不同长度小麦秸秆覆盖下黄土耕地坡面流水动力学特性

为了系统研究秸秆长度对坡面流水动力学特性的影响,利用室内人工模拟冲刷定床阻力试验,在4个坡度、5个流量条件下分别对3~5、8~10和13~15 cm长度秸秆覆盖坡面流水动力学参数变化特征进行分析,阐明不同长度秸秆覆盖坡面水流阻力与雷诺数的关系。结果表明,秸秆长度对坡面流水动力学参数影响显著。不同长度秸秆覆盖条件下,坡面流雷诺数变化范围为166~558,当流量≤7.5 L/min时,坡面流态为层缓流;流量为9.0 L/min时,坡面流态为过渡缓流。秸秆覆盖条件下,坡面流具有较小的流速和较大的水深、Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数及曼宁糙率系数。随着秸秆长度增加,坡面流流速随之增加,而水深、Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数及曼宁糙率系数随之降低。随着秸秆长度和水力坡度增加,流态指数值总体呈现降低趋势。当秸秆长度由3~5 cm增加至13~15 cm时,流态指数平均由0.716降至0.501。研究可为秸秆覆盖条件下水土流失阻控机理研究提供科学依据。     

坡面流水动力学特性研究

采用变坡水槽研究了坡面流水动力学参数 (流态、流速、水深及阻力系数 )随流量和坡度的变化规律。结果表明 ,坡面流流态与水深密切相关 ,当水流深度小于 0 .316 cm时 ,坡面流呈过渡流 ,水深大于 0 .316 cm时呈紊流流态 ;当坡度为 5～ 2 5°、单宽流量为 0 .6 2 5～ 12 .5× 10 - 3m3/(s· m)时 ,坡面流平均流速和平均水深主要受流量控制 ,坡度的影响并不显著 ,可用简单的线性函数来模拟平均流速、水深与流量和坡度间的关系 (r2分别为 0 .89,0 .78) ;当流量小于 0 .0 0 2 m3/s时 ,坡度对阻力系数的影响较为显著 ,当流量大于 0 .0 0 2 m3/s时 ,阻力系数基本受流量控制 ,随着流量增大 ,阻力系数呈幂函数形式下降。这说明坡面流的水动力学特性与明渠水流存在较大差异 ,在坡面水蚀机理分析、土壤侵蚀物理模型的构造过程中应予以充分考虑。     

植被覆盖度与空间格局对坡面流水动力学特性的影响

为研究植被覆盖度与空间格局对坡面流水动力学参数的影响,采用室内定床冲刷试验,以圆柱体模拟树木定量研究了4种覆盖度、3种空间格局的植被在5个坡度、6个流量下坡面薄层流水力要素及阻力的变化特征,探讨了植被覆盖度、空间格局对坡面流水动力参数的影响,并分析了植被覆盖度和空间格局对流速和阻力的影响指数。结果表明,在5种坡度下流速的变化范围在0.2~1.4m/s之间,流速最小的是覆盖度为6.1%角尺度为0的坡面条件,最大的是裸坡(对照)。各坡面条件的流态指数变化在0.7~0.8,表明水流以克服阻力做功为主。覆盖度对流速的影响在各流量下皆大于空间格局对流速的影响,且空间格局的影响效果只有覆盖度的50%。坡面阻力系数随着覆盖度的增加而增加,在各坡度下,达西阻力系数在0~0.16间变化,角尺度为0时的阻力系数大于其它角尺度下的。覆盖度对坡面流阻力系数的影响大于空间格局对阻力系数的影响。在缓坡(10°以下),空间格局对坡面流阻力的影响是覆盖度对坡面流阻力影响的50%以上,而在陡坡(15°以上)空间格局对坡面流阻力的影响仅仅是覆盖度对坡面流阻力影响的20%左右。     

