福建海岸沙地5种防护林土壤微生物群落特征

[目的]探明福建海岸沙地不同防护林对土壤微生物群落的影响及机制,为海岸带防护林森林质量提升提供科学依据。[方法]选择5种主要防护林为对象,分别为次生林、木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)人工林、湿地松(Pinus elliottii)人工林、厚荚相思(Acacia crassicarpa)人工林和尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis)人工林,采用磷脂脂肪酸法(Phospholipids fatty acid, PLFA)比较了不同防护林的土壤微生物群落结构。[结果](1)海岸沙地不同防护林土壤中共检测到18种PLFA生物标记,在尾巨桉和次生林中种类最多,湿地松和厚荚相思人工林最少。(2)土壤总磷脂脂肪酸、革兰氏阳性细菌和革兰氏阴性细菌含量均表现为尾巨桉和次生林较高,厚荚相思和木麻黄人工林较低,土壤真菌含量为尾巨桉林最高,丛枝菌根菌含量为次生林最高,真菌和丛枝菌根菌含量在其他防护林间无显著差异。(3)次生林的土壤微生物多样性和均匀度均高于4种人工林。(4)土壤pH、细根碳氮含量为土壤微生物群落的主要影响因子,其次为土壤全氮和硝态氮含量...     

玛纳斯河流域不同灌区棉田土壤CO2和N2O排放通量

为探究石河子灌区、新湖总场灌区、莫索湾灌区之间土壤温室气体排放的差异性,通过长期的野外观测及样品采集,采用静态箱—气相色谱法,于2019年棉花出苗期、花铃期、吐絮期对玛纳斯河流域石河子灌区、新湖总场灌区、莫索湾灌区棉田土壤温室气体进行日观测,应用统计学方法,并结合土壤温度、含水量、pH、有机碳、铵态氮、硝态氮等因素分析。结果表明：(1)土壤CO₂和N₂O具有明显的季节变化和日变化,土壤CO₂和N₂O排放通量的峰值出现在花铃期,分别为527.160,1.713 mg/(m²·h)。同时,CO₂排放通量日变化峰值出现在13:00,N₂O排放通量日变化峰值出现在17:00,表现为单峰曲线。2种土壤温室气体在生育期内的排放通量在不同灌区之间有所差异,呈现出新湖总场灌区>莫索湾灌区>石河子灌区。(2)土壤CO₂和N₂O排放通量受温度影响更为显著,土壤CO₂和N     

滨海沙地不同人工林凋落物现存量及其持水特性

为了研究滨海沙地沿海防护林凋落物水源涵养功能,采用野外调查和室内浸泡相结合,对滨海沙地4种典型人工林(木麻黄林、湿地松林、尾巨桉林和纹荚相思林)不同分解阶段的凋落物现存量、持水率、持水量和吸水速率进行研究。结果表明:相同林龄的4种人工林凋落物现存量表现为木麻黄林(19.12 t/hm~2)湿地松林(17.51 t/hm~2)尾巨桉林(10.90 t/hm~2)纹荚相思林(10.13 t/hm~2),半分解层凋落物储量占比高于未分解层;4种人工林最大持水率在140.55%～206.47%,为尾巨桉林纹荚相思林木麻黄林湿地松林,最大持水量在20.75～30.85 t/hm~2,为木麻黄林湿地松林尾巨桉林纹荚相思林,4种人工林凋落物最大持水率和最大持水量均为半分解层大于未分解层,不同分解阶段凋落物持水率和持水量与浸水时间呈对数关系;4种人工林不同分解阶段凋落物平均吸水速率在前0.25 h内差异较大,未分解层中尾巨桉林最大为2.05 mm/h,半分解层中湿地松林最大为4.32 mm/h,不同分解阶段凋落物吸水速率与浸水时间均存在幂函数关系;凋落物有效拦蓄深为木麻黄林(2.45 mm)湿地松林(2.04 mm)尾巨桉林(1.87 mm)纹荚相思林(1.72 mm)。综合来看,木麻黄林凋落物的持水能力最强,湿地松林次之,之后是尾巨桉林和纹荚相思林,说明从凋落物水源涵养能力来看,木麻黄林和湿地松林更利于滨海沙地的水源涵养。     

