氯虫苯甲酰胺对克氏原螯虾的急性毒性试验

为探索并评价新型农药——氯虫苯甲酰胺对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)的安全特性,在水温(29±2)℃、p H 8.0±0.2、溶氧量(5.1±0.9)mg/L条件下,采用静水式方法,开展了氯虫苯甲酰胺对克氏原螯虾的急性毒性试验。结果显示:氯虫苯甲酰胺对克氏原螯虾的24、48、96 h半致死浓度分别为795.93、563.47、335.64 mg/L;氯虫苯甲酰胺对克氏原螯虾的安全浓度为84.72 mg/L。跟据《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》,氯虫苯甲酰胺属低毒级农药,对克氏原螯虾的毒副作用较小,可在克氏原螯虾养殖生产中安全使用。     

发酵饲料对克氏原螯虾生长性能、肌肉品质、抗氧化能力和肠道微生物群落的影响

为探究克氏原螯虾配合饲料经发酵处理后的饲喂效果，分别用未发酵和发酵饲料在室内循环水系统中饲养体重为(4.91±0.18) g的克氏原螯虾幼虾8周，采样分析发酵饲料对克氏原螯虾生长、肌肉品质、消化力、抗氧化能力及肠道菌群结构的影响。结果显示，(1)发酵饲料水中溶失率显著低于未发酵饲料；(2)发酵饲料显著提高克氏原螯虾增重率和特定生长率，降低饲料系数，但对存活率、肝体比、含肉率和体成分无显著影响；(3)发酵饲料显著提高克氏原螯虾肌肉硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和胶黏性，降低了黏附性；(4)发酵饲料显著提高克氏原螯虾肝胰腺及肠道中胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性，血清和肝胰腺中超氧化物歧化酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性，以及肝胰腺总抗氧化能力；(5)发酵饲料显著提高了肠道绒毛长度和宽度；(6)发酵饲料改善了克氏原螯虾肠道微生物结构，显著升高了厚壁菌门和放线菌门相对丰度，同时提高了肠道菌群多样性。研究表明，饲料经发酵处理后可以有效提高克氏原螯虾生长性能、肌肉品质、消化力和抗氧化能力，改善了肠道组织结构，改变了肠道微生物结构，为克氏原螯虾新型环保饲料的生产提供理论依据。     

配合饲料和鱼肉“间隔—轮转”投喂对克氏原螯虾生长的影响

为研究克氏原螯虾在投喂配合饲料、鱼肉丸两种饲料之间切换时的摄食效果,设置两种饲料间隔一周投喂的轮转组,并设置2个投喂单一饵料的对照组,同步投喂减半后的两种饲料的选择组。试验共进行6个周期,计42d。试验结果表明,轮转组在偶数周期21d鱼肉丸的整体日均总摄食量极显著大于同期鱼肉丸对照组的摄食量(P0.01),轮转组绝对体质量增长量显著大于鱼肉丸组绝对体质量增长量(P0.05)。轮转组不同饲料间轮转投喂初期摄食量最大,3d后逐渐降至正常水平。配合饲料和鱼肉丸组试验获得的饵料系数推算选择组、轮转组质量理论增加值分别为(0.85±0.13)g、(0.79±0.15)g,与质量实际增加值(1.27±0.73)g、(1.35±0.75)g相比较差异性极显著(P0.01),即两组效果好于单一投喂,且轮转的投喂方式效果最好。结合已有对其他动物研究的成果,初步推定轮转投喂促进克氏原螯虾摄食量可能与不断满足其欲求行为有关。体质量的增加可能与多样化饲料满足了克氏原螯虾的营养平衡需求有关。本试验旨在为克氏原螯虾的轮转投喂模式提供了理论依据,也为"动物食性转换"的行为学研究积累资料。     

