银杏,杉木,杨树叶中磷脂酰甘油分子种的高效液相色谱分析

用高效液相色谱分析方法，在碳十八柱上，以乙腈－异丙醇为流动相，分析了银杏、杉木、杨树叶中磷脂酰甘油的分子种组成。分析采用磷脂酰甘油经磷脂酶Ｃ水解后，用３，５－二硝基苯甲酰氯衍生，再进行高效液相色谱分离的方法。分子种根据文献的相对保留值、标样的实验保留值、分析样ＨＰＬＣ峰的脂肪酸组成分析而确定。分析结果表明，三种林木叶中磷脂酰甘油均主要由八个分子种组成，在八个分子种的相对含量上，树种间存在明显差异。     

酒泉地区胡杨容器育苗基质筛选试验

为筛选经济、优质的胡杨容器育苗基质,采用园土十生物有机肥十沙十蘑菇渣或秸秆(4∶2∶1∶3)基质、商品育苗基质、泥炭十珍珠岩十蛭石十生物有机肥(1∶1∶1∶1)基质、园土十沙十有机肥(5∶3∶2)基质进行胡杨容器播种育苗试验,通过基质理化性质测定和不同基质栽植胡杨容器苗的综合评价,结果表明:园土十生物有机肥十沙十蘑菇渣...     

Isolation and characterisation of water soluble polysaccharides from Norway spruce and Scots pine

Water soluble polysaccharides from Norway spruce, Scots pine, and Siberian larch were compared. For all species the total amount of polysaccharides isolated from the heartwood was higher than that from the sapwood. The heartwood polysaccharides had a high content of galactose and arabinose units, and some glucuronic acid units, suggesting the presence of acidic arabinogalactans. The total amounts of recovered water-soluble arabinogalactans were 1.9 mg/g for spruce heartwood, 5.3 mg/g for pine heartwood, and as much as 106 mg/g for larch heartwood. The other water-soluble polysaccharides were mainly glucomannans. The average ratio of Gal:Ara:GlcA in the water-soluble arabinogalactans of spruce heartwood was about 4.3:1:1, pine heartwood about 4.5:1:0.2, and larch heartwood about 6.7:1:0.1. The corresponding molar ratios then being about 3.6:1:0.8 for spruce, 3.8:1:0.2 for pine, and 5.6:1:0.08 for larch. Thus, the content of glucuronic acid units was especially high in the spruce heartwood arabinogalactans. The content of arabinose was slightly higher in spruce and pine than in larch heartwood arabinogalactans.     

BUCHBESPRECHUNGEN

Books reviwed in this article: G. E. RUSSEL: Plant Breeding for Pest and Disease Resistance . MARSH, R. W., Ed.: Systemic Fungicides . 2nd ed. London and New York: Longman Group Ltd., 1977. PERRING, F. H.; MELLANBY, K.: Ecological Effects of Pesticides . C. RAMEL (ed.): Chlorinated Phenoxy Acids and their Dioxins . BOS, L.: Symptoms of virus diseases in plants . FRÖHLICH, G. (Hrsg.): Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz . SACHS, L.: Angewandte Statistik: statist. Methoden und ihre Anwendung . COWAN, S.T.: A Dictionary of Microbial Taxonomy . ULRICH, B.; MAYER, R.; KHANNA, P.K.: Deposition von Luftverunreinigungen und ihre Auswirkungen in Waldökosystemen im Solling .     

BUCHBESPRECHUNGEN

Book Reviewed in this article: Harrington , T. C.; Cohb , E W. (Hrsg.): Leptographium root diseases on Conifers Society of American Foresters: Terminology, practice and products Pegg , G. E; Ayres , P. G. (eds): Fungal infection of plants . Führkr , f.; neuhuber , fkiederike (Hrsg.): FlW-Symposium 1988. Waldsterben in Österreich Dörfelt , H. (Hrsg.): Lexikon der Mykologie . Arndt , U.; nobel , W.; schnveizer , B.: Bioindikatoren. Möglichkciten, Grenzen und neue Erkenntnissc Schlechte , G.: Holzbcwohnende Pilze . Rayner . A. D. M.; Boddy L.: Fungal Decomposition of Wood. Kramer , H.: Waldwachstumslehre. Namkoong , G.; Kang , H.C.; Brouard , J.S.: Tree Breeding: Principles and Strategies.     

