基肥配施和拔节期追氮对鲜食糯玉米子粒热力学特性的影响

以苏玉糯5号和渝糯7号为材料,研究基肥配施和拔节期追氮对鲜食糯玉米子粒热力学特性的影响.研究表明,热焓值和胶凝温度受基肥配施影响较小,回生热焓值和回生值受拔节期追氮影响较小.热力学特征参数中,以回生热焓值和回生值变异系数较高.基肥配施处理中,氮磷钾肥均衡配施时各参数较高.随着拔节期追氮量增加,胶凝温度(起始温度、峰值温度和终值温度)先升后降;热焓值、回生值在不追氮或追氮150 kg/hm²时无显著差异,在过量追氮(300 kg/hm²)时前者较低,后者较高.相关分析表明,胶凝温度3个指标两两极显著正相关,且回生值和回生热焓值极显著正相关.6个热力学特征参数可转换为3个独立的主成分,累计方差贡献率为97.2%.氮磷钾均衡基施并拔节期适量追氮时子粒热稳定性较好,回生值适中.     

糯玉米胚乳重组淀粉的热力学和晶体特性

以7个糯玉米品种为材料,分离糯玉米大、小淀粉粒,以不同重量比的大、小淀粉粒配比组成重组淀粉,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和X-射线衍射仪(XRD)研究重组淀粉的热力学和晶体特性。结果表明,7个糯玉米品种按大、小淀粉粒配比的重组淀粉起始温度、峰值指数、热焓值和结晶度及各个衍射峰的尖峰强度整体上表现为3:02:11:11:20:3配比;峰值温度、终值温度和糊化范围整体上表现为3:02:11:11:20:3配比。相关分析发现,7个糯玉米品种重组淀粉中大淀粉粒所占比例与起始温度(r=0.86~0.99)、热焓值(r=0.90~0.97)、峰值指数(黑糯4号除外,r=0.90~0.99)及结晶度(r=0.86~0.98)均呈(极)显著正相关;与峰值温度(西星黄糯6号除外,r=-0.88~-0.98)、终值温度(r=-0.89~-0.97)和糊化范围(r=-0.86~-0.98)呈(极)显著负相关;小淀粉粒所占比例恰好相反。重组淀粉中大淀粉粒比例越高,淀粉糊化起始温度、峰值指数、热焓值及结晶度越高;峰值温度、终值温度和糊化范围越低。     

鲜食糯玉米淀粉RVA谱特征值分析及其与主要品质性状相关性研究

以26个不同糯玉米品种为试验材料,测定其RVA谱特征值以及总淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量等淀粉品质性状及品尝品质性状,分析不同糯玉米品种的RVA谱特征值间及其与主要品质性状间的相关性。结果表明,RVA谱特征值间的峰值黏度与谷值黏度、崩解值、终值黏度呈极显著正相关;谷值黏度、崩解值与终值黏度两两间呈极显著正相关;总淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量与RVA谱特征值均未达到显著相关;糯性与峰值黏度、谷值黏度、崩解值、终值黏度呈显著负相关;果皮厚薄与峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终值黏度呈极显著负相关。     

播期和密度对不同玉米品种淀粉糊化特性和子粒品质的影响

以农大108和青农105为材料,设置3个播期和6个密度处理,研究播期和密度对两个玉米品种淀粉糊化特性和子粒品质的影响。结果表明,品种间比较,淀粉峰值黏度、谷值黏度、崩解值、回复值、峰值时间、糊化温度差异显著;播期对糊化特征值及子粒淀粉、蛋白质含量的影响较大,密度的影响较小。晚播条件下,峰值黏度和谷值黏度显著升高,糊化温度显著降低;中播条件下,淀粉含量最低,蛋白质含量最高。因此,试验播期范围内,晚播有利于改良淀粉糊化特性,适期播种有利于改良子粒品质。     

