,反映出中国农业科技发展水平呈现区域不均衡状态;1978—2012 年间全国13 个粮食主产区的农业科技进步贡献率分别在17.28%~33.82%之间,全国粮食主产区平均水平为26.22%;在生产要素的投入中,资本存量的科技含量水平对农业科技进步贡献率的影响较大;农业科技进步在中国粮食主产区农业经济增长过程中所起的作用仍然较小,中国农业经济增长所依赖的传统的高投入、高消耗、低效益、低产出的粗放式增长方式并没有发生根本性的改变。     

农业科技园区三产融合发展的有益探索——河南鹤壁国家农业科技园区的解读与启示

为探索农业科技园区如何推进三产融合发展,以鹤壁国家农业科技园区为例,着重分析园区在推进农村三产融合的实践及成效。其通过转变农业生产方式,拓展农业多种功能,发展现代商业模式,培育多元化经营主体等主要做法,不断完善农村三产融合投融资体制,让农民真正分享到产业融合发展的成果,从而达到提升农村三产融合的整体水平和发展质量的目的。因此,农业科技园区在推进三产融合发展的过程中转变农业发展方式是基础,构建紧密的利益联结机制是核心,打造技术孵化基地是保障,提升产业价值链是关键。这为新形势下其他农业科技园区的三产融合发展提供了重要的参考价值。     

特产业科技成果商品化研究

随着科技体制改革的不断深化,科技成果商品化势在必行,这也是科技体制改革的必由之路。本文拟就特产业科技成果商品化过程加以探讨,主要从特产业科技成果分类、商品化所需具备的条件、商品化模式及特产业科技成果定价等几方面进行分析。     

Technology Search and Firm Bounds in Biotechnology: New Firms as Agents of Change

Schumpeterian perspectives on industrial change suggest a relationship between new firms and the regionally specific technological bases for innovation. However, the links between such firms and the knowledge bases for innovation are more implicit than explicit. The innovation process in new firms reflects both the capabilities found within the firm as well as information sourcing from without. This paper seeks to articulate the nature of change in relationships between firms in science-based industries and the technological infrastructure accessed to support innovation, as such industries mature out of the birth phase. Innovation is treated as decision making, identifying the firm as innovator and agent of change. Survey research suggests that a shift in the sourcing of information, and an associated shift in the character of information accessed, occurred with maturation in the study industry, comprised of biotechnology firms in the U.S. “Early” and “later” forming firms show somewhat different technology sourcing patterns. Interviews were conducted to help interpret these findings. Implications for industry development are suggested.     

Study on Connotations of Industry Park Leisure Culture in Kunming City: A Case Study of Dounan International Flower Industry Park

Taking Dounan International Flower Industry Park in Chenggong District for example, neighboring environment and other tourism resources are combined on the basis of the five planned functional areas(fl ower trade and expo area, comprehensive service and distribution area, post-harvest treatment and information service area, international fl ower research and exhibition area, international fl ower enterprise exhibition and supporting service area), and recreational functions designed to build it into a comprehensive industrial and recreational park with sightseeing, leisure, and science popularization functions. Integration and adjustment of leisure spaces in Dounan International Flower Industry Park focus on the following aspects: re-plan the layout of leisure spaces; industrial park promotes restructuring of leisure spaces; residential functions are transferred to new leisure spaces; commercial service industry promotes leisure spaces; government transforms its functions and expands functions of leisure spaces; new technology pushes forward the change of residents' leisure time structure, so as to improve leisure functions of Dounan International Flower Industry Park in an all-around way.     

Regional inequality: An analysis under the core–peripheral model

Desmet, Gumpert, and Ort?n have analyzed regional development using the Ricardian model or the Heckscher–Ohlin theorem. However, aspects such as consideration of combined wages, substitution elasticities, marginal costs, fixed costs, and number of companies were completely ignored. This study investigates the underdevelopment of regions in light of Krugman`s core–peripheral model. The extension of the model is intended to analyze the aspects that have so far been ignored and their influence on the benefits of the two regions. The following aspects characterize the model. Two regions with two sectors are considered for the model. The regions are characterized by different technological equipment. The first region is industrial. The second region has an agricultural character. When a new technology is available, both regions can benefit under certain conditions. The financial transfers lead to a convergence of wages.     