藏北高寒草甸温室气体排放对长期增温的响应

为深入认识高寒草甸温室气体通量对长期气候变暖的响应,利用开顶式生长室（OTC,Open Top Chamber）模拟增温2a（2Y,2015-2016年）和6a（6Y,2011-2016年）对藏北高寒草甸生长季CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,生长季（6-8月）增温6Y处理和增温2Y处理分别增加和降低高寒草甸土壤CO₂排放通量,其中7月增温6Y处理CO₂排放通量显著高于增温2Y处理;增温6Y和2Y处理增加了高寒草甸CH₄吸收通量,但是处理间差异均不显著;高寒草甸N₂O排放通量表现为增温6Y＞2Y＞CK,处理间无显著差异。环境因子与温室气体排放通量的相关分析表明,CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放通量与0～5cm土壤温度相关不显著;土壤湿度、植物地上生物量、微生物生物量碳和蔗糖酶是影响高寒草甸CO₂排放通量的关键因子;NO₃--N是影响CH₄吸收通量的关键因素;脲酶和NO₃--N是影响N₂O排放通量的主要因子。因此,增温6Y处理通过增加植物地上部生物量、蔗糖酶活性,从而提高了土壤CO₂排放通量,增温6Y和2Y处理通过增加土壤脲酶和NO₃--N含量,从而促进了土壤N₂O排放和CH₄的吸收通量。     

火烧对不同林型下森林土壤水分物理性质的影响

通过对大兴安岭松岭林区白桦林、落叶松林以及白桦落叶松混交林的当年高强度火烧迹地与对照样地的土壤水分物理性质进行测定和比较研究。结果表明:在火烧迹地和对照样地无论是土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤持水量还是贮水能力,0~10 cm土层土壤都较10~20 cm土层土壤优越,火烧没有改变随深度变化的趋势,但相差明显增高。3种林型相比,在对照样地,白桦林土壤通气性优于落叶松林,而在火烧迹地,落叶松林优于白桦林。无论是在对照样地还是火烧迹地,落叶松林土壤的持水量平均值均大于白桦林,而白桦林土壤的平均贮水能力优于落叶松林。总体上看,在研究地区无论是土壤通气性、土壤持水量还是贮水能力,白桦林和落叶松林都较白桦落叶松混交林优越。火烧迹地与对照样地相比,火烧对3种林型的影响趋势相同,即土壤容重增加,土壤平均孔隙度以及土壤持水量减小。     

不同造林模式桉树人工林凋落物和土壤水源涵养能力的差异

通过对尾巨桉人工林(纯林)、尾巨桉+杂交相思混交林模式A(水平分布排列1行桉树+1行相思树)、尾巨桉+杂交相思混交林模式B(纵向分布排列2列桉树+2列相思树)三种不同造林模式凋落物和土壤的水源涵养能力进行了比较分析。结果表明：(1)三种林分凋落物现存量为1.87～3.52t·hm^-2,表现为混交模式A>混交模式B>桉树纯林;(2)凋落物最大持水量为5.05～9.12 t·hm^-2,有效拦蓄量为3.92～6.91 t·hm^-2,均表现为混交模式A>混交模式B>桉树纯林;(3)三种林分类型土壤容重均值为1.297～1.340 g·cm^-3,表现为桉树纯林最大,混交模式B最小;土壤非毛管孔隙度均值为5.02%～6.61%,土壤总孔隙度均值为44.86%～45.72%,均表现为混交模式B>混交模式A>桉树纯林;(4)三种林分土壤(0～60 cm)最大持水量和有效持水量为891.80～914.33 t·hm^-2和100.33～132.07 t·hm     

