大豆田如何科学使用除草剂

近年来大豆除草剂的施用面积逐年增加,在生产中时常出现人为原因造成的除草效果差、作物发生药害等问题,为此就大豆田如何科学使用除草剂谈一些看法. 1针对作物田间杂草种类选用适宜的除草剂品种 任何品种除草剂都有其一定的杀草谱,有防阔叶的,有防窄叶的(禾本科、莎草科),也有部分窄叶、阔叶草兼防的,但一种除草剂即使再好也不可能有效地防治田间所有杂草,所以,使用除草剂之前要弄清楚田间有些什么杂草,要分清哪些是主要杂草,哪些是次要杂草,要根据田间主要杂草兼防次要杂草的原则来选择除草剂.     

30%苄嘧·丙草胺乳油等量施药的次数及时间对稻田除草效果的影响

为探索如何提高稻田除草剂使用效率, 实现除草剂减量使用, 本试验以30%苄嘧·丙草胺乳油为供试药剂, 以‘甬优1540’为供试水稻, 保持除草剂总量一致的前提下, 利用大田试验和温室盆栽试验, 通过设置插秧前?插秧时?插秧后单次施用100%推荐剂量, 插秧前和插秧后各施用50%推荐剂量, 插秧前及苗期各施用50%推荐剂量, 以及不施用除草剂的6种处理, 研究不同施药次数及施药时间对稻田禾本科?阔叶类?莎草科三类杂草及其总草防除效果的影响?温室盆栽试验表明, 与其他处理相比, 采用30%苄嘧·丙草胺乳油于移秧后3 d施药50%推荐剂量及苗期再施50%推荐剂量的处理, 可使水稻移栽后24 d时的稗草?千金子和耳叶水苋发生量明显少于其他施药方式, 说明该施药方式对稻田杂草具有明显的抑制作用; 此外, 大田试验表明, 采用上述同样的施药方式, 可使水稻在移栽后36 d时的分蘖在各处理中达到最大量, 为16.90万/667m2, 且杂草总发生量最少, 为17.00株/m2, 杂草株防效最高, 为84.17%?本研究表明, 30%苄嘧·丙草胺乳油在移秧后3 d施用50%推荐剂量, 及苗期再施50%推荐剂量, 对稻田杂草防除效果较好?     

高效稻草灵对稻田杂草防效研究

江苏省稻田杂草种类较多,且分布广、危害重,产量损失大。随着化学除草技术的普及,除草醚、丁草胺等除草剂在稻田较长时间单一使用,使稗草、牛毛毡、三棱草等禾本科及莎草科杂草的发生逐渐减少,而鸭舌草、矮慈姑以及节节菜等阔叶杂草数量急剧增加。90年代初开始推广使用苄嘧黄隆或以苄嘧黄隆为主的各种复配剂,对阔叶杂草的防除     

重庆地区稻田杂草安全高效防控技术与建议

重庆地区稻田杂草有33种,分属22个科,其中以莎草科和禾本科杂草种类最多.稻田优势杂草与耕地制度及栽培方式密切相关.冬季囤水田以牛毛毡、空心莲子草、异型莎草、野慈姑和浮萍为多;稻-油轮作田以猪殃殃、牛筋草、繁缕、看麦娘为多.根据稻田耕作类型科学施用有针对性的除草剂,并实行年度更换,以减少除草剂残留和杂草抗药性的产生;改进收割机械,加强适宜机收的水稻新品种选育,以减轻机械收获稻谷带来的落粒越年生秧苗防除难题.     

不同除草剂对稻田杂草群落演替的影响

为了明确除草剂对稻田杂草群落演替的影响,2001～2004年,连续4年施用7种稻田除草剂控制移栽稻田杂草,每年调查稻田杂草的种类、密度和鲜重,分析稻田杂草种群的变化.结果表明：连续使用同一除草剂对稻田杂草群落演替影响显著,靶标杂草的优势度值与药剂使用年限存在显著的线性或非线性关系：Y=a＋bx或Y=ax^2＋bx＋c;非靶标杂草优势度值与药剂使用年限呈极显著正相关线性关系.不同药剂处理的杂草群落有一定的差异,连续使用二元复配除草剂,杂草群落的均匀度和多样性指数分别为0.40～0.43和1.57～1.84,明显低于单剂处理和对照区,田间主要杂草是陌上菜、水苋、千金子和水莎草,其杂草的鲜重显著低于其它处理.     