养殖密度对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长、消化酶活力和生理生化指标的影响

以体质量(0.015±0.004)g克氏原螯虾幼虾为研究对象,研究了50、100、300、600、900尾/m25种养殖密度对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长、消化酶活力和生理生化指标的影响,实验周期为30 d。结果显示,克氏原螯虾幼虾的终末体质量随着养殖密度的增大而减小。胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力随着养殖密度的增大表现出减小趋势,纤维素酶和脂肪酶活力在5种养殖密度下变化规律不显著(P>0.05)。克氏原螯虾幼虾体内水分含量在5种养殖密度下差异较小(P>0.05);粗蛋白含量随养殖密度的升高呈增高趋势,由54.02%增高至60.75%(P<0.05);粗脂肪含量不断减少(P<0.05),由26.19%减少至19.19%(P<0.05)。随着养殖密度的增大,克氏原螯虾幼虾肌肉葡萄糖的含量呈下降趋势(P<0.05),甘油三酯、总蛋白、尿素氮和胆固醇含量呈不断增多趋势(P<0.05)。克氏原螯虾幼虾肝胰腺葡萄糖、甘油三酯、总蛋白和尿素氮含量随着养殖密度的增大呈不断增多趋势。结果表明,高密度养殖对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长和消化酶活力具有一定负面影响,体内蛋白、脂肪、葡萄糖和尿素氮等物质的含量也随着养殖密度的增大而发生变化。     

白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)在市售克氏原螯虾中携带情况调查

近年来白斑综合征成为制约克氏原螯虾养殖的重要病害。对市场销售的克氏原螯虾抽样调查,采用PCR仪检测白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)的携带情况,结果为:湖泊养殖的克氏原螯虾不携带WSSV,池塘单养的克氏原螯虾及江河野生克氏原螯虾携带WSSV。     

养殖密度对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长、摄食和饵料利用影响

以体重(0.015±0.004)g克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)幼虾为研究对象,研究了50、100、300、600、900尾/m25种养殖密度对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长、摄食和饲料利用的影响,实验周期为30 d。结果显示:克氏原螯虾幼虾的体长、特定生长率、平均日增重、存活率和蜕壳率都随养殖密度的增大而减小,其中日增重由(0.007±0.002)g下降为(0.002±0.001)g,蜕壳率由(100±0.000)%下降为(37.222±3.928)%,降幅明显;体长、体重变动系数随养殖密度的增大而增大。每组个体的平均摄食量和摄食率均与养殖密度成反比。此结果表明养殖密度的增大总体来说不利于克氏原螯虾幼虾的生长和摄食。在饲料利用方面,饵料转化率在各养殖密度组之间无明显差异;蛋白质特定生长率、脂肪特定生长率和脂肪储积率随养殖密度增大呈减小趋势,蛋白质储积率呈增大趋势。     

饲料中蛋白质水平对克氏原螯虾生长性能及肌肉品质的影响

以初始平均体质量为(3.69±0.05)g的克氏原螯虾幼虾为研究对象,配制蛋白质水平分别为27.72％、30.09％、33.05％、35.31％和37.57％的5种等能、等脂的配合饲料,进行为期47 d的饲养试验,探索饲料中不同蛋白质水平对克氏原螯虾生长性能、肌肉质构特性、常规营养成分及氨基酸组成和含量的影响.结果 表...     

采用不同粒径膨化饲料养殖克氏原螯虾投饲策略研究

<正>饲料粒径会直接影响水产动物对营养成分的消化吸收，从而影响生长性能。克氏原螯虾在早期生长阶段生长速度快、个体变化大，只投喂一种粒径的饲料并不能满足克氏原螯虾幼虾快速生长阶段所需的营养。因此，有必要针对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长阶段制定不同粒径饲料的投饲策略。在实际养殖生产和试验研究中，多采用2毫米或3毫米粒径的饲料饲喂克氏原螯虾幼虾。     

蛋白质水平及能量蛋白比对克氏原螯虾生长与蛋白酶活力的影响

用3种不同蛋白质水平及能量蛋白比(E/P)水平饲料投喂克氏原螯虾,分析比较不同饲料对克氏原螯虾生长及蛋白酶活力的影响.试验结果表明,当饲料蛋白质水平为31.86%、E/P为35.85 kJ/g时,克氏原螯虾生长最快.随着饲料蛋白质含的上升, 克氏原螯虾肠蛋白酶活力无显著变化(P＞0.05),肝胰脏、胃蛋白酶活力显著增强(P＜0.05);饲料E/P水平未引起胃、肠、肝胰脏蛋白酶活力的显著变化(P＞0.05),当饲料蛋白质水平为31.47%、E/P为40.42 kJ/g时,克氏原螯虾蛋白酶活力最高.     