BUCHBESPRECHUNGEN

Book reviwed in this article: Jahn , H.: Pilze an Baumen. Shigo , A.L.: Die neue Baumbiologie. Moser , M.; JULICH, W.(unter Mitarbeit von C. FURRER-ZIOGAS): Farbatlas der Basidiomyceten. Dutch Elm Disease- The Early Papers. Nuorteva , P. (1990): Metal distribution patterns and forest decline. Smith , W.H.: Air Pollution and Forests. Treu , R.: Charaketerisierung und Identifizierung von Ektomykorrhizen aus dem Nationalpark Berchtesgaden. Kohrig , E.: GUSSONE, H.A.: Waldbau auf okologischer Grundlage. Alcubilla , M; Heibl , R.; Rehfuess , K.-E.: Langfristige Effekts von Dungungsmasnahmen auf die chemische Zusammensetzung von Fichtenbast und-holz und ihre Hemmwirkung gegenuber Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.-ein Beitrag zur Rotfauleforschung. Forstiliche Bundesversuchsanstalt Wien: Zum Waldsterben im Gleinalmgebiet. Hacki , J.; Zirn , K.: Schamann , M., et al.: Waldzustandserhebung Bad Hofgastein. Sachsse , H.: Exotische Nutzholzer.     

榆木蠹蛾性诱剂的合成及林间诱蛾试验

利用毛细管气相色谱分析榆木蠹蛾处女雌蛾性腺体提取物、化学合成相应的标准化合物并通过触角电位分析及林间诱蛾试验,旨在找到一种对榆木蠹蛾成虫具有强引诱活性的性诱剂.结果表明:提取物中存在反-3-十四碳烯醇(E3 - 14∶OH)、顺-3-十四碳烯醇(Z3 - 14∶ OH)、反-3 -十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(E3 - 14∶Ac)、顺-7-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(Z7-14∶ Ac)和顺-3-反-5-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(Z3E5 -14∶ Ac).榆木蠹蛾雄蛾对Z7-14∶ Ac产生最强的触角电位(EAG)反应,为4.95 mV,极显著高于其他化合物,其他依次是E3 - 14∶Ac、Z3E5 -14∶Ac、E3E5 -14∶ Ac、Z3 - 14∶Ac、腺体提取物、E7 - 14∶Ac,其中乙酸酯化合物EAG值极显著高于其相应的醇(P＜0.01).林间诱蛾活性试验表明:Z7- 14∶ Ac有诱蛾活性,E3 - 14∶Ac和Z3E5 - 14∶ Ac有显著的增效作用,Z7-14∶ Ac、E3 - 14∶Ac和Z3E5 - 14∶ Ac按10∶ 4∶4的比例配成每个含900 μg性诱剂的诱芯具有很好的诱蛾活性,单诱芯日平均诱蛾数达11.02头.     

Preserve and produce: experience in implementing payments for environmental services in two indigenous communities in the Northern and Southern ranges of Oaxaca,Mexico

Payments for environmental services (PES) are conservation instruments in place in various Latin American countries. They are generally undergoing adjustment and implementation changes, and they are widely implemented in indigenous communities. This article aims to suggest a relevant group of context variables in PES implementation. Characterizing the local context of two indigenous communities located in Oaxaca, Mexico, and analyzing the relationship between the local context and PES implementation and outcomes perceptions.

The work is based on 75 surveys administered to beneficiary families of the instrument in the two localities. The results suggest three conclusions:

The pertinence of the nine focal variables: “Forest cover, Opportunity costs, Livelihoods, Trust and cooperation, Motivations toward conservation, Management practices, Internal organization, Land tenure and Rules for the management and use” to the characterization of the local context. And the relevance of the new focal variable “Presence and experience with Civil Society Organizations”.

The coincidence between the contextual variables and the determinants of the success of conservation instruments.

Finally, the incidence of “Trust and cooperation” and “Internal organization” in the implementation of equitable PES schemes. And the importance of linking sustainable production to PES conservation schemes.     

不同栽培基质和粪肥对下山春兰生长的影响

以下山春兰为试材,设置12种不同基质进行栽培试验,并用3种粪肥对生长较弱的植株进行复壮试验.结果表明:木炭∶树皮(1∶1)、仙土∶泥炭(1∶1)、泥炭∶有机肥∶腐殖土(1∶1∶1)、塘基兰石:仙土:树皮(1∶1∶1)的基质组合是适宜下山春兰的栽培基质;在3种粪肥中,羊粪对弱势植株的复壮效果最好.     

Buchbesprechungen

Books reviwed in this article: Weiland , G.: Informationsbedarf und Informationsgewohnheiten von Phytomedizinern in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Bakshi , B. K.: Forest Pathology, Princiρles and Practice in Forestry. Olschowy , G.: Natur- und Umweltschutz in fünf Kontinenten. Hawksworth , D. L.; Rose , F.: Lichens as Pollution Monitors. Deverall , B. J.: Defence Mechanisms of Plants. Fitschen , J.: Gehölzflora. Ryvarden , L.: The Polyporaceae of North Europe.     