不同植被恢复类型对土壤性质和水源涵养功能的影响

对相同立地条件下3种不同植被恢复类型(厚荚相思林、尾巨桉林和灌草丛)的土壤性质和水源涵养功能进行了研究.结果表明,不同植被恢复类型的土壤理化性质和水源涵养功能存在较明显差异,厚荚相思林、尾巨桉林和灌草丛在0-20 cm土层,土壤容重分别为1.126,1.205,1.247 g/cm3,非毛管孔隙度分别为9.27%,9.04%,8.581%,毛管孔隙度分别为41.57%,39.82%,40.81%;土壤有机质、全N、全P、水解N和速效P含量均为厚荚相思林灌草丛尾巨桉林;3种植被恢复类型凋落物最大持水量分别为20.14,13.07,4.02 t/hm2,土壤蓄水能力大小依次为1 946.2,1 920.0,1 911.8 t/hm2,各植被恢复类型最大蓄水量为厚荚相思林(1 966.3t/hm2)尾巨桉林(1 933.1 t/hm2)灌草丛(1 915.8 t/hm2),因此,厚荚相思林具有比尾巨桉林和灌草丛更好的维持地力作用和更高的水源涵养功能.     

广州南沙典型林地土壤理化性质的研究

研究了南沙的尾叶桉林、窿缘桉林、大叶相思林、荔枝林、木麻黄林、尾叶桉×马占相思混交林、尾叶桉×台湾相思×马尾松混交林、赤桉×台湾相思混交林和无林地的土壤理化性质。大叶相思林地肥力最高,荔枝林的肥力较低,木麻黄林地和无林地的肥力低,其余林地的肥力中等。     

放牧模式对内蒙古典型草原生长季土壤呼吸速率的影响

【目的】放牧改变了典型草原生产力和土壤养分循环,影响了植被和土壤微生物的生长状况,进而使草原土壤碳排放量发生变化。本研究通过分析不同放牧措施下内蒙古典型草原生长季土壤呼吸速率 (Rs) 的差异,了解不同放牧管理模式影响草原碳交换和碳平衡的主要途径。【方法】基于内蒙古典型草原全年放牧、休牧及禁牧三种放牧措施,于2014和2015年的7月和9月对Rs进行原位测定,并分析了不同放牧措施下Rs及其影响因子的差异。【结果】1) 三种放牧措施下,Rs表现为休牧样地 [CO₂ 2.00 μmol/(m2·s)] > 禁牧样地 [CO₂ 1.94 μmol/(m2·s)]> 全年放牧样地 [CO₂ 1.56 μmol/(m2·s)]。放牧对Rs的影响还存在季节效应,7月份放牧降低了Rs,而9月份放牧则提高了Rs。2) 与禁牧措施相比,放牧和休牧管理均降低了地上生物量(70.6%和47.3%)、土壤总碳含量(34.5%和32.0%)、土壤总氮含量(37.0%和34.5%),但休牧显著提高了根系生物量(37.2%)。全年放牧样地中土壤可溶性有机碳提高,但微生物磷脂脂肪酸含量下降。3) 7月份Rs主要与土壤湿度和地上生物量显著正相关,而9月份则与土壤温度和土壤PLFAs含量显著正相关。结构方程模型 (SEM) 结果显示,土壤温度 (0.905) 和湿度 (0.188) 通过影响微生物和根系的代谢环境对生长季Rs起主导作用,放牧通过降低土壤湿度和地上生物量对Rs有抑制作用 (–0.137)。【结论】全年放牧通过抑制微生物的生长降低了土壤呼吸速率,休牧通过提高根系生物量增加了土壤呼吸速率,说明放牧对内蒙古典型草原生长季土壤呼吸速率的影响途径因放牧模式的不同而不同。     

大气CO2浓度与温度升高对小麦表层土壤碳氮含量及酶活性的影响

为研究大气CO₂浓度与温度升高对土壤碳氮元素含量和相关酶活性的影响,以位于山西省临汾市尧都区持续29年定位免耕和旋耕的旱作麦田(111°30′N、36°04′E)0～20 cm表层土为试验材料,在人工气候控制室内设置4个处理：CK(CO₂浓度400μmol?mol^-1,大气温度);eC(CO₂浓度600μmol?mol^-1,大气温度);eT(CO₂浓度400μmol?mol^-1,大气温度+2℃);eCeT(CO₂浓度600μmol?mol^-1,大气温度+2℃)。通过盆栽试验测定小麦关键生育时期土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量以及相关酶活性。结果表明,持续增温2℃或CO₂浓度升高200μmol?mol^-1条件下,免耕土壤三个小麦生育时期的易氧化有机碳和硝态氮含量的平均值均较CK降低,降低幅度分别为10.7%～21.3%、7.3%～1...     