4个不同水系克氏原螯虾繁殖与养殖性能对比

为了选取更适合本地养殖的克氏原螯虾品系，通过采购鄱阳湖、汉江、洞庭湖、淮河4个水系的克氏原螯虾亲本和苗种，在九江市彭泽县凯瑞温室大棚开展繁殖与生长性能对比。结果显示，鄱阳湖水系亲本抱卵率和繁殖率最高，生长速度最快，体重30g以上规格的数量也最多。表明克氏原螯虾在养殖过程中不同地理位置、运输距离长短和区域品系在同一地点繁殖、养殖效果不同，距离越近，成功率越高。     

Aquatic food security: insights into challenges and solutions from an analysis of interactions between fisheries,aquaculture, food safety,human health,fish and human welfare,economy and environment

Fisheries and aquaculture production, imports, exports and equitability of distribution determine the supply of aquatic food to people. Aquatic food security is achieved when a food supply is sufficient, safe, sustainable, shockproof and sound: sufficient, to meet needs and preferences of people; safe, to provide nutritional benefit while posing minimal health risks; sustainable, to provide food now and for future generations; shock‐proof, to provide resilience to shocks in production systems and supply chains; and sound, to meet legal and ethical standards for welfare of animals, people and environment. Here, we present an integrated assessment of these elements of the aquatic food system in the United Kingdom, a system linked to dynamic global networks of producers, processors and markets. Our assessment addresses sufficiency of supply from aquaculture, fisheries and trade; safety of supply given biological, chemical and radiation hazards; social, economic and environmental sustainability of production systems and supply chains; system resilience to social, economic and environmental shocks; welfare of fish, people and environment; and the authenticity of food. Conventionally, these aspects of the food system are not assessed collectively, so information supporting our assessment is widely dispersed. Our assessment reveals trade‐offs and challenges in the food system that are easily overlooked in sectoral analyses of fisheries, aquaculture, health, medicine, human and fish welfare, safety and environment. We highlight potential benefits of an integrated, systematic and ongoing process to assess security of the aquatic food system and to predict impacts of social, economic and environmental change on food supply and demand.     

后危机时代中国粮食对外贸易的政策选择

中国在2007～2008年的国际粮食危机中没有受到冲击，主要原因是中国已经建立了较为健全的粮食安全系统，具有较低的粮食对外贸易依存度。但仍存在着一些制约粮食安全的因素和隐患，中国利用国际粮食市场虽然在经济上具有可行性，但是国际粮源的可供性、政治上的可靠性、国际规则的有效性都难以保障。因此坚持95％的粮食基本自给政策，实施“宽进严出”策略，完善粮食贸易管理措施，实施粮食进口贸易伙伴国的多元化，就成为中国粮食对外贸易政策的基本选择。     

发展中国家微观层面的粮食获取能力分析

对发展中国家微观层面的粮食获取能力及其影响因素的分析后认为,就发展中国家整体而言,由人们的自行生产能力、市场交易能力以及获取粮食援助的能力三方面构成的微观层面的粮食获取能力还较弱,粮食获取能力较弱的根本原因在于发展中国家的生产力落后和人均收入水平低。     

Frozen mysids as an alternative to live Artemia in culturing seahorses Hippocampus abdominalis