糯玉米子粒淀粉形态和结构对硬度的影响

以京科糯2000等3个糯玉米品种为试验材料,系统分析糯玉米子粒淀粉形态和结构对硬度的影响及各指标的相关性。结果表明,不同糯玉米品种子粒蒸煮后硬度最低的是京科糯768(2 342.00 g),其次是京科糯2000(2 504.50 g),分别比苏玉糯2号低35.50%和31.02%;蒸煮后子粒回生值以京科糯2000(966.25 g)最低,其次是京科糯768(1 142.25 g),分别比苏玉糯2号低28.56%和15.55%。不同品种糯玉米淀粉结晶度表现,苏玉糯2号(43.64%)>京科糯2000(40.96%)>京科糯768(40.59%)。淀粉颗粒平均粒径以京科糯2000最大,其次是京科糯768,苏玉糯2号淀粉颗粒平均粒径最小。相关分析表明,蒸煮后子粒硬度及蒸煮后子粒回生值与淀粉结晶度呈显著正相关,与淀粉平均粒径呈显著负相关。综合分析表明,淀粉结晶度小、淀粉颗粒大是京科糯768和京科糯2000子粒硬度小的主要原因。     

寒地半干旱区鲜食玉米品种适应性和品质性状分析

以18个鲜食玉米品种为试验材料,针对寒地西部半干旱地区的气候条件,研究不同类型鲜食玉米子粒鲜食期的营养成分的积累动态及品质变化。结果表明,鲜食玉米灌浆期子粒的可溶性糖、粗淀粉、蛋白质、子粒含水率和维C含量在不同灌浆期、不同品种间差异极显著。随着子粒的发育,不同类型鲜食玉米品种的可溶性总糖、可溶性蛋白含量和子粒含水率呈下降趋势,粗淀粉含量呈上升趋势,维C含量呈先上升后下降的动态曲线变化。根据鲜食玉米营养成分与品质的关系,通过子粒含水率结合蛋白质含量和粗淀粉含量确定糯玉米的最佳采收期,子粒含水率结合可溶性糖含量和维C含量确定甜玉米的最佳采收期。     

不同地区不同裸燕麦品种淀粉品质分析

为研究不同生长环境对燕麦淀粉品质的影响,分别选取同时在我国两大燕麦主产区内蒙古和河北省种植的10个裸燕麦品种,测定其抗性淀粉含量、总淀粉含量、糊化特性和淀粉水解率,通过多重比较分析品种的变异性和地区之间的差异性。结果表明,两地区内参试样品间的抗性淀粉、总淀粉、峰值黏度、破损值和回生值的差异均较大;两地区之间,抗性淀粉和总淀粉含量存在显著差异(P<0.05),淀粉水解率以及大部分糊化特性存在极显著差异(P<0.01);内蒙古地区种植的燕麦样品淀粉水解率、糊化温度极显著(P<0.01)高于河北地区种植的燕麦样品,而峰值黏度、破损值、回生值极显著(P<0.01)低于河北地区的样品。     

脂肪酸对小麦淀粉糊化特性及热特性的影响

为了解脂肪酸对小麦淀粉糊化特性和热特性的影响,在小麦淀粉中分别添加月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸,采用快速黏度分析仪(RVA)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)对淀粉-脂质复合物糊化特性、晶体结构和热特性进行分析。结果表明,小麦淀粉与四种饱和脂肪酸所形成的复合物的晶体结构均为V型晶型。加入脂肪酸后小麦淀粉的峰值黏度、热浆黏度和崩解值降低,而最终黏度和回生值升高,起始糊化温度(To)、峰值糊化温度(Tp)、终点糊化温度(Tc)略降,而糊化焓值(ΔH)则显著下降。综合来看,添加脂肪酸对小麦淀粉的糊化特性和热特性有显著影响,其中月桂酸对小麦淀粉糊化特性及热特性的影响最显著。     