江苏省小麦田禾本科杂草发生趋势及防除策略思考

小麦的安全生产在江苏农业中占有重要地位,以硬草、草、日本看麦娘和棒头草为代表的禾本科杂草在江苏麦田发生普遍、危害严重,化学除草剂一直是江苏麦田杂草治理的重要手段。但生产上可安全、高效、经济地防除禾本科杂草的除草剂品种较少,加上杂草危害时期长、除草剂使用技术不完善等原因,造成化学除草剂使用量不断增加的同时,小麦田禾本科杂草危害日趋严重的现状。加强理论研究的同时需加大新除草剂品种的开发力度,大胆创新改造现有除草剂品种,建立完善的除草剂使用技术及其评价体系,建立基于农田生态系统之上的作物种类—农艺措施—农药种类和剂型—施药方法相结合的防除策略。     

稻草敌在移栽稻田的除草效果和安全性

除草醚、丁草胺可有效地控制稻田稗草、异型莎草等一年生禾本科杂草和莎草科杂草,但由于连年使用,致使稻田杂草群落发生了明显的演化,矮慈姑、丁香蓼、眼子菜、陌上菜、节节菜等阔叶杂草逐步上升为主要恶性杂草,对水稻发生不同程度的危害。又随着苄黄隆等除草剂的推广应用,部分稻区的稗草、千金子等禾本科杂草又有所回升。显然除草剂单剂已不适应农业生产发展的需要,广大农村迫切要求杀草谱广的一次性除草剂。稻草敌可湿陛粉剂是江苏省农科院农业现代化研究所近年来开发成功的一次性稻田除草剂,经过1993年多点田间药效试验和大面积示范应用,肯定该产品具有高效、广谱、经济、对水稻安全等特点,可有效地防除移栽稻田一年生和多年生单、双子叶杂草,一次用药,可保全季无草害。     

日本草坪杂草生态及其控制

在日本,草坪杂草包括18科,61种,主要有禾本科、莎草科和菊科,温度和土壤含水量决定杂草的种类和生活史,因而也影响除草剂的防治效果,用来防除杂草的除草剂分土壤处理型和接触除杀型两类,可根据杂草主要种类来选用,除草剂通常使用4次,即分别在早春、春季、秋季和休眠季节进行。     

四种除草剂对稻田杂草防除试验

四种除草剂对稻田杂草防除试验陆兆庆（邕宁县四塘镇农技站５３０２１６）化学除草作为降低劳动强度，提高生产效率的主要手段，得到了广泛的推广应用。当前，市场上的稻田除草剂种类较多，为了进一步了解各种除草剂对稻田杂草的防除效果，找出适合本地情况的使用技术，作...     

农得时的开发前景及应用技术

农得时(DPX—F5384)为杜邦公司开发的一种磺酰脲类除草剂,它的特点是除草活性高,选择性强,对环境安全,对稻田中的大多数一年生和多年生阔叶杂草和莎草科杂草具有特效,对稗草等有相当的抑制作用,它与其它防除禾本科杂草的除草剂混配,能够一次性控制稻田杂草,可应用于移栽稻田和直播稻田。是防除稻田杂草的好品种,有广阔的应用开发前景。但是应该指出,正是由于农得时可推广的地区广,各地的杂草情况、生态条件以及耕作     

Prevalence of herbicide‐resistant weed species in Malaysian rice fields: A review

The management of weeds in Malaysian rice fields is very much herbicide‐based. The heavy reliance on herbicide for weed control by many rice‐growers arguably eventually has led to the development and evolution of herbicide‐resistant biotypes in Malaysian rice fields over the years. The continuous use of synthetic auxin (phenoxy group) herbicides and acetohydroxyacid synthase‐inhibiting herbicides to control rice weeds was consequential in leading to the emergence and prevalence of resistant weed biotypes. This review discusses the history and confirmed cases and incidence of herbicide‐resistant weeds in Malaysian rice fields. It also reviews the Clearfield Production System and its impact on the evolution of herbicide resistance among rice weed species and biotypes. This review also emphasizes the strategies and management options for herbicide‐resistant rice field weeds within the framework of herbicide‐based integrated weed management. These include the use of optimum tillage practices, certified clean seeds, increased crop competition through high seeding rates, crop rotation, the application of multiple modes of action of herbicides in annual rotations, tank mixtures and sequential applications to enable a broad spectrum of weed control, increase the selective control of noxious weed species in a field and help to delay the resistance evolution by reducing the selection pressure that is forced on those weed populations by a specific herbicidal mode of action.     