撑绿杂交竹施肥技术研究

以撑绿竹为研究对象,通过肥料配比、施肥量和施肥方式3个因素不同水平的正交试验,对撑绿竹的施肥技术进行了研究。结果表明,促进撑绿竹胸径增粗的最佳施肥模式为:肥料配比(N:P₂O₅:K₂O)为3:2:1,施肥量为1.2 kg/丛,施肥方式为撒施;提高撑绿竹繁殖率的最佳模式是:肥料配比(N:P₂O₅:K₂O)为5:2:1,施肥量为0.6 kg/丛,施肥方式为穴施;增加撑绿竹生物量的最佳施肥模式为:肥料配比(N:P₂O₅:K₂O)为5:2:1,施肥量为0.6 kg/丛,施肥方式为撒施。     

Improvement of mechanical properties of thermally modified hardwood through melamine treatment

Specimens of beech, ash, lime and poplar were thermally modified (T) and treated with an aqueous solution of melamine (M) resin to investigate the mechanical changes after combined (double) modification (TM). Density, solution uptake, weight percent gain, bulking and equilibrium moisture content were recorded to ensure proper treatment. Samples for Brinell hardness and three-point bending were cured at 120°C under dry conditions. The WPGs of the two treatment groups M and TM were similar, but bulking of TM specimens was negative. This might indicate an incomplete penetration into the thermally modified cell wall in combination with a potential leaching of soluble hemicellulose components by the alkaline impregnation solution. The decreased hardness of heat-treated wood was substantially increased by melamine treatment (combined modification). Both modifications and their combination slightly increased the modulus of elasticity. The modulus of rupture was increased after melamine treatment, decreased after thermal modification and combined modification. The work in bending was severely reduced for all treatments. Melamine treatment of thermally modified wood was carried out successfully and some mechanical properties were improved. Double-modified wood with increased modulus of rupture (MOR) and extraordinary surface hardness would be suitable for non-structural outdoor applications such as decking and cladding.

Abbreviations: ANOVA: Analysis of variance; EMC: Equilibrium moisture content; EMC_R: Reduced (corrected) equilibrium moisture content; IB: Impact bending strength; M: Melamine treated; MOE: Modulus of elasticity; MOR: Modulus of rupture; MUF: melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin; OD: Oven dry density; R: Untreated references; RH: relative humidity; SC: Solid content; SU: Solution uptake; T: Thermally modified; TM: Thermally modified and melamine treated (double modification); WB: Work in bending; WPG: Weight percent gain     

不同基质处理对洋紫荆幼苗生长的影响

文章以黄心土为基础,选用泥炭土、椰糠、蘑菇渣3种常用轻基质材料,设置不同比例组成15种基质配方,通过研究不同基质配比处理下洋紫荆Bauhinia variegata的苗高、地径、地上部分干重、地下部分干重、生物量、根冠比、根系生长,评价其育苗效果,确定培养基最优配比。结果表明:不同配方基质对容器苗的生长有显著影响,处理组Z7(黄心土:泥炭土:椰糠=2:1:1)、处理组Z14(黄心土:椰糠=1:4)、处理组Z5(黄心土:椰糠=4:1)的洋紫荆容器苗综合评价值为0.75,0.63和0.55,Z3(椰糠=1)、Z13(黄心土:泥炭土=1:4)、Z6(黄心土:蘑菇渣=4:1)的洋紫荆容器苗综合评价值为0.32,0.39和0.43。综上所述,黄心土:泥炭土:椰糠=2:1:1的基质配比是洋紫荆容器苗最为理想的轻型基质配方。     

圈养鹅喉羚夏季昼间行为时间分配及活动规律研究

2013年6—8月,在福海金勃源鹿业有限公司养殖区,采用摄像监控视频随机截屏的方式对11只(♂4、♀7)圈养鹅喉羚(Gazella subgutturosa)夏季昼间行为时间分配和活动规律进行了研究,并建立了圈养鹅喉羚的夏季昼间行为谱。结果表明:鹅喉羚的主要行为分为采食、警惕、趴卧、运动、修饰及其他行为。在夏季昼间,鹅喉羚一天的大部分时间用于趴卧(40.18%)、采食(29.40%)和运动(15.84%),警惕行为(5.77%)次之,修饰行为(4.04%)和其他行为(4.04%)所占比例最低。在活动规律上,趴卧在一天内有2个高峰期,即10:00—16:00和18:00—20:00,在18:00-20:00形成峰谷;采食在一天中有3个高峰期,分别出现在7:00—8:00、17:00—18:00和21:00—22:00,在13:00—14:00形成峰谷;运动在11:00—12:00有1个较为明显的高峰期,然后迅速降低,但在19:00—20:00有所升高;修饰和其他行为在一天中波动变化不大。雌雄个体之间在行为时间分配上不存在差异(P0.05)。     

