大熊猫犬冠状病毒部分纤突蛋白基因的扩增与序列分析

大熊猫是我国特有的濒危物种，近年来人们在研究其生态环境、生理特点、繁殖性能、人工繁育等方面取得了显著成绩。然而，大熊猫疾病，特别是传染性疾病对大熊猫的生存构成了严重的威胁。     

景观生态学在生物多样性保护中的作用

生物多样性是人类生存的基础，而人类对自然的过渡利用导致生物多样性的丧失，保护生物多样性成为人类实现可持续发展中面临的首要任务也是艰巨的任务，生物多样性保护是从物种保护开始的，但一系列的经验表明，单一的物种保护不能够达到生物多样性保护的目的。我们必须进一步设法保护物种的生存环境一生态系统和景观，因此，景观生态学在生物多样性保护中正在发挥越来越重要的作用。     

乳酸杆菌对雏鸡巨型艾美耳球虫感染的防治试验

从理论上讲，任何一种生物物种都存在着与另一些生物物种的生存关系，有的共生，有的制约，有的协同，有的寄生。采用来自于消化道本身的微生物，即“直接饲喂微生物”（directfed microbial，DFM）饲喂动物，防治疾病，已引起人们极大兴趣。雏鸡巨型艾美耳球虫（Emaxima）与肠道乳酸杆菌间相互关系的研究至今未见文献报道。此试验的目的是分析雏鸡感染巨型艾美耳球虫后，其肠道乳酸杆菌变化规律，     

澳大利亚的进口风险分析

澳大利亚是世界唯一的岛大陆，四面大洋环绕将其与外界隔离。亿万年来相对封闭的自然环境，造就了澳大利亚独特的、多样化的植物群和动物群，保存了许多独特、珍稀的物种和适宜它们生存繁衍的环境。据统计，澳大利亚现有超过100万种动植物品种，其中80％的物种为澳洲大陆所独有。但自然阻隔也造就了澳洲生态系统的脆弱性，各种动、植物和环境很容易受到外界病虫害和疫病的灾难性侵袭。     

我国地方家禽遗传种质资源保存的研究概况

生物物种资源是国家重大战略性基础资源,关系到国家安全与主权,已成为全球“生物经济”时代竞争的焦点之一.由于生物生存环境的不断恶化以及不恰当的利用方式,生物物种资源面临严重危机,其后果将威胁人类的生存和发展.20世纪后20年,发达国家加快了抢占生物物种资源和争夺生物基因资源的步伐,生物物种资源领域已成为无硝烟的战场.     

提高越冬地丹顶鹤繁殖率的措施

丹顶鹤(Gms Japonensis)是世界稀有珍禽，我国一级野生保护动物，2000年作为易危物种被列人世界濒危物种红皮书。世界丹顶鹤种群大部分集中分布在我国。近年来，由于人为活动的增加及气候和环境的变化，丹顶鹤赖以生存的湿地遭受到不同程度的破坏，其种群数量有下降趋势，人工保护及繁殖丹顶鹤，使之种群数量得到有效增加，这种方法在世界野生动物保护中得到广泛应用。每年秋冬季节，由于北方的天气寒冷，光照短，所有湖泊、河流和沼泽湿地都冰封，食物十分缺乏，丹顶鹤为了生存，     

外来入侵物种

外来入侵物种:科学家把一些原本不产在当地的物种,称之为外来物种,一旦它们适应当地生态环境而可以自行繁殖,乃至与当地物种产生激烈的竞争,并剥夺当地物种生存的时候,也就构成了一种毁灭性侵略,故名”外来入侵物种”。 外来入侵物种对本地生物多样性和生态环境造成     

全球最丑陋动物物种

丑陋动物保护协会（UAPS）主席西蒙一瓦特称：“我的工作展现真实的大自然，带给学生们视觉刺激。”据悉，瓦特是一位进化生物学家，他和研究小组同事呼吁媒体不要仅关注相貌可爱的濒危物种．例如大熊猫，更应该关注一些丑陋物种的生存状态，虽然它们相貌奇特丑陋，但却具有深远研究意义。例如：裸鼹鼠全身没有毛发，     

中蜂迁徙简述

中蜂迁徙是由于原巢或原址不适合生存而引起的;是中蜂群体对自然环境适应极为敏感的表现,也是蜜蜂群体为保存物种生存所作出的本能反映。由于中蜂至今仍处在野生和半野生状态,如果环境改变或受到某种刺激,均会使其迁     

中蜂资源概况及利用(二)

三、地理分化同一物种的不同集团长期生存在不同的生态条件下,会引起地理分化,若具有良好的生殖隔离,会形成不同的亚种,由于隔离条件的不同以及不同物种的遗传保守性不同,因此各物种地理分化的时间及程度也是不同的。长期生存在不同自然环境中的中蜂,有没有造成形态及生物学上的差别呢?经我们的调查及测定,可以说中蜂是存在着地理变异     