This investigation examined the effects on growth and survival of seahorses Hippocampus abdominalis Leeson 1827 fed a 25% body weight (wet weight) daily ration of live Artemia sp. enriched with Algamac‐3050, frozen mysids Amblyops kempi or a combination of live enriched Artemia and frozen mysids. After 3 months there was no difference in seahorse length, wet weight, condition factor (CF), or food conversion ratios (FCR) between the treatments. Mean daily specific growth rate (SGR) was higher for the Artemia‐only treatment than for the mysid‐only treatment (P<0.05). FCRs ranged from 6.14 g to 8.72 g dry weight of food required to give a 1‐g dry weight increase in seahorses. There was no difference in survival between treatments. Fatty acid analysis revealed that mysids had a higher percentage composition of EPA, 20 : 5n‐3, and DHA, 22 : 6n‐3, but a lower composition of AA, 20 : 4n‐6, than enriched Artemia. Percentage n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) in mysid levels were approximately twice that of Artemia. Proximate analysis revealed mysids to be higher than the enriched Artemia in protein and fats, and lower in water content. This experiment demonstrates that, although no growth advantage was derived from the use of frozen mysids, they can be used successfully as an alternative food to live enriched Artemia for H. abdominalis. The use of frozen mysids is highly recommended in commercial seahorse culture if the seahorses are to be sold into the live aquarium trade, as this may increase their chances of survival after sale.     

Food ingestion,consumption and selectivity of pompano,Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758) under different rotifer densities

The growth, survival, food selection and consumption of pompano larvae under different rotifer densities as well as their colour preference during the rotifer feeding stage were examined in this study. Growth and survival of fish larvae were not significantly affected when rotifer density was between 10 and 20 mL^?1. Fish larvae grew slower at 1 and 40 rotifers mL^?1 than at 10 and 20 rotifers mL^?1, and higher fish survival was achieved when fish larvae were exposed to 10 and 20 rotifers mL^?1. The rotifer density of 1 mL^?1 not only reduced food ingestion during the early stage, but also delayed diet switch from rotifer to copepod nauplii. On 5 days post hatching (DPH), larval pompano ingested more rotifers in dark‐coloured tanks and ingested more rotifers when prey colour was green. Based on the results obtained in the present study, the culture of larval pompano larvae is recommended using dark wall tanks with a feeding density of 10–20 rotifers mL^?1 during the initial feeding stage. This study proposes a management protocol to use appropriate type and quantity of live food to feed pompano larvae in a hatchery rearing condition, which could be applicable to the culture of fish larvae in other marine fish species.     

Fisheries or aquaculture? Unravelling key determinants of livelihoods in the Brazilian semi‐arid region

In impoverished semi‐arid regions in the world, reservoirs serve multiple purposes, including food provision through fisheries and aquaculture. Yet, the socio‐economic benefits of promoting both activities remain unclear. We independently assessed the socio‐economic benefits generated from fisheries and aquaculture, in two reservoirs in the Brazilian semi‐arid region (June 2013 to June 2014). These reservoirs produced 27.75 ton of farmed tilapia over a year (USD Purchasing Power Parities [PPP] 88,778.73) and provided at least 16.5 ton of fish through fisheries (USD PPP 37,557.81), based on data from four farmer associations. Our input–output model revealed that the local economy depends on both activities, which, therefore, contribute similarly to providing goods and services to different branches. Aquaculture generated much higher revenues (seven times) than fisheries, but also much higher losses (the most successful farm yielded an average income of USD PPP 592.41 monthly). Still, there were no statistical differences in income among the compared associations. Fisheries provided very but guaranteed income (USD PPP 311.02 ± 82.94) and employed over three times as many people and contributed much more (>3 times) to food security than aquaculture. Encouraging aquaculture through specific policies while overlooking fisheries is not advisable because poor fishers would not be able to deal with unpredictable outcomes and it would put their food security at risk. However, if initial external support is provided to fishers in order to buffer large losses, aquaculture could represent a way out of poverty by generating an opportunity for larger gains, as long as potential negative ecological impacts of aquaculture are accounted for.     