不同鲜食玉米灌浆期子粒主要营养成分的积累动态

通过理化方法对5种不同类型的14个鲜食玉米品种在不同灌浆期子粒的营养成分进行分析,研究不同类型鲜食玉米子粒主要营养成分的积累动态,筛选能够指示不同类型鲜食玉米最佳采收期的客观理化指标。结果表明,鲜食玉米灌浆期子粒的可溶性总糖、蔗糖、还原糖、蛋白质、支链淀粉、直链淀粉和含水量在不同品种间、不同灌浆期间差异极显著。随着子粒的发育,不同类型鲜食玉米品种的可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量呈动态曲线变化,变化趋势都是先上升后下降;还原糖含量和含水量呈不断下降的趋势;直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量呈不断上升的趋势;蛋白质含量变化幅度很小,变化趋势不明显。根据鲜食玉米营养成分与品质的关系,提出子粒含水量结合可溶性糖含量和粗淀粉含量可分别作为甜玉米和糯玉米最佳采收期的指标。     

不同采收期对沪五彩花糯1号品质的影响

以沪五彩花糯1号为试材,设6个采收期,研究采收期对子粒品质和糊化特性的影响。结果表明,采收期为授粉后20 d时,沪五彩花糯1号感官和蒸煮品质综合评分达最高,为85.6分。蛋白质和可溶性糖含量随采收期推迟而降低,而淀粉则相反。不同采收期下的峰值粘度、谷值黏度、终值黏度、崩解值和回复值变异系数要大于峰值时间和糊化温度的变异系数,说明除峰值时间和糊化温度之外,峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终值黏度、崩解值和回复值受采收期影响较大。与淀粉和可溶性糖相比,子粒中的蛋白质对糊化特性的影响较大。     

Effect of partial gelatinization and retrogradation on the enzymatic digestion of waxy rice starch

The effect of partial gelatinization and retrogradation on in vitro enzymatic digestibility of waxy rice starch was investigated, and the relationship between the residual crystallinity and digestibility measured. An aqueous dispersion of starch (5%, dry weight basis) was partially gelatinized by heating at different temperatures (60, 65, or 70 °C for 5 min). The relative melting enthalpy values of the starch samples, based on the melting enthalpy of native starch, were 69.0, 36.7, and 8.5%, respectively. Retrograded starch samples were also prepared by storing a fully gelatinized starch paste (5% starch) at 4 °C for 2, 4, or 7 d, and the relative melting enthalpy values for the starch samples were 36.7, 67.2, and 79.9%, respectively. The partial gelatinization and retrogradation changed the enzymatic digestion behavior of the waxy rice starch samples, and the changes were significant in the initial stage of digestion. The digestion rate was reduced as the melting enthalpy increased. The amounts of slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) correlated positively with the relative melting enthalpy of the partially gelatinized or retrograded starch samples. The glycemic index (GI) estimated using an in vitro digestion test correlated negatively with the relative melting enthalpy. At similar melting enthalpy levels, the partially gelatinized starch samples were more resistant to enzymatic digestion than the retrograded starch samples, indicating that the thermal history and the crystalline morphology affected the enzymatic digestion behavior of starch.     

南方鲜食玉米区不同糯玉米品种产量和子粒灌浆特性分析

2019年和2020年,以苏科糯1501、苏科糯12、苏科花糯2008、苏科糯11、苏玉糯5号和万糯2000为试验材料,系统分析南方鲜食玉米区不同糯玉米品种产量和子粒灌浆特性差异,为糯玉米高产优质品种选育提供支持。结果表明,产量及产量构成因素品种间差异两年表现基本一致(秃尖长除外)。产量较高的品种为苏科糯12、苏科糯1501、万糯2000和苏科花糯2008,穗粒数和粒重均高于产量较低的品种苏玉糯5号和苏科糯11。糯玉米产量与穗长、穗粒和百粒鲜重呈极显著正相关,百粒鲜重与最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率呈极显著正相关,穗粒数与有效灌浆期、最大灌浆速率时的时间和最大灌浆速率时的生长量呈显著正相关。在鲜食玉米高产品种选育时应注重对灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率时的生长量等指标进行选择。     

吐丝后不同阶段干旱胁迫对糯玉米子粒产量和淀粉品质的影响

以苏玉糯5号和渝糯7号为材料,试验对照和干旱处理下土壤相对含水量分别为75％和55％,干旱胁迫时间分别为子粒建成期和灌浆充实期,研究结实期不同阶段(子粒建成期和灌浆充实期)干旱胁迫对糯玉米子粒产量和淀粉品质的影响.结果表明,结实期干旱胁迫显著降低子粒产量,且降幅子粒建成期大于灌浆充实期.干旱胁迫下淀粉含量显著降低,总蛋...     