内蒙古达赉湖地区蒙原羚生境景观格局及动态研究

2009年7月、8月,2010年3月中旬、5月下旬,对内蒙古达赉湖地区蒙原羚进行野外考察并在生境适宜度分析的基础上,利用FRAGSTATS 3.3软件对达赉湖地区蒙原羚生境进行景观格局分析。通过比较1998年和2010年达赉湖地区蒙原羚生境适宜度评价结果,表明内蒙古达赉湖地区蒙原羚一般适宜生境、中度适宜生境和适宜生境的斑块不断被分割成更小的斑块,破碎化程度加大。蒙原羚不适宜生境斑块面积在增加,而一般适宜斑块、中度适宜生境和适宜斑块面积在减小,并且适宜生境面积变化程度最大。因此应加强对适宜生境斑块的有效管理,严格控制和降低来自斑块外部的干扰,同时加强对中度适宜生境和一般适宜生境生态功能的恢复,严格控制草场载畜量。另外,应对不适宜生境的草地资源进行科学化、规范化的管理,并深入开展科学研究,以保护蒙原羚的生存空间。     

The efficacy of ivermectin and levamisole against natural Nematodirus spathiger infection in the Arabian sand gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica) and the Arabian mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella) in Saudi Arabia

The efficacy of two broad spectrum anthelmintics (Ivermectin and Levamisole) against the nematode Nematodirus spathiger in the reem (Arabian sand gazelle) and idmi (Arabian mountain gazelle) at King Khalid Wildlife Research Centre (KKWRC) was determined. Gazelles of both species naturally infected with N. spathiger were each divided into 3 groups. One group was treated with Ivermectin, the other group with Levamisole and the last group was left as untreated control. Faecal egg counts were employed to determine the efficacy of the two drugs against N. spathiger infection in both gazelle species. Reduction in arithmetic mean faecal egg counts achieved by Ivermectin and Levamisole in the reem gazelles was 94% and 89.3%, respectively. The reduction in the idmi gazelles was 97.2% and 96.4%, respectively. Hence, both anthelmintics appeared to be more effective in the idmi gazelles than in the reem gazelles, however, there was no significant difference in the faecal egg reduction tests in both animal species.     

A serologic investigation of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) in cattle and gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa in Turkey

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is a vector-borne disease of ruminants disseminated in the tropic and subtropic zone of the world. Gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa (goitered gazelle) is native species of Anatolia. Due to risk of extinction, captured gazelles have been taken under protection in a restricted area at Ceylanpinar state farm. In this study, the presence of EHDV was investigated serologically in 82 goitered gazelle and 399 cattle. Seropositivity rates in goitered gazelle and cattle were detected as 2.43% and 3.50%, respectively.     

Immunohistochemical identification of generalized AA-amyloidosis in a mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella)

Generalized amyloidosis was diagnosed post-mortem in a mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella). To test whether the amyloid deposits consisted of amyloid-A fibril protein a series of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies directed against amyloid-A fibril protein of different species was applied to formalin-fixed paraffin sections using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The immunohistochemical results showed a moderate cross-reaction of gazelle amyloid with human, murine, hamster, and canine amyloid-A fibril protein. A strong cross-reaction, however, was found with one of two monoclonal anti-human amyloid-A antibodies and with an antiserum against bovine amyloid-A fibril protein, the amyloid fibril protein of another ungulate. These results demonstrate the presence of amyloid-A fibril protein in the gazelle amyloid and illustrate the diagnostic value of cross-reacting anti-amyloid-A antibodies for the identification of amyloid-A-amyloidosis in species and in individuals in which amyloid has not yet been examined.     

Effects of pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin on neutrophils from white-tailed deer and several exotic ruminant species

Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin is a pore-forming cytolysin which acts as a virulence factor in pasteurellosis of domestic ruminants. Leukocytes from cattle, sheep and goats are susceptible to leukotoxin-induced lysis; however, leukocytes from non-ruminant species so far tested are resistant to leukotoxin-induced lysis. Neutrophils obtained from three white-tailed deer, four Saiga antelope, an Addra gazelle, a Grant's gazelle and a Sable antelope were tested for susceptibility to the lytic effects of P. haemolytica leukotoxin using lactate dehydrogenase release. Results were compared to those obtained using neutrophils from a steer and cultured bovine lymphoma cells. Neutrophils obtained from all these ruminants, except the Addra gazelle, were susceptible to P. haemolytica leukotoxin. Individual variation among the Saiga and the deer did not appear to be due to the percentages of neutrophils or the percentage of contaminating erythrocytes in the cell preparations.     

Factors Affecting the Distribution of Wild Ungulates on a Ranch in Kenya. Preliminary Report

This paper gives a preliminary report on the factors affecting the distribution of wild ungulates on a ranch in Kenya. The study covers only one phase of an overall project on the compatabfiity of wild and domestic ungulates. The major factors considered are vegetation, water, fire, cattle grazing, hunting and animal behaviour. These factors are related to five major wild ungulate species which occur on Akira - Coke's hartebeest (kongoni), Grant's gazelle, Thomson's gazelle, eland and giraffe.