Feeding behavior and food consumption of Japanese whelk, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Buccinum isaotakii</Emphasis> (Neogastropoda: Buccinidae)

Abilities of detection and preference of food by a Japanese whelk, Buccinum isaotakii, were investigated under laboratory conditions. Consumption per food item and the corresponding assimilation efficiency were also de termined. Whelks were more sensitive to fresh foods than boiled foods, detecting them in a short period of time varying between 3.8 (±0.8) and 23.1 (±3.1) minutes. B. isaotakii preferred fish, polychate and bivalves and the time spent on these foods was more than 10 min as compared with those of shrimp (2.0 min) and squid (1.0 min). The highest daily consumption rate was observed on sardine, followed by scallop, polychaete and oyster. The relationship between shell length and consumption of different food items was positive. The coefficients of determination were relatively high for sardine, scallop, polychaete and oyster (r ², between 0.46 and 0.51) but not for clam, mussel shrimp and squid (r ², between 0.003 and 0.176), suggesting that the former could be predators of consumption for B. isaotakii. Observed were relatively high assimilation efficiencies on sardine, scallop, polychaete, and oyster, ranging from 30 to 70%. The present results are the intial information pertaining to the feeding biology of this whelk, thus, in-depth studies like an energy budget are recommended to deepen the understanding about seed production and resource management.     

Small-scale fisheries and local food systems: Transformations,threats and opportunities

Fish from marine and inland capture fisheries is an important food that contributes significantly to diets and health, but their contribution is somewhat overlooked in food security and poverty-related policies. Given the current numbers of malnourished people globally, there is a pressing need to consider how to better realize the potential of fish in food systems that can address malnourishment. To do so, we re-examine the fisheries literature from the perspective of food systems. Starting with nutritional needs and considering how these may be met through local food systems reveals an ongoing transformation that has implications for small-scale fisheries, as increasingly become part of globalized food systems. We describe the factors that can change the nature of production, mediate access to fish and the distribution of benefits that can lead to impoverishment. This emphasizes the governance challenges that lie at the heart of complex, contested and increasingly globalized food systems, in which actors interact to shape the systems, determining who benefits and how. We draw attention to critical issues of access, power and the values and norms that underpin efforts to manage and transform fisheries, exposing the unequal struggle to secure access that small-scale fishers and poor people must endure. We suggest a vital challenge for fisheries management is to engage with this struggle and develop policies and management measures that would enable fisheries to make positive contributions to food systems and nutritional security, while meeting global sustainable development objectives.     

长毛对虾幼体的食性

本文采用11种单细胞藻类、3种动物、2种人工饵料，分别喂养不同发育期的长毛对虾幼体，从其变态速度和存活率，比较各种饵料的效果．并对幼体口器与食性关系、溞状幼体死亡率与食性转化关系，以及人工投饵与生态系育苗相结合的问题作了初步探讨。     

单养条件下雄性中华绒螯蟹摄食行为及其与螯肢关系的研究

为了解摄食行为对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的个体生长发育以及群体生活的影响,选取12只附肢健全的雄蟹,使用高清摄像头连续6 d记录其在1 h内的摄食行为。结果显示:每天摄食的河蟹比例约50%,第2天的摄食量显著高于另外5 d,第1天摄食反应时间显著高于另外5 d;河蟹摄食连续天数以连续摄食2 d的河蟹数量最多,各连续天数间蟹的摄食量无明显差异,连续摄食6 d的河蟹对饵料反应时间显著高于连续摄食3、4和5 d。河蟹摄食期间使用右螯、左螯和双螯的频率分别为55%、41%和4%。右螯比左螯长的河蟹比例为91.67%。螯长与摄食量无明显相关性,但螯长与体长存在正相关性(R^2=0.968 3,P<0.01)。结论:每天摄食的河蟹比例约占一半,平均摄食量约占体重的1.6%;摄食反应时间第1天最高,连续摄食可造成蟹对饵料的反应时间升高。雄性河蟹右螯较长,是摄食期间最常使用的螯肢。