黑龙江省林业产业集群发展策略研究

黑龙江省是林业大省,林业产业是支柱产业,林业产业集群对于提升林业产业竞争力、发展区域经济、振兴龙江经济具有重要意义。笔者阐述了产业集群及林业产业集群的内涵,对黑龙江省林业产业集群程度进行测定,结果表明目前黑龙江省林业产业已初步形成集群态势。分析黑龙江省林业产业集群发展中存在的问题并提出了对策建议,当地政府应加强政策引导,建立产业集群服务平台,实施品牌战略、龙头企业带动,加大金融支持力度,加快人力资源培养及技术创新。     

Who leads regional industrial dynamics? “New industry creators” in Chinese regions

Recent evolutionary economic geography studies have argued that regional diversification emerges as a path‐dependent process, as regions often branch into industries that are related to its industrial structure. However, it is less clear who are creating new industries and under what regional conditions. This research seeks to fill this gap and identify “new industry creators” in regional industrial diversification. We differentiate two types of new industry formation—path‐breaking and path‐dependent—and examine whether some new industry creators are more path‐breaking than others, by incorporating two factors that have been largely overlooked in recent literature on technological relatedness—firm heterogeneity and regional institutions. Based on a firm‐level data set of China’s manufacturing industries, this paper shows that path‐breaking and path‐dependence coexist. Empirical results confirm that firm heterogeneity and regional institutions not only affect the firms’ capabilities in creating new industries, but also encourage/discourage firms to be adventurous and path‐breaking. This research implies that lagging regions can catch up with developed regions by coordinating regional resources and adjusting local institutional arrangements to attract more path‐breaking firms.     

Production Politics and Flexible Manufacturing in the South Wales Motor Components Sector

This paper focuses on restructuring in eleven first-tier suppliers in the South Wales motor components sector and examines the influence of production politics, including plant-local labor market relations, on the implementation of flexible manufacaturing during the 1980s. Although industrial geographers have recognized the role of recruitment and training in the restructuring of the spatial division of labor they have tended to focus primarily on the role of new firms operating at “green field” sites and view this process as functional to the needs of capital. However, the argument of this paper will be that while new forms of work organization are influenced by the technical and commercial possibilities of new technology and markets, the form of work organization cannot simply be “read off” from the macro-economic level, but will be partially determined by existing spatiallyuneven social relations of production.     

Emerging geography of technological innovation in China's ICT industry: Region,inter‐firm linkages and innovative performance in a transitional economy

This study critically evaluates the relevance of the existing theory of technological innovation to the case of China's information and communications technology industry. Based on a large‐scale questionnaire survey conducted in China's three most important city‐regions, namely, Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen, where the core of China's information and communications technology industry is located, this study reveals a significant regional variation in technological innovation in a political economy undergoing marketisation and globalisation. This research has found no significant relationship between the innovative performance of firms and the extent of production linkages; nor was there a significant knowledge exchange among firms. A further analysis has identified the significant role played by government purchases, research and development capital input and export propensity in the process of technological innovation. The findings of this research cast doubts over the prevailing theory of ‘new economic geography’ in which soft and unbounded relational assets have been overemphasised at the expense of some solid and bounded actors and agents that are pivotal to technological innovation in a developing economy.     

Regional Growth Dynamics in the Service Sector: The Determinants of Employment Change in UK Regions, 1971–2005

There is a need to better understand the dynamics relating to the evolving economic structure of regions, in particular factors concerning deindustrialisation and the growth of services. In order to unpick the dynamics relating to contemporary regional evolution, this paper examines regional employment in the UK's services sectors from 1971 to 2005. The analysis utilises the statistical technique of multi‐factor partitioning to examine the evolutionary dynamics of employment change in the UK service sector. Overall, differing growth trajectories in services employment across regions appear to be the result of the different underlying industrial structures observed within the regions themselves. The findings indicate that the industrial structure of a region has a significant influence on employment change in services, with related variety being of greater consequence than specialisation. This suggests that diversity, or urbanisation, effects have a greater influence than specialisation effects on “lighter” industries than “heavier” industries. Spatio‐temporal variations within the development of services are evident in the analysis, and there is evidence of convergence across the regions for all sub‐sectors examined. It concludes that in an increasingly services‐dominated economy, diversity and related variety have some weight in explaining regional development paths.