Determination of thermal and retrogradation properties of rice starch using near-infrared spectroscopy

Starch is a major component of rice grain and thus plays an important role in grain quality. For breeding rice with improved quality, the thermal and retrogradation properties of starch may be routinely measured. Since direct measurement is time-consuming and expensive, rapid predictive methods based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can be applied to measure these quality parameters. In this study, calibration models for measurement of thermal and retrogradation properties were built from the spectra of grain and flour samples. The results indicated that both grain and flour spectra could give similar accuracy (r²=∼0.78) in determining the peak temperature (T_p) and conclusion temperature (T_c) of gelatinization. However, flour spectra (r²=0.80) were superior to the grain spectra (r²=0.73) in measuring onset temperature (T_o). Furthermore, the thermal properties of width at half peak height (ΔT_1/2) and enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH_g), and retrogradation properties of enthalpy of retrogradation (ΔH_r) and retrogradation percentage (R%) could only be successfully modeled with the flour spectra. The models reported in the present study are usable for routine screening of a large number of samples in early generation of selection in breeding programs. For accurate assay of the thermal and retrogradation properties, however, direct instrumental measurement should be employed in later generations.     

5个鲜食糯玉米品种比较研究

对5个不同鲜食糯玉米品种的生育期、经济性状、抗病性、产量与品质等各项指标进行比较分析。结果表明,美玉(加甜糯)17号平均鲜穗产量达1 163 kg/667 m2,出籽率为67.7%,在产量、穗粒性状、外观品质和食味鉴定方面与对照中科糯3000相比具有明显优势,泰科香雪糯2000平均鲜穗产量为1 190 kg/667 m2,与对照中科糯3000相比产量表现突出。     

The Effect of Heat–Moisture Treatment on the Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Normal Maize,Waxy Maize,Dull Waxy Maize and Amylomaize V Starches

Normal maize, waxy maize, dull waxy maize and amylomaize V starches were heat treated at 100 °C for 16 h at a moisture content of 30%. The results showed that the X-ray intensities of the major d-spacings of all starches increased on heat–moisture treatment (waxy maize > normal maize > dull waxy maize > amylomaize V). This treatment decreased the apparent amylose content (amylomaize V > normal maize), swelling factor (amylomaize V > waxy maize > dull waxy maize > normal maize), amylose leaching (amylomaize V > normal maize), pasting viscosities (amylomaize V > normal maize), acid hydrolysis (amylomaize V > normal maize > waxy maize > dull waxy maize), enzyme hydrolysis (amylomaize V > normal maize > dull waxy maize > waxy maize) and syneresis (amylomaize V > normal maize > waxy maize ≈ dull waxy maize). The gelatinization transition temperatures of all starches increased on heat–moisture treatment (amylomaize V > normal maize > waxy maize > dull waxy maize). However, the gelatinization temperature range increased only in normal maize and amylomaize V starches (amylomaize V > normal maize), while it remained unchanged in both the waxy starches. The enthalpy of gelatinization remained unchanged on heat–moisture treatment in all starches and the pasting viscosities of the two waxy starches were also unaffected. The foregoing data showed that starch chains within the amorphous and crystalline regions of the granule associate during heat–moisture treatment. However, the extent of this association was of a greater order of magnitude within the amorphous regions. DSC studies have indicated associations involving amylose chains (amylose–amylose and amylose–native starch lipids) resulted in the formation of new crystallites of different stabilities. In contrast, associations involving amylopectin chains (amylopectin–amylopectin) did not lead to crystallite formation.     