Performance of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl in non-puddled transplanted rainy season rice and its residual effect on growth of the succeeding crop in rice-wheat cropping pattern

Abstract

A study was carried out in sandy clay loam textured soil of Mymensingh, Bangladesh to evaluate weed control efficiency of pre-emergence herbicide pyrazosulfuron-ethyl either alone or in sequential application with post-emergence herbicide in transplanted rainy season rice under non-puddled strip-tilled (NPST) field condition and also to examine the residual effect of those herbicides on germination and growth of the subsequently grown wheat crop. Five treatment combinations of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl were tested against one weedy check and one weed-free check. The study revealed that NPST rice field was mostly infested by grass and sedge weeds and herbicide treatments offered a wide range of control (above 50% to 95%) on all types of weeds. Application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by (fb) orthosulfamuron fb butachlor plus propanil provided the most effective and economic weed control over two years of the study. Moreover, micro-plot bioassay study claimed germination and growth of subsequently grown wheat were not adversely affected by herbicides that were applied in rice. Therefore, application of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl followed by post-emergence herbicide could be effective and economic to control weeds in NPST rice under rice-wheat system, but proper rate and time of application should strictly be followed.     

Biochemical mechanisms of cross-resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate and cyclohexanedione herbicides in populations of Avena spp.

Aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP) and cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicides are used extensively in the UK to control grass weeds, including Avena spp. (wild-oats). Reports of resistance to APP and CHD herbicides are a particular concern for the agricultural community. In this study, the responses of four UK Avena populations were characterized towards the APP herbicides fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and fluazifop-P-butyl, and towards the CHD herbicides cycloxydim and tralkoxydim. An A. sterilis ssp. ludoviciana population (T/41) was found to be highly resistant to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and fluazifop-P-butyl, but did not show cross-resistance to cycloxydim and tralkoxydim. In contrast, one A. sterilis ssp. ludoviciana (T/11) and one A. fatua population (Dorset) showed partial resistance to both APP herbicides and also showed cross-resistance to the CHD herbicide tralkoxydim, but not to cycloxydim. Before this study, the biochemical mechanisms that confer resistance to the APP and CHD herbicides in UK Avena populations were unknown. Results from the present study show that an enhanced rate of metabolism of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl was found to confer resistance in the two partially resistant Avena populations (T/11 and Dorset), and the presence of an insensitive form of the target enzyme, ACCase, was responsible for target site resistance to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and fluazifop-P-butyl in the highly resistant population T/41. Cross-resistance to the CHD herbicide tralkoxydim in the T/11 and Dorset populations was not conferred by insensitive ACCase, and was most probably caused by enhanced metabolism. This is the first report that resistance to fenoxaprop-P-ethyl can be conferred by enhanced metabolism in Avena spp.     

基于登记用量分析我国四大主粮作物田除草剂的登记现状

为除草剂合理减施提供数据参考,本研究于2019年7月3日自中国农药信息网查询我国四大主粮作物——小麦、水稻、玉米和马铃薯登记的除草剂,并对这4种作物田登记除草剂单剂（含原药）及混剂的条目数量进行整体分析,并对所有单剂有效成分以及不同剂型的登记条目数量进行分析,筛选出高用量单剂有效成分,分别从剂型和防治对象上进行用量分析,再将用量最高的4种有效成分、3种作物和3种防治对象进行组合,对已登记的组合进行用量分析。结果显示：有效成分用量最大值、均值和范围排序均依次为水稻田、小麦田、玉米田和马铃薯田,并选出15种高用量单剂有效成分,其中2甲4氯钠、2,4-滴钠盐、苯磺隆、丙草胺、丁草胺、2,4-滴二甲胺盐和2甲4氯二甲胺盐等存在用量差异大、异常高值点多的问题;登记除草剂单剂有效成分用量最高的剂型为可溶粉剂,用量最高的防治对象为阔叶杂草和莎草科杂草;2甲4氯钠-水稻-阔叶杂草和2甲4氯钠-水稻-莎草科杂草组合用量差异大且离群高值点多,究其原因可能与剂型、厂家有关。为减少除草剂用量,建议在最低有效剂量研究基础上,选择有效成分用量较低的除草剂品种。     

农艺措施和除草剂用量对化感稻产量及杂草生物量的影响

为实现水稻生产减施除草剂的目标,将化感材料与农艺措施相结合取得对稻田杂草有效控制的效果,田间采用再裂区试验法研究了化感稻3号和N两优201两个水稻化感材料和非化感材料五山丝苗在不同水分管理、移栽密度和除草剂不同用量下,对水稻产量和田间杂草生物量的影响。结果表明:无论早季稻田还是晚季稻田,施用常规除草剂量的小区杂草生物量均为0,施用常规剂量50%除草剂且仅在孕穗期晒田的小区和常规密度小区有少量杂草发生。不施除草剂的水稻材料小区杂草生物量依次为化感稻3号N两优201五山丝苗。移栽后75 d,不施除草剂的小区相同水稻材料孕穗期不晒田比晒田处理、高密度比常规密度处理的杂草生物量小。早季稻田不晒田和高密度提高了水稻的产量,晚季稻田则相反。化感材料化感稻3号和N两优201在田间的抑草效果较五山丝苗要好。在水稻生产中,水稻化感材料结合农艺措施,可以实现水稻不减产,田间杂草得到有效控制,除草剂量减50%的目标。     