黄土区刺槐林土壤含水量变化对土壤呼吸强度的影响

通过室内培养实验来评估土壤含水量的变化对土壤枯落物层、不同深度土壤层及DOC淋失后的土壤呼吸的影响.采集安塞纸坊沟31a刺槐林土样及林下混合枯落物,通过碱液吸收法测定100％,20％和2％含水量条件下3个深度土样(20,40和60 cm);去除DOC土样(仅100％含水量条件下);3种处理枯落物混合土样(林下混合枯落物、刺槐枯落物和草本类枯落物)培养过程中CO2的累计释放量.结果表明,100％和20％含水量条件下各深度土壤CO2释放量为20 cm土样＞60 cm土样＞40 cm土样;20 cm土样去除DOC后CO2释放量明显减少,40 cm明显增加,60 cm没有明显变化;混合枯落物土样在l00％含水量条件下CO2释放量最高;20％和2％含水量条件下刺槐枯落物CO2释放量明显大于草类,而100％含水量条件下草类枯落物略大于刺槐枯落物.研究证明土壤含水量对SOC组分含量和枯落物种类不同的土壤层呼吸强度存在差异性影响,强降水对DOC的淋失可造成表层土壤呼吸的减弱.     

Soil Properties Influence Distribution of Extractable Boron in Soil Profile

Depth distribution of boron (B) extractable by hot calcium chloride (HCC), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (PDP), and tartaric acid (TA) in some typical B‐deficient Inceptisols, Entisols, and Alfisols in relation to soil properties was studied. The magnitude of B extraction followed the order HCC > PDP > TA for Inceptisols, TA > HCC > PDP for Entisols, and PDP > HCC > TA for Alfisols and showed a decrease along soil depth. The low pH of TA and effective desorption of B by phosphate of PDP are attributed to their higher efficiency in extracting B in Entisols and Alfisols, respectively. A decrease in organic carbon (C), clay, and amorphous iron oxide content was responsible for the observed decrease in extractable B along depth of soil profile. The HCC showed more efficiency than PDP and TA for extracting B in soils high in organic C. Multiple regression equations explained only 21, 57, and 59% of the variability in PDP‐, HCC‐, and TA‐extractable B content in soils by the soil properties analyzed, of which organic C and clay were the most important. There were dynamic equilibria among the amount of B extracted by the extractants, indicating B extraction by them from more or less similar pools in the soils.     

Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Yields,Soil Nitrous Oxide Emission,and Soil Nitrogen Transformation Affected by Nitrification Inhibitors in Loamy Sand Soil in Thailand

The effects of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) on soil nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission, soil ammonium (NH₄⁺) and nitrate (NO₃^?), and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) yields were investigated in a loamy sand soil in eastern Thailand. Treatments were chemical fertilizer (CF) and CF plus dicyandiamide (DCD) or neem (Azadirachta indica) oil at two rates of 5% and 10%. DCD had a greater reduction of soil N₂O flux than the neem oil (P<0.10). DCD and neem oil retained NH₄⁺-N in the soil by 79% and 63% (P ≤ 0.10), respectively. The NI effect on soil NO₃^?-N was small due to a low N fertilizer rate. The cassava root yield and N uptake were increased 4–11% and 2–18%, respectively, by use of NIs, but they were only significant for DCD (P ≤ 0.10). These findings suggest that NIs application may be a promising method for minimizing nitrogen loss and enhancing crop yields in a tropical cassava field.     

