高效液相色谱法测定麻杏石甘口服液中盐酸麻黄碱含量的方法研究

为完善麻杏石甘口服液质量标准,采用高效液相色谱法对麻杏石甘口服液中盐酸麻黄碱的含量测定方法进行了研究。色谱柱为C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(含0.1%三乙胺)(3∶97),检测波长为207 nm,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10μL。盐酸麻黄碱进样浓度在0.005～0.06 mg/mL(0.05～0.6μg范围内,峰面积盐酸麻黄碱含量呈良好的线性关系(R~2=0.999 9),样品平均回收率为100.22%(n=6),RSD为1.47%。本方法简便、准确度高、重复性好,为进一步控制麻杏石甘口服液的质量标准提供了依据。     

HPLC法测定麻杏石甘散中甘草酸的含量

建立HPLC法测定麻杏石甘散中甘草酸含量的方法。色谱柱为Waters XBrigeTMC18（4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm）;以甲醇-0.2 mol/L醋酸铵溶液-冰醋酸（45∶55∶1）为流动相;流速：1.0 mL/min;柱温：30℃;检测波长：250 nm。甘草酸铵的线性范围为43.47-217.40μg,R=0.999 6,平均回收率为92.44%（RSD=1.6%）。本方法快速、简便、准确,能有效测定麻杏石甘散中甘草酸的含量。     

HPLC法同时测定芩黄颗粒中黄芩苷和甘草酸的含量

建立了高效液相色谱法(HPLC)同时测定芩黄颗粒中黄芩苷和甘草酸的含量。采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,检测波长为252 nm,流速为1.0 mL/min。结果显示,黄芩苷和甘草酸的进样浓度分别在61.84~618.4、8.256~82.56μg/mL(R 2=0.9999,0.9999)范围内与峰面积呈良好线性关系;精密度、重复性和稳定性试验的RSD均小于2.0%;平均加样回收率分别为100.0%、99.2%,回收率的RSD分别为1.0%、0.6%(n=6)。本方法操作简便、准确,可用于芩黄颗粒中黄芩苷和甘草酸含量的同时测定。     

HPLC法同时测定清胃润肠合剂中4种成分含量

建立高效液相色谱法同时测定清胃润肠合剂中芒果苷、盐酸巴马汀、盐酸小檗碱、甘草酸含量的方法。采用Welchrom?C₁₈(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(用磷酸调节pH值至3.5),梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10μL,检测波长258 nm。结果表明,芒果苷、盐酸巴马汀、盐酸小檗碱、甘草酸分别在13.600～217.550μg/mL、9.410～150.560μg/mL、35.670～570.690μg/mL、40.910～654.560μg/mL范围内线性关系均良好(r>0.999 0),平均加样回收率(n=6)分别为102.88%、102.60%、99.50%、100.77%,RSD分别为0.49%、0.91%、0.49%、0.41%。该方法快速简便、精密度好、灵敏度高,可用于清胃润肠合剂的质量控制。     

UPLC-PDA法测定甘草浸膏中甘草苷和甘草酸的含量

建立超高效液相色谱(UPLC)测定甘草浸膏中主成分甘草苷和甘草酸的含量。采用反相高效液相色谱法对甘草苷和甘草酸进行色谱分离和快速定量测定。以ACQUITY UPLC^TM T 3色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8μm)为分离柱,柱温:35℃;以乙腈-水(0.1%冰乙酸+5 mmol/L醋酸铵)进行梯度洗脱;流速:0.35 mL/min;进样量:1μL;检测波长为232 nm。通过光谱图、保留时间和峰面积参数对甘草苷和甘草酸进行定性定量检测。甘草苷在1~20μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(R^2>0.999),方法检出限为0.5μg/mL,定量限为1μg/mL;甘草酸在10~200μg/mL范围内线性良好(R^2>0.999),方法检出限为5μg/mL,定量限为10μg/mL,完全满足检测需求。该方法色谱分离较好,分析速度较快,前处理简单,适用于甘草浸膏中甘草苷和甘草酸的定性定量检测。     