植被覆盖下坡面流阻力变化规律

通过野外径流小区放水试验,研究3种植株密度(0,20,30株/m~2)、2种植株布设方式(行紧密,随机)、2种坡度(5°和10°)、3种放水流量(1,2,3m~3/h)下坡面流阻力系数变化规律。结果表明:坡面流阻力系数平均状态随植株密度的增加而增加,植株行排列方式较随机排列增阻作用更明显。冲刷过程中,坡面流阻力系数随时间呈幂函数增长,其中,裸坡阻力系数动态变化过程较有植被覆盖坡面幅度大,且随植株密度的增加,坡面流阻力系数动态变化过程趋于平缓;同植株密度下,植株随机排列方式较行紧密排列更能有效抑制阻力系数增加;随放水流量增加,阻力系数增加趋势减缓,随植株密度减小,放水流量对阻力系数变化过程的影响降低。对阻力系数进行逐步回归:有植被覆盖坡面阻力系数f=0.000284T~(0.692)Q_1~(-0.426)c~(0.745);裸坡阻力系数f=0.004335T~(1.180)Q_2~(-0.476)。阻力系数动态变化过程与流量和植株密度关系密切,其中有植被坡面的阻力系数与出口断面流量关系密切,裸坡的阻力系数与供流量关系密切。逐步回归结果表明,阻力系数变化过程由下渗过程和坡面侵蚀过程共同决定,其中裸坡的侵蚀过程对阻力系数的影响较大,有植被坡面下渗过程对阻力系数的影响较大。     

极端降雨条件下秸秆覆盖坡面水流流速空间分布

坡面流流速是地表水文和水土保持研究的重要参数。极端降雨条件下,秸秆覆盖坡面水动力过程复杂,探明其流速分布规律对坡耕地土壤侵蚀预报具有重要意义。该研究的模拟降雨试验在黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室降雨大厅内进行。试验土槽宽0.25 m,长8 m,深0.3 m,底部填装黏壤土（31.8%黏粒,43.3%粉粒,24.8%砂粒）,土壤表面均匀铺设长5～7 cm小麦秸秆。试验雨强为160 mm/h2,共设置3种坡度（5°、10°和20°）和3种秸秆覆盖率（0、2和8 t/hm2）,分别在沿着坡长方向距坡顶1.15、3.15、4.15和5.15 m处设置采集点;采用电解质示踪法测量坡面水流流速,分析秸秆覆盖率对坡面流流速及其空间分布规律的影响。结果表明,极端降雨条件下质心法适用于秸秆覆盖坡面流速测量,秸秆覆盖下测量流速为0.017～0.117 m/s;秸秆覆盖可削弱雨滴对坡面流的扰动,增大下垫面的粗糙度,流速随覆盖率的增大而减小。流速随坡度与坡长的增加而增大;沿坡长方向流速变化率逐渐减小,流速最终趋于稳定;由于秸秆对水流的阻碍作用,高秸秆覆盖率坡面达到最大稳定流速的距离减小。秸秆覆盖坡面与裸坡面的水流流速存在显著的线性关系。秸秆覆盖影响坡面流流态,层流的临界雷诺数取值应小于500。研究结果对理解极端降雨条件下覆盖坡面土壤侵蚀机理具有重要意义。     

斑块状植被覆盖下坡面流水动力学特性

为阐明斑块状植被随机覆盖下坡面流水动力学特性,通过5个覆盖度、6个坡度和7个流量组合条件下的室内放水冲刷试验,系统研究了斑块状植被覆盖下坡面流的流型流态及阻力机制。研究结果表明:1)该试验工况下,坡面水流位于虚拟层流区和过渡流区,水流流态发育受覆盖度和坡度相互制约。2)在虚拟层流区,综合阻力系数与雷诺数呈负相关,而在过渡流区,二者关系在临界覆盖度处发生转捩,随覆盖度的增加,二者关系逐步由负相关变为正相关。3)综合阻力系数与覆盖度呈幂指函数相关,而随淹没度变化趋势则受制于覆盖度。低于临界覆盖度时,二者整体上为负相关;高于临界覆盖度时,综合阻力系数随着淹没度增大先减后增。此外,基于水流阻力等效原则,综合考虑水力坡度、覆盖度、雷诺数、淹没度的影响,建立了坡面流阻力计算模型。     