Soil Air Permeability and Carbon Dioxide Flux Measurements from the Soil Surface

Abstract

Air permeability has been recognized as an index of soil structure and used in attempts to characterize soil pore geometry. The importance of increased carbon dioxide in soil to agriculture comes from the direct effects of carbon dioxide (CO₂) on root respiration of agricultural crops. In this study, the soil air permeability and CO₂ flux values were obtained using two different apparatuses built and designed to measure air permeability and CO₂ flux. Air permeability was obtained in clay soil using two different aggregate sizes. The average values obtained were 9.55×10^?8 and 1.78×10^?7 cm² for the <2-mm and 2- to 5-mm fractions, respectively. Carbon dioxide flux from the soil surface of no‐till and bare plots under winter conditions was measured using another apparatus. The average CO₂ flux for the no‐till plot was 2.88 g/m²‐day and for the bare plot was 1.31 g/m²‐day. These values were within the range of values obtained from other studies.     

Soil Health and Soil Fertility Assessment by the Haney Soil Health Test in an Agricultural Soil in West Tennessee

The Haney Soil Health Test (HSHT) is a recent approach to quantify soil health by focusing mostly on soil biology. It uses a new extractant (H3A) for the extraction of plant available nutrients, a new method of soil respiration measurement (24-hr CO₂ burst) using Solvita® gel system, and a new approach in determining bioavailable carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) namely water extractable organic C (WEOC) and water extractable organic N (WEON). A soil health score is calculated by combining Solvita® respiration, WEOC, and WEON data. The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of HSHT to detect the management-induced changes in soil nutrient levels and soil health in the production systems of west Tennessee. We tested soils collected from a cover crop field trial established in 2013 on a no-till corn (Zea mays L.) – soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. Compared to Mehlich-1 and Mehlich-3, H3A extracted the lowest amount of soil extractable phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Neither the soil health score nor its component parameters showed significant differences between cover crop treatments and the control. In addition, the Solvita® CO₂ data did not provide a reliable estimation of potentially mineralizable N. Overall, the HSHT did not detect differences in soil health due to cover cropping in west Tennessee. We conclude that HSHT, though a promising concept due to its focus on linking soil biology with soil fertility and soil health, may need extensive field evaluation and refinement in contrasting soils and climates across the US.     

水分对苹果园土壤呼吸季节性与年际变化的影响

[目的]了解果园土壤呼吸的季节和年际变化及其影响因素,为退耕还果条件下黄土高原地区土壤碳源汇功能变化研究提供依据。[方法]在长武农田生态系统国家野外站,以盛产期果园为对象,利用土壤碳通量监测系统(Li-COR,Lincoln,NE,USA)连续3 a原位监测了土壤呼吸、土壤水分和温度变化,分析了土壤呼吸的季节性和年际间的变化及其与水分、温度变化之间的关系。[结果]土壤呼吸具有明显的季节和年际变异特征:最高值出现在雨季(7—9月),3 a分别为3.14,3.98,4.71μmol/(m~2·s),最低值出现在11月后,3 a依次为0.99,0.88,0.69μmol/(m~2·s);年际间累积呼吸量变异约21%。土壤呼吸与温度呈显著指数关系,而不同水分状况下土壤呼吸及温度敏感性(Q_(10))不同,当土壤水分含量11.12%时,土壤呼吸为2.01μmol/(m~2·s),当土壤含水量变化于11.12%～23.63%之间时,土壤呼吸为2.24μmol/(m~2·s),当土壤含水量23.63%时,土壤呼吸则为1.38μmol/(m~2·s);相应地不同水分条件下Q_(10)值分别为1.57,1.63和1.38。[结论]土壤水分显著影响黄土区苹果园土壤呼吸和Q_(10),研究结果为黄土区果园生态系统碳汇功能的估算提供了依据。     

土壤侵蚀与土壤肥力

对土壤侵蚀与土壤肥力概念进行了阐述,分析了两者之间的关系,指出土壤侵蚀与土壤肥力之间的作用是相互的,侵蚀造成土壤肥力的丧失,而土壤肥力的丧失反过来又加剧侵蚀作用的加强.在此基础上,提出了治理土壤侵蚀和培育土壤肥力时应注意的问题与治理方法.     