Influence of amylopectin structure on rheological and retrogradation properties of waxy rice starches

A set of 13 waxy rice genotypes prepared by chemical-induced mutation of rice variety TNG67 and 7 waxy rice varieties widely grown in Taiwan were compared for structural, rheological and retrogradation characteristics of starches. Wide differences in retrogradation enthalpy (ΔH_ret), gel firmness and storage modulus (G’_ret) were observed for 2-week stored gels of 20 starches. Ratio of short-to-long amylopectin chains was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in starches from mutant genotypes than in commercial varieties. ΔH_ret and G’_ret of starch pastes stored over 4 weeks showed stronger correlation with amylopectin chain-profile compared to those stored for 2 weeks. Amount of long amylopectin chains was correlated positively (p < 0.05) with ΔH_ret and gel firmness. Overall, ratio of short-to-long amylopectin chains affected almost all the rheological and retrogradation parameters. Results of this study can be useful to plant breeders and food industry for quality improvement and selection of waxy rice mutants for various applications.     

Effects of spraying exogenous cytokinin or spermine on the starch physicochemical properties of waxy maize exposed to post-silking high temperature

Plant growth regulators (PGR) can be used to alleviate heat injury on the starch quality of crops. In this study, two waxy maize hybrids with exogenous cytokinin or spermine at silking stage were exposed to post-silking ambient temperature (AT; 28/20 °C) and high temperature (HT; 35/27 °C) during grain filling. Results indicated that spraying exogenous cytokinin or spermine increased the grain weight and starch content at both temperature regimes. The starch granule size, amylopectin chain length, and relative crystallinity differed between two hybrids and were affected by PGRs and temperatures. Peak viscosity decreased at HT, unaffected by cytokinin, and increased by spermine at both temperature regimes. The retrogradation percentage at HT with PGR was lower than that without PGR in both hybrids. In conclusion, spraying exogenous cytokinin or spermine at silking stage can increase peak viscosity and reduce retrogradation percentage at HT, thereby alleviating the detrimental effects of post-silking heat injury.     

糯玉米育种概况及育种方法探讨

介绍了国内外糯玉米育种概况和常用的糯玉米育种方法,并对糯玉米育种方法进行了探讨。美国糯玉米育种和生产与糯玉米作为工业原料紧密联系在一起,品种大多属专用化深加工型;当前我国糯玉米主要用作鲜食,糯质资源丰富,但生产上应用的糯玉米品种血缘较为狭窄,符合鲜食要求的品种尚不多。探索鲜食糯玉米育种新方法,育成适口性佳、产量高、抗逆性强的鲜食糯玉米品种,是现今我国鲜食糯玉米育种的重要研究方向。     

Acetylation of intact white rice grains to alter the physicochemical properties

The effect of acetylation of milled rice grains of selected varieties (TDK 8, YRW 4, Reiziq, Amber 33, and SHZ 2) with varying apparent amylose contents (3.8–26.6%) on their physicochemical properties was investigated. Milled rice samples were treated with different acetic anhydride concentrations (0.004–0.04 g per 100 g of milled rice samples in 225 mL of water). Results showed that glutinous (TDK 8), very low amylose (YRW 4) and low amylose containing varieties (Reiziq) were prone to acetylation even with 0.004 g of acetic anhydride. X-ray diffraction patterns showed an increase in the crystallinity in acetylated samples and formation of V-type crystals, suggesting the possible interaction of acetic anhydride with starch. Acetylation of rice grains resulted in reduced peak and final viscosities and gel strength, particularly in glutinous (TDK 8) and very low amylose (YRW 4) rice. Differential calorimetric study showed that acetic anhydride treatment resulted in reduced thermal transition temperatures and enthalpy of all varieties. Although increase in the retrogradation thermal temperatures was observed, the enthalpy of retrogradation was reduced with increasing acetylation, suggesting that the extent of starch retrogradation was lower in all varieties with more prominent reduction in the glutinous type. Furthermore, the texture of cooked acetic anhydride treated rice grains was less hard and showed more adhesiveness. This study demonstrated that the acetylation of rice grains (instead of flour) was successfully achieved, showing the potential of applying acetylation to alter the textural, pasting, thermal and retrogradation properties of rice.