紫色土坡面细沟流的水动力学特征试验研究

通过不同坡度、流量的组合放水冲刷试验,对紫色土坡面细沟侵蚀发生过程中的坡面细沟流水动力学特征进行了研究。结果表明,在试验的坡度和流量范围内,紫色土细沟流流速随放水量的增加而增大,而在相同放水量下紫色土坡面细沟流流速随坡度增加变化趋势不明显。紫色土细沟流的雷诺数变化于500~4 600之间,流态基本属于紊流,在同一坡度下,雷诺数随放水量的增大而迅速增大。紫色土细沟流弗汝德数在整个试验过程中均大于1,属于急流范畴。坡面流阻力系数的大小与水流雷诺数有关,但其变化趋势受坡度和流量的影响。在坡度较缓时阻力系数随雷诺数的增大而减小,在坡度较大时阻力系数随雷诺数的增大而增大,但起伏较大。     

紫色土坡面细沟流的水动力学特征试验研究

通过不同坡度、流量的组合放水冲刷试验,对紫色土坡面细沟侵蚀发生过程中的坡面细沟流水动力学特征进行了研究。结果表明,在试验的坡度和流量范围内,紫色土细沟流流速随放水量的增加而增大,而在相同放水量下紫色土坡面细沟流流速随坡度增加变化趋势不明显。紫色土细沟流的雷诺数变化于500～4600之间,流态基本属于紊流,在同一坡度下,雷诺数随放水量的增大而迅速增大。紫色土细沟流弗汝德数在整个试验过程中均大于1,属于急流范畴。坡面流阻力系数的大小与水流雷诺数有关,但其变化趋势受坡度和流量的影响。在坡度较缓时阻力系数随雷诺数的增大而减小,在坡度较大时阻力系数随雷诺数的增大而增大,但起伏较大。     

野外放水条件下坡面流水动力学特征

坡面流是土壤侵蚀的主要动力因素之一,也是侵蚀泥沙搬运、农业面源污染的重要载体,为探讨坡面流水力学特征变化规律,本文通过径流小区放水冲刷试验,研究不同坡面覆盖和放水条件下坡面流水动力学特征.结果表明:坡面流雷诺数和弗劳德数受植被覆盖情况和坡面坡度的影响较小,受放水流量影响较显著.其中,坡面流人流断面雷诺数和弗劳德数随时间基本保持不变;出流断面雷诺数动态变化呈增加趋势,弗劳德数呈缓慢下降趋势,其动态变化幅度随植株密度增加而趋于平缓,植株布设方式对雷诺数和弗劳德数的动态变化影响较小.流量和植株密度增加会引起阻力系数增长,阻力系数随冲刷历时呈增长趋势,坡度和植株密度可以控制这种增长趋势.     

地表模拟覆盖率对坡面流阻力的影响

采用变坡实验水槽在较大坡度(5°～25°)、流量(0.25～2 L/s)和覆盖率(0～25%)范围内,系统研究了坡面流阻力系数与坡度、流量、覆盖率、流态之间的关系.结果表明:阻力系数随着覆盖率增加呈幂指数增加(f=0.1013×(1-Cr)-8.573,R2=0.9);f-Re呈负相关关系,并且随着流量的增加,负相关关系越来越显著;f-Fr呈负相关关系,随着覆盖率的增加,负相关关系越来越显著.通过因子分析发现:f=0.185(1-Cr)-6.137Fr-0.438(R2=0.934),可以用来计算地表覆盖条件下坡面流阻力系数.研究结果有助于从水动力学角度分析坡面侵蚀、产沙过程,对土壤侵蚀过程模型的建立具有一定的指导意义.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.