HPLC测定宫衣净酊中葛根素含量

为了建立宫衣净酊中葛根素的高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定方法,应用色谱柱为安捷伦Eclipse XDB-C18(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(25∶75),流速为1mL/min,检测波长为250nm,柱温为30℃。结果表明,在此色谱条件下,葛根素的线性范围为18.25μg/mL~584.00μg/mL(r=0.999 9,n=6),平均回收率为108.83%(RSD=1.03%)。说明本方法简便、准确、重现性好,可以作为宫衣净酊的质量控制方法。     

梯度洗脱HPLC法同时测定4种解热镇痛类药物的含量

建立梯度洗脱HPLC法同时测定4种解热镇痛类药物的含量方法。采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.05 mol/L醋酸铵溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长254 nm。结果表明,在该色谱条件下,对乙酰氨基酚、安乃近、安替比林、氨基比林分离良好;对乙酰氨基酚在50～500μg/mL范围内线性良好,R=0.999 8,平均回收率为99.2%(n=9),RSD为0.6%;安乃近在10～250μg/mL范围内线性良好,R=0.999 8,平均回收率为100.6%(n=9),RSD为0.8%;安替比林在10～100μg/mL范围内线性良好,R=0.999 6,平均回收率为99.4%(n=9),RSD为1.0%;氨基比林在10～250μg/mL范围内线性良好,R=0.999 7,平均回收率为98.9%(n=9),RSD为0.8%。本测定方法操作简便,结果准确、可靠,可用于同时测定以上4种解热镇痛类药物的含量。     

板芪口服液定性与定量方法的研究

为了研究板芪口服液定性与定量的方法,采用薄层色谱法(TLC)定性鉴别板芪口服液中的黄芪、丹参、黄芩与连翘;高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定板芪口服液中黄芩苷的含量。色谱柱:ZORBAX SB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相:甲醇-水-磷酸(47∶53∶0.2);流速:1.0 mL/min;检测波长:280 nm。TLC结果显示供试品色谱在与对照品、对照药材相应位置上显相同颜色斑点。HPLC结果显示黄芩苷的含量在0.1531～1.225μg(r=0.999)范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,低中高浓度的平均加样回收率分别为96.99%、98.06%、98.96%,RSD值分别为2.02%、1.81%、1.29%。结果表明,方法操作简单,重复性、准确性好,精密度高,可作为板芪口服液的质量标准。     

高效液相色谱法测定麻杏石甘颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱含量

为完善麻杏石甘颗粒质量标准,采用高液相色谱法对麻杏石甘颗粒中盐酸麻黄碱的含量测定进行研究。采用Thermo scientific BDS C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(含0.1%三乙胺)(3∶97),检测波长207 nm,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10μL。结果表明,盐酸麻黄碱进样浓度在5~60μg/mL范围内,峰面积与盐酸麻黄碱含量呈良好线性关系(R^2=0.9999)。样品平均回收率为96.62%(n=6),RSD为1.30%。本方法简便、准确度高、重复性好、耐用性强,为进一步提高该制剂的质量标准,保证临床效果,提供了检测依据。     

HPLC法同时测定板青败毒口服液中(R-S)告依春、绿原酸、咖啡酸的含量

建立了板青败毒口服液中(R-S)告依春、绿原酸、咖啡酸的高效液相色谱检查方法。使用C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm,)色谱柱,样品前处理用50%乙醇稀释,乙腈∶0.05%磷酸(8∶92,V/V)梯度洗脱,采用光二极管阵列检测器(PAD),波长采集范围为200～400 nm,流速为0.8 mL/min,进样量为10μL,柱温30℃,提取波长是245 nm。结果表明:绿原酸、咖啡酸在5.0～400μg(R~2=0.9998、R~2=0.9993)呈良好的线性关系,(R-S)告依春在2.5～300μg(R~2=0.9991)呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率分别为91.1%、92.9%、91.3%(n=6);RSD分别为1.0%、1.5%、1.4%。本方法简单、准确、重复性好,适用于板青败毒口服液的质量控制。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -