生物炭和秸秆对华北农田表层土壤矿质氮和pH值的影响

基于2014-2015年华北农田定位试验,设CK（单施氮磷钾肥）、C1（生物炭4.5t×hm^-2×a^-1+氮磷钾肥）、C2（生物炭9.0t×hm^-2×a^-1+氮磷钾肥）和SR（秸秆还田+氮磷钾肥）4个处理,对施用生物炭和秸秆还田对表层土壤矿质氮（NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N）含量以及土壤pH值的影响进行研究。结果表明,不同处理土壤矿质氮的动态变化趋势基本一致,施用生物炭和秸秆还田均可显著提高土壤NO₃^--N含量（P<0.05）,但对土壤NH₄⁺-N含量影响不大。与秸秆还田相比,高量施用生物炭有利于增加土壤NO₃^--N含量。各处理土壤中矿质氮主要以NO₃^--N为主,NH₄⁺-N含量均保持在一个较低水平。将冬小麦整个生育期内各处理土壤NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N含量与夏玉米的相比,前者显著高于后者。在整个冬小麦-玉米轮作周期内,高量施用生物炭显著提高了土壤pH值,且各处理土壤NO₃^--N与土壤pH值呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,土壤NH₄⁺-N含量与土壤pH值相关性不显著;而各处理土壤NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N含量与土壤含水量均呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。可见,添加生物炭对减少氮素的转化和流失具有较大潜力。     

AM真菌共生系统中硝态氮吸收转运途径及对寄主生长的作用

利用AM真菌(Glomus intraradices)与毛根农杆菌质粒DNA转化的胡萝卜根(Ri T-DNA transformed carrotroots)建立的双重培养系统,以及同位素示踪技术探究AM真菌共生系统中硝态氮NO₃^-转运吸收途径,对铵态氮和硝态氮吸收合成精氨酸进行研究;并开展农田试验研究铵态氮和硝态氮吸收转运对寄主生长的影响。研究发现AM真菌菌丝在NH₄⁺和NO₃^-共存时,优先吸收NH₄⁺。当AM真菌的根外菌丝用NH₄¹⁵NO₃处理1周时,虽然根外菌丝的自由氨基酸未被¹⁵N标记,包括精氨酸,但是菌根组织中的自由氨基酸被¹⁵N标记,揭示了¹⁵NO₃^-沿着菌丝直接转运至菌根组织而不是来自于精氨酸转运的新模式;而根外菌丝用     

土壤不同形态氮素在剖面中移动特征的模拟研究

应用室内土柱模拟试验方法,在可控水量条件下,研究不同水量淋溶情况下,土壤不同形态氮素在剖面中的分布和移动特征.研究表明,土壤有机氮组分中,氨基酸氮和NH₃-N是易于移动的形态,非酸解性氮则相对稳定;无机氮组分中NO₃^--N是易于移动的形态,NH₄⁺-N运移性差,非交换态NH₄⁺-N为相对稳定形态;水、肥条件是决定NO₃^-     

喀斯特地区不同茎形态植物的水土保持和养分截留效果研究

在坡度为30°的坡地建立12个径流小区,试验设计4个处理,分析了3种不同茎形态植物的水土保持和养分截留效果,并在此基础上进一步探讨水土保持和养分截留之间的定量关系。结果表明:薜荔,马蔺和常青藤的覆盖度分别为53.1%,62.8%和60.0%。薜荔,马蔺和常青藤具有一定的水土保持效果,不同植物的保水固土效应存在显著性差异。薜荔,马蔺和常青藤对TP,DP,TN,NO₃^--N,NH₄⁺-N和K有一定的截留作用。薜荔对TP,DP,TN,NO₃^--N,NH₄⁺-N和K的截留效果分别为0.58,0.64,0.54,0.86,0.64,0.54;马蔺对TP,DP,TN,NO₃^--N,NH₄⁺-N和K的截留效果分别为0.76,0.64,0.68,0.78,0.53,0.56;常青藤对TP,DP,TN,NO₃^--N,NH₄⁺-N和K的截留效果分别为0.72,0.75,0.61,0.83,0.45,0.58。水土保持与养分截留效果之间呈现极显著性相关（Pearson相关性系数 > 0.698^**）,表明水土保持是养分截留的有效途径。     

模糊数学在地下水资源污染评价中的应用

地下水的水质分析与污染评价是地下水保护与污染控制的重要内容。参照区域背景含量和国家地下水环境质量标准,运用模糊数学的方法对该地区地下水中NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、CL^-、总硬度、NO₂^-、COD、Fe、F^-、Cr₆⁺九种组分的分析结果进行了数据处理,并在此基础上,将该区地下水按水质好坏划分为五个等级,其中区内大部分地区属于水质较好的级地下水分布区。受人类活动影响,水质最差的五级地下水主要分布在工厂和居民区集中的地区。     

周年施氮对冬小麦-夏大豆轮作产量及土壤氮素含量的影响

为探讨周年不同施氮组合对冬小麦-夏大豆轮作体系土壤氮素及产量影响规律,于2017—2018年,在伊宁县农业科技示范园内开展大田试验,以冬小麦-夏大豆轮作为研究对象,在前茬麦季设置4个施氮水平:0(N0)、104(N1)、173(N2)、242 kg·hm^-2(N3);后茬大豆设置3个施氮水平:0(S0)、69(S1)、138 kg·hm^-2(S2),研究周年不同施氮组合对两季作物收获后农田0~100 cm土层土壤硝态氮(NO₃^--N)、铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)含量、无机氮残留量及产量的影响。结果表明,冬小麦不同施氮水平土壤NO₃^--N及NH₄⁺-N含量均在20~40 cm土层达到最大值,且N3的土壤NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N含量最高,分别达到14.65 mg·kg^-1和4.26 mg·kg^-1,土壤NO₃^--N含量平均分别较N0、N1、N2增加了92.86%、44.69%和17.03%,土壤NH₄⁺-N平均依次增加了69.95%、26.10%和8.46%;而冬小麦施氮量越高,其土壤无机氮残留量越大,以麦季N3平均最高,为200.62 kg·hm^-2。此外,前茬麦季施氮还能影响后茬大豆土壤中NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N含量及无机氮残留量;夏大豆的土壤NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N含量也在20~40 cm土层达到最大值,且N3S2的土壤NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N含量及无机氮残留量最大,平均分别为18.61 mg·kg^-1、 5.10 mg·kg^-1、258.36 kg·hm^-2。在麦季施氮173 kg·hm^-2时(N2),冬小麦产量最高,平均为7 828.64 kg·hm^-2,平均分别较N0、N1、N3增加35.45%、16.77%、6.26%;且在此基础上夏大豆当季再施氮69 kg·hm^-2时(S1),夏大豆获得产量最高,平均为2 988.93 kg·hm^-2,其周年总产量也达到最高平均,为10 817.5 kg·hm^-2。综上所述,麦季施氮173 kg·hm^-2,豆季施氮69 kg·hm^-2既有利于提高麦豆周年产量,又能减少土壤氮素的残留量,可为当地一年两熟制高效施氮制度提供一定的参考标准。     

杨陵区地表水及地下水环境质量评价

水在人类的生存过程中起着至关重要的作用,面对目前日愈衰竭的水资源,如何才能提高水质及其利用率已成为人们关注的焦点。现就杨陵地区的地表水及地下水选取不同的断面,实际采样并监测分析。其监测项目涉及到NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、NO₂^-、PO₄^3-、F^-、S^2-、Cr⁶⁺、Cu、P     

热带亚热带酸性土壤硝化作用与氮淋溶特征

通过室内好气培养和土柱模拟淋洗培养试验,研究了氨基氮肥加入对热带亚热带4种不同性质和利用方式酸性土壤硝化、氮及盐基离子淋溶、土壤及淋出液酸化的影响。4种土壤分别为采自花岗岩发育的海南林地砖红壤(HR)、玄武岩发育的云南林地砖红壤(YR)、第四纪红黏土发育的江西旱地红壤(RU)和第四纪下蜀黄土发育的江苏旱地黄棕壤(YU)。结果表明:4种土壤硝化作用大小表现为YU>RU>YR>HR。HR主要以可溶性有机氮(DON)和NH₄⁺-N形态淋失,YU土壤的氮淋溶形态以NO₃^–-N为主,YR和RU土壤的氮淋溶形态NO₃^–-N、NH₄⁺-N和DON兼而有之。盐基离子总淋失量与NO₃^–-N淋失量显著正相关,但各盐基离子淋失由于离子本性和土壤性质差异并不完全一致。Ca²⁺在缓冲外源NH₄⁺-N硝化致酸和平衡...     

生物炭对淹水土壤中溶解性有机质含量及组成特征的影响

为了探究生物炭对土壤中溶解性有机质(DOM)的影响,采用向水稻土中添加生物炭的厌氧泥浆培养试验,分析添加生物炭后对不同培养阶段的厌氧泥浆中水溶性有机碳(DOC)含量、DOM组成、荧光光谱特性及土壤中Fe(III)还原特征的影响。结果表明:添加生物炭可增加水稻土中DOC含量及影响紫外光谱特征值(SUVA₂₅₄),引起DOM组分种类和相对含量变化,不同类型土壤间的变化存在差异,酸性水稻土中的作用更为明显。水稻土中Fe(III)的还原效率在添加生物炭下得到促进,同时对土壤的初始pH也产生一定影响。相关分析结果揭示添加生物炭可通过调节SUVA₂₅₄、DOM组成和体系pH,从而影响厌氧水稻土中的硝酸盐还原、铁还原及产甲烷过程。     

不同浓度硫酸盐对水稻土中异化铁还原过程的影响

研究不同电子受体之间的竞争关系对揭示厌氧水稻土中微生物作用导致的氧化还原过程变化机理具有重要的理论意义。本研究采用土壤泥浆厌氧培养、人工合成氧化铁体系接种土壤浸提液厌氧培养及接种铁还原菌纯培养等试验方法,通过向培养体系中添加SO24-,探讨了硫酸盐作为竞争电子受体对不同铁还原体系中Fe（Ⅲ）还原的影响。结果表明,在2种水稻土的泥浆培养过程中,Fe（Ⅲ）还原速率均随着SO24-浓度增加而降低,但Fe（Ⅱ）的最终累积量却较对照处理有明显的增加。添加硫酸盐对Fe（Ⅲ）还原速率（k）的影响表现为：石灰性水稻土〉酸性水稻土;而最终Fe（Ⅱ）累积增加率则为：酸性水稻土〉石灰性水稻土。由接种不同水稻土浸提液的培养试验看出,添加SO24-后Fe（Ⅲ）还原受到显著的抑制,但随着培养时间延长Fe（Ⅲ）还原反应依然可以进行,并且Fe（Ⅱ）累积量最终达到与CK相同的水平。在接种铁还原菌的纯培养试验中,添加SO24-对供试的4株铁还原菌的Fe（Ⅲ）还原过程并未产生抑制效应,表明铁还原菌本身并不受硫酸盐的影响。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.