Belowground Tritrophic Food Chain Modulates Soil Respiration in Grasslands

Edaphic biota significantly affects several essential ecological functions such as C-storage, nutrient turnover, and productivity. However, it is not completely understood how belowground animal contribution to these functions changes in grasslands subject to different land use types. A microcosm experiment was carried out to test the effect of a tritrophic food chain on CO₂ release from grassland soils. Soil was collected from three differently managed grassland systems (meadow, pasture, and mown pasture) located in three distinct German regions that cover a north-south gradient of approximately 500 km. The tritrophic food chain comprised natural edaphic microflora, nematodes, and predatory gamasid mites. The experimental design involved a full factorial combination of the presence and absence of nematodes and gamasid mites. Nematodes significantly increased the CO₂ emissions in most treatments, but the extent of this effect varied with land use type. The fact that grazing by nematodes stimulated the metabolic activity of the edaphic microflora over a wide range of grassland soils highlighted the critical impact of the microfauna on ecosystem services associated with soil organic matter dynamics. Gamasids slightly amplified the effect of nematodes on microbial metabolic activity, but only in the pastures. This effect was most probably due to the control of nematode abundance. The fact that gamasid addition also augmented the impact of environmental conditions on nematode-induced modulation of soil respiration highlighted the need for including land use differences while evaluating soil fauna contribution to soil processes. To conclude, the differential response of the investigated tritrophic food chain to different grassland management systems suggests that adverse effects of land use intensification on important soil processes such as atmospheric C-release could potentially be reduced by using management methods that preserve essential features of the belowground food web.     

不同水分条件下土壤N2O排放的动力学方程模拟

[目的]水分对土壤N₂O排放有重要影响。运用混合动力学方程模拟不同水分条件下土壤N₂O累积排放的过程,分析土壤水分对N₂O产生途径的影响及其变化规律,为通过改善土壤管理降低N₂O气体排放提供理论和实践指导。[方法]通过室内培养试验,研究了不同水分条件[40%WHC,60%WHC,80%WHC,100%WHC和淹水处理,WHC(田间持水量)]下土壤N₂O排放特征、硝铵态氮含量和氧气消耗动态变化。[结果](1)N₂O排放速率24 h时达到最大,淹水处理[3.46μg/(kg·h)]是其他处理的54.5～178.9倍。(2)土壤N₂O累积排放量均随着培养时间的延长而增加,淹水处理的快速上升阶段为前48 h,而其他处理为前96 h。培养结束时的土壤N₂O累积排放量,淹水处理(44.6μg/kg)分别是40%WHC,60%WHC,80%WHC和100%WHC的67.1,29.2,20.8,10.4倍。(3)除淹水条件下,伪...     

Soil Moisture Controls the Denitrification Loss of Urea Nitrogen from Silty Clay Soil

Relative control of soil moisture [30, 60, and 80 percent water-holding capacity (WHC)] on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from Fargo-Ryan soil, treated with urea at 0, 150, and 250 kg N ha^?1 with and without nitrapyrin [2-chloro-(6-trichloromethyl) pyridine] (NP), was measured under laboratory condition for 140 days. Soil N₂O emissions significantly increased with increasing nitrogen (N) rates and WHC levels. Urea applied at 250 kg N ha^?1 produced the greatest cumulative N₂O emissions and averaged 560, 3919, and 15894 µg kg^?1 at 30, 60, and 80 percent WHC, respectively. At WHC ≤ 60 percent, addition of NP to urea significantly reduced N₂O losses by 2.6- to 4.8-fold. Additions of NP to urea reduced N₂O emission at rates similar to the control (0 N) until 48 days for 30 percent WHC and 35 days for 60 and 80 percent WHC. These results can help devise urea-N fertilizer management strategies in reducing N₂O emissions from silty-clay soils.