添加猴头菇粉对苏打饼干品质的影响

以猴头菇粉和低筋面粉为主要原料制作饼干,探索不同猴头菇粉添加量对苏打饼干品质的影响。利用色差仪分析色度,质构仪测定质构品质,顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联合测定风味物质,结合感官评价筛选最佳猴头粉添加量。结果表明,不同猴头菇粉添加量均可显著提高苏打饼干的脆度,降低色度值L*值,增加a*值、b*值,使饼干颜色偏黄、偏暗,猴头菇粉添加量为7.5%的苏打饼干比普通苏打饼干多了18种不同的风味成分,且感官品质最佳。因此,猴头菇粉的最适添加量为7.5%。     

金针菇保健馒头制作工艺的研究

以金针菇为试材,以感官品质评分为指标,探究金针菇粉添加量、加水量、酵母添加量、发酵时间对馒头品质的影响,并通过正交试验确定金针菇保健馒头制作的最佳工艺。结果表明,金针菇保健馒头制作的最佳工艺条件为金针菇粉添加量5%,加水量55%,酵母添加量0.3%,发酵时间15 min,实际感官评分为91.5分。该研究丰富了馒头的品种,拓展了金针菇的开发应用,满足了人们的多样化需求。     

马铃薯苏打饼干的制作工艺研究

为丰富饼干种类，对以低筋面粉为主要原料，添加马铃薯雪花粉制作马铃薯苏打饼干的工艺进行研究。以感官评分作为评价指标，通过单因素试验及正交试验考察马铃薯雪花粉添加量、黄油添加量、酵母添加量和烘烤时间对马铃薯苏打饼干感官品质的影响，确定马铃薯苏打饼干的最优制作工艺参数。结果表明，以100 g面粉为基准，马铃薯雪花粉添加量12 g，水油面团中黄油添加量20 g，酵母添加量2.2 g，其他原料为：高筋面粉20 g，低筋面粉80 g，白砂糖3.5 g，食盐1.6 g，奶粉2 g，鸡蛋液10 g，小苏打0.5 g，碳酸氢铵0.2 g。马铃薯苏打饼干经两次发酵后，上下火220 ℃烘烤13 min。按照最优工艺参数及相关工艺流程制作的马铃薯苏打饼干表面呈浅褐黄色，口感硬脆细腻，组织结构清晰，发酵香味及马铃薯特征风味浓郁。该试验为马铃薯雪花粉应用于休闲食品的研发提供了理论参考。     

香菇饼干的研制及工艺优化

研究香菇粉、黄油、绵白糖、小苏打的添加量对香菇饼干的口感、色泽及状态的影响,利用正交试验优化确定香菇饼干的加工工艺及配方。香菇饼干制作的各因素最佳配比为面粉(普面∶低筋=3∶1),再以面粉为基准,香菇粉添加量4%,黄油添加量50%,绵白糖添加量20%,蛋液添加量25%,小苏打添加量0.7%,食盐添加量0.5%。此方案切实可行,所制产品口感酥脆、色泽优良、甜度适宜,具有独特的风味和营养保健功能。     

黑木耳面包最佳生产工艺研究

以黑木耳粉、高筋粉、白砂糖、奶粉、酵母为主要原料,通过单因素试验和正交试验,研究黑木耳粉、白砂糖、奶粉和酵母等原料添加量,以及发酵时间、发酵温度对黑木耳面包品质的影响。结果表明,黑木耳面包最佳工艺和配方为发酵温度42℃,发酵时间2.5 h,黑木耳粉粒度100目,黑木耳粉添加量2%,白砂糖添加量6%,奶粉添加量6%,酵母添加量0.5%,黄油添加量10%;在此条件下,可制成质地均匀、表面光滑、无气孔、口感细腻、清爽、酸甜适度,且有浓郁发酵乳香的黑木耳面包。     

紫薯金针菇复合保健酸乳发酵工艺优化研究

以紫薯、金针菇和脱脂乳粉为主要原料,添加蔗糖和稳定剂,经乳酸菌发酵,在单因素试验的基础上,进行正交试验优化,研制紫薯金针菇复合酸乳的最佳制备工艺。结果表明,影响紫薯金针菇复合保健酸乳品质的因素主次顺序为:紫薯添加量>蔗糖添加量>金针菇添加量>发酵剂接种量;最优配方及制备工艺条件为:紫薯添加量10%,金针菇添加量15%,蔗糖添加量7%,发酵剂接种量5%,复合稳定剂CMC-Na+海藻酸钠(1∶1)的添加量为0.2%,在42℃温度条件下发酵4 h。制得的紫薯金针菇复合酸乳色泽为均匀一致的紫色,组织细腻、稳定,酸甜适口,具有紫薯和金针菇的清香和奶香味,风味独特,营养丰富,是一种良好的保健酸乳。     

枣粉面包品质及质构特性研究

通过研究不同水量、酵母添加量、枣粉添加量对面包品质及质构特性的影响,得出枣粉面包品质及质构特征。结果表明,将红枣粉碎添加至面包中,最优工艺配方为酵母添加量8%,水添加量15%,枣粉添加量10%,此时产品品质好;各个参数对产品感官影响程度由大到小的依次为水量、枣粉添加量、酵母添加量;硬度与感官评分有相关性,当硬度为800～900 g时,产品感官评价好。     

发酵型灵芝全麦面包的研制

通过一次发酵法,以感官品质为指标,研究发酵型灵芝全麦面包的加工工艺及配方。通过正交试验,得到影响发酵型灵芝全麦面包的主次因素为发酵型灵芝粉添加量酵母添加量黄油添加量白砂糖添加量;发酵型灵芝全麦面包的最佳配方为高筋粉添加量94 g,发酵型灵芝粉添加量6 g,白砂糖添加量8 g,黄油添加量20 g,高糖酵母添加量1.2 g,食盐添加量0.8 g,面包改良剂添加量0.3 g。在此工艺下制得的发酵型灵芝全麦粉面包气孔均匀、色泽光亮,且具有一定的保健功效。     

蓝莓渣膳食纤维面包的工艺配方优化及其品质分析

蓝莓残渣中除含有大量的花青素、多酚等抗氧化物质外,还富含膳食纤维。为了开发利用蓝莓渣,将其加入到面粉中制得蓝莓渣膳食纤维面包。通过蓝莓渣膳食纤维面包的感官评分和质构分析,优化出影响蓝莓渣膳食纤维面包品质的主要因素,得出最佳工艺配方为酵母添加量1.6%,蓝莓渣粉添加量2.5%,发酵时间120 min,醒发时间30 min。     

不同配料对威化饼干品质的影响

研究了不同配料对威化饼干感官品质和血糖生成指数的影响,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化了威化饼干最佳配方及生产工艺参数。结果表明,当小麦粉添加量30%,荞麦粉添加量20%,红枣粉添加量5%,银杏粉添加量4%,黄油添加量10%,小苏打粉添加量0.4%,碳酸氢铵添加量0.4%,水添加量200%时,威化饼干的感官评分最高。不同配料对威化饼干的血糖生成指数影响不同,荞麦粉可以降低血糖生成指数,银杏粉不会改变饼干的血糖生成指数,而红枣粉导致威化饼干的血糖生成指数上升。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.