BUCHBESPRECHUNGEN

Book reviwed in this article: Sorauer , P.: Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten. I. Band: Die nichtparsitären Krankheiten Berge , H.: Immissionsschäden (Gas-, Rauch- und Staubschäden). Jaag , O.: Abwasserschäden, einschließlich der Schäden durch Müll. Smith , W. H.: Tree Pathology . A Short Introduction. Maier -Bode , H.: Herbizide und ihre Rückstände . Ershad , D.: Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Phytophthora-Arten in Iran und ihrer phytopathologischen Bedeutung . Fröhlich , G., and Rodewald , W.: Pests and Diseases of Tropical Crops and their Control . Stevenson , G. B.: The Biology of Fungi, Bacteria and Viruses. Empfehlungen für den Einsatz chemischer Unkrautbekämpfungsmittel (Herbizide) Zur Kulturvorbereitung, Kulturpflege und Laubholzläuterung Hawker , E. L., und Linton , A. H.: Micro-organisms:Function, Form and Environment .     

Comparative study of the stoichiometric characteristics of karst and non-karst forests in Guizhou,China

Carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorous (P) levels and their stoichiometry in plant components (leaves, branch trunks, roots) of trees in a karst forest and non-karst forest are compared. The results show that the C contents, C:N and C:P ratios of dominant species in the karst forest were lower than those in the non-karst forest, but the N and P and the N:P ratio were higher;C:N:P ratios in plant organs of trees in the karst forest were in the order of trunks>roots>branches>leaves. However, C:N:P ratio in the non-karst forest trees were trunks>branches>roots>leaves. Moreover, ratio of C:N:P in trunks was highest and lowest in leaves in both forests. In non-karst forest trees, N:P was in the order of leaves> roots>branches>trunks. There were no significant differences in the ratio of N:P in different plant components of trees in the karst forest. However, in karst and non-karst forest trees, the ratio of N:P in leaves was highest;positive correlations between N and P contents, and N and N:P ratios were observed in both karst and non-karst forests (p<0.001). Negative correlations between P and N:P ratios (p<0.05) were observed in karst forest trees, while positive correlations were observed in non-karst forest trees.     

红锥育苗基质筛选

红锥Castanopsis hystrix是我国华南地区最重要的珍贵阔叶树种之一,具有重要的经济与生态效益。随着种植规模的不断扩大,壮苗培育越来越受到重视。文章以椰糠、泥炭土、珍珠岩为基础基质,以黄心土为对照,比较16种不同配比基质配方下红锥苗木的生长性状与根系指标,结果显示:轻基质配方11(泥炭土:椰糠:珍珠岩=5:3:2),1(泥炭土:椰糠:珍珠岩=10:0:0),13(泥炭土:椰糠:珍珠岩=4:4:2)的苗高、地径、根长及细根分枝等指标明显高于以黄心土为栽培基质的苗木,且这几类基质的壮苗指数均显著高于对照黄心土(P < 0.05),说明这几类轻基质配方在提高苗木质量方面具有显著效果。     

朱红毛斑蛾繁殖行为的研究

目的 朱红毛斑蛾是榕属植物上一种重要的食叶害虫,研究其繁殖行为,可为该虫的种群管理提供基础资料。 方法 通过观察,分析朱红毛斑蛾的羽化、求偶、交配和产卵的繁殖行为及节律。 结果 朱红毛斑蛾仅在光期06:00—16:00时羽化,11:00—13:00达到羽化高峰;求偶行为包括爬行、飞行、侦测、触角交流、振翅、暴露生殖器、尝试交配等系列步骤,09:00—18:00均有求偶行为的发生,求偶高峰期为11:00—16:00。交配姿势呈“一”字型或“V”字型,雌雄成虫一生均只交配1次,交配高峰为14:00—16:00,交配时长为16.16 ± 0.26 h。雌虫将卵产于寄主植物的叶柄或叶尖,产卵高峰期为10:00—14:00,单雌平均产卵量为107.3 ± 3.0粒,平均孵化率为88.40% ± 1.60%。 结论 朱红毛斑蛾为日行性的单配制蛾类。     

BUCHBESPRECHUNGEN

Books reviewed in this article: Shaw , G. G. III; Kile , G. A. (Eds.): Armillaria Root Disease Holliday , P.: A Dictionary of Plant Pathology Fritsch , B.: Anthropogene Veränderungen der Atmosphäre: Schritte auf dem Wege zu einer globalen Umweltpolitik Shigo , A. L.: Baumschnitt