Effect of allelopathic rice varieties combined with cultural management options on paddy field weeds

BACKGROUND: A number of techniques, including cultural management, allelopathy and bioherbicide, have been considered as alternatives for synthetic herbicides, but successful weed control will require the careful integration of these multiple techniques. This study was conducted to assess the use of allelopathic rice varieties in combination with cultural management options on paddy weeds, in order to develop an allelopathy-based technique to reduce herbicide use in paddies. RESULTS: The weed-suppressive effects of the rice varieties tested varied highly with allelopathic trait, planting pattern and cultural management including planting density, flooding depth and duration and supply of nitrogen. Allelopathic rice varieties PI312777 and Huagan-1 demonstrated much stronger weed suppression than the non-allelopathic variety Huajianxian under the same planting pattern and cultural management. Their weed-suppressive effect was increased with cultural management options. In particular, if integrated cultural management options of allelopathic rice varieties included a low-dose (bensulfuron-methyl, 25 g AI ha(-1), a third of the recommended dose) herbicide application, the emergence and growth of most weeds found in paddy fields was completely controlled. No grain yield reduction for allelopathic varieties occurred under integrated cultural management options, whereas with the non-allelopathic variety a reduction of up to 45-60% was measurable even with the low-dose herbicide application. CONCLUSION: The allelopathic potential of rice varieties will likely have a great impact on paddy weed control if integrated with cultural management options and application of low doses of herbicides. Therefore, it is feasible to reduce herbicide input in paddies if allelopathic rice is grown under integrated cultural management practices.     

Change in weed control studies of rice paddy fields in Korea

This paper was reviewed on the research status of weed control according to cultivating patterns of rice in Korea. Weed control study in a nursery bed was chiefly carried out to control the species of barnyardgrass at the times of machine transplanting. Propanil and nitrofen were applied successfully in wet-nursery beds, and chlornitrofen and pyrazolate/butachlor were also successfully applied in protected semi-irrigated rice nursery beds in the 1970s. Sequential application of herbicides in the mid-1980s has resulted in the end of hand weeding. In machine transplanting, basic research such as the selection of herbicides was conducted in the early 1970s, and its related research including crop injury, seedling age, and reaction of cultivars were done in the late 1970s to early 1980s. Effects of the continuous application of herbicides and its methods of labor saving for rice cultivation were studied in the mid to late 1980s. When the rice planting methods were newly established, such as transplanting when seedlings were 10-days-old and direct seeding from the early 1990s, weed control research relating to herbicides was carried out (e.g. herbicide registration, crop injury, water management, appropriate application time, and neighboring application with insecticide). Weed control for the dill seeding of fields in wetted and reclaimed saline land have been experimented with, particularly in terms of the physio-ecological characteristics and the control of problematic weeds, and the resistance of weeds to herbicides was also investigated systematically.     

喷雾助剂对茎叶处理除草剂的增效机制及应用研究进展

农田草害的发生严重影响了农业生产和发展,使用除草剂进行化学防治是目前最省时省力和防除效果最好的除草方法.其中,茎叶处理除草剂因其具有不受土壤环境影响、按草施药、灵活和选择性高等优点,应用范围更广.然而,茎叶处理除草剂在喷雾施药过程中由于受到杂草叶片界面特性的影响,常出现药液迸溅、滚落、难以渗透等现象,导致除草剂用量增大...     

Weeds and weed management in rice production in Japan

The area of paddy rice fields in Japan was 1.79 million ha in 1998 almost all of which was planted with young seedlings from nursery boxes by a mechanical rice transplanter. Japanese farmers controlled paddy weeds mainly by chemical herbicides, which were applied around 1.8 times in one growing season of rice by sequential treatment. The cost of herbicides was 35 320 ¥/ha on average, the main of which was ‘one‐shot’ herbicides, while weeding labor for the paddy field, including herbicide application, was 19.0 h/ha, or 29 976 ¥/ha in labor cost, in 1998. Under the Integrated Weed Management (IWM) for sustainable paddy rice production, other technologies for weed management are also recommended to paddy farmers, such as ecological or cultural, mechanical, biological methods and so on.