The major influence on wild ungulate densities and distribution was vegetation. The condition of vegetation was determined by rainfall, fire and grazing intensities. Generally game populations increased with cattle populations which indicated that vegetation conditions were improving during the period of this study. Overgrazing was generally detrimental to all species except to the Thomson's gazelle which was attracted to short grass areas around water, bomas and overgrazed sites. Kongoni were found usually in tall grass areas while Grant's gazelle were not as selective as Thomson's gazelle or eland. Giraffe were confined mostly to Acacia communities and eland, though found in grassland, were most frequently in high bush country where the variety of shrubs was greater.

The effects of other factors on each of the ungulates are also presented. The interrelationships of all factors are being considered as the study continues.     

Territorial Behaviour in Certain Horned Ungulates,With Special Reference to the Examples of Thomson's and Grant's Gazelles

An attempt has been made to distinguish between action area, home range, and territory in the Bovidae. The establishing of subjective boundaries is considered to be the most important criterion of territoriality. The existence of such boundaries becomes evident from certain behavioural symptoms; “defence” or better, localized dominance which may lead to intolerance, is one of them.

Not all bovids are territorial. Within the territorial species, there seem to be at least two types: (a) The animals, usually in pairs, may, under favourable conditions, stay in their territories permanently; (b) Only the males are territorial and stay in temporary territories, usually for several weeks or months. This last type is obviously more common in horned ungulates than the first one. Within this second type (b), there are species-specific differences. For example, in Grant's gazelle (Gazella granti), under certain environmental conditions, this type of territoriality is combined with harem behaviour, but in the co-inhabiting Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsoni), the females roam through the territories of the males and stay together with the same buck only for a few hours per day.

Even within one and the same species, there can be variations, apparently linked with differences in environmental conditions. This is discussed, using the examples of the Uganda kob (Adenota kobj, the wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), and Grant's gazelle. Finally, there can be differences in the territorial behaviour of the same individual according to the phases of territoriality (beginning, peak, end) which is shown by the example of Thomson's gazelle.     

Ovicidal and larvicidal activity in vitro of Spigelia anthelmia Linn. extracts on Haemonchus contortus

The prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum was examined in six wild Artiodactyla species, and in five wild Carnivora species from Kenya. Blood sera (104 wild ungulates from Marula Estates (MEs), and 31 wild carnivores from Masai-Mara reserve and from other wildlife areas in northern and Southern Kenya), were screened using a Neospora agglutination test (NAT), with a twofold dilution (1:40-1:320 titres). Presence of NAT antibodies to N. caninun is reported here for the first time in zebra (Equus burchelli), eland (Taurotragus oryx), African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), Thompson gazelle (Gazella thompsoni), impala (Aepyceros melampus), warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus), spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) and in free-ranging cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). At 1:80 dilution, prevalence was 61.5% in eland, 58.5% in zebra, 19.2% in Thompson gazelle, 33.3% in warthog, 50% in African buffalo, 30% in lion (Panthera leo), 20% in cheetah, and 33.3% in spotted hyena. Antibodies up to 1:320 titre were detected in eland (38.4%), zebra (19.5%), Thompson gazelle (3.8%) and lion (5%). Amongst herbivores, sero-prevalence was significantly (P<0.05) higher, at all dilutions, in "grazer/digger" species (e.g. eland and zebra) than in non-"grazer/digger" species (e.g. impala and Thompson gazelle). No antibodies to N. caninum were found in two leopards (Panthera pardus) and one serval (Felis serval). Our results indicates a steady presence of N. caninum in wild mammals from Kenya. The hypothesis of a sylvatic cycle of N. caninum could be suggested, but more data are needed to verify the hypothesis, as to evaluate the role of N. caninum infection on the dynamics of wild animals population in the study area.     

An outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis in goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutrosa subgutrosa) and a Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus)

An outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis enteritis occurred in two juvenile goitered gazelles and an adult Malayan tapir over a period of 5 wk at the Minnesota Zoo. Diagnosis was made postmortem on one gazelle and one tapir, and a second gazelle was diagnosed via fecal culture. The death of the tapir was attributed to S. enterica serovar Choleraesuis septicemia, while salmonellosis was considered to be a contributing factor besides ostertagiasis for the death of one goitered gazelle and for the diarrhea of another goitered gazelle. A third gazelle became ill in the same time period, but Salmonella infection was not confirmed by culture. All exhibited the clinical signs of profuse, watery diarrhea. The gazelles developed a protein-losing enteropathy, and the tapir showed signs of sepsis and endotoxemia. Serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed the Salmonella isolates to be indistinguishable from each other. One year prior to this outbreak, Salmonella sp. was cultured from a Visayan warty pig (Sus cebifrons) housed in the same building as the tapir. After further investigation into the outbreak, spread of this pathogen was speculated to be associated with human movement across animal areas.