不同演化阶段白刺灌丛沙堆土壤生态化学计量特征

为了阐明灌丛沙堆发育对土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量特征的影响,以吉兰泰荒漠区不同演化阶段白刺(Nitraria tangutorun)灌丛沙堆为研究对象,研究0—100 cm土层土壤C∶N∶P化学计量特征在不同演化阶段的变化规律和垂直分布规律。结果表明:(1)白刺灌丛沙堆土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)随演化阶段(雏形阶段→发育阶段→稳定阶段→衰亡阶段)的变化呈先增后减的变化趋势。演化阶段对白刺灌丛沙堆SOC影响显著(P<0.05),对TN、TP无显著影响(P>0.05),其SOC、TN、TP均值含量在0—100 cm土层分别为0.42~0.58,0.04~0.07,0.22~0.25 g/kg,远小于全国土壤平均水平(11.12,1.06,0.65 g/kg)。(2)白刺灌丛沙堆SOC、TN、TP含量及其生态化学计量比随土层深度增加无明显规律性。(3)土壤SOC、TN、TP含量及其生态化学计量比均属于中等变异,且变异系数随白刺灌丛沙堆演化不断减小。(4)土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度对白刺灌丛沙堆土壤TN、C∶N、N∶P影响显著,而土壤含水量、pH对白刺灌丛沙堆SOC、TN、TP含量及其生态化学计量比无显著影响。各演化阶段白刺灌丛沙堆SOC、TN是调控白刺灌丛沙堆土壤生态化学计量比的主要因素。因此,该研究结果明晰了白刺灌丛沙堆土壤C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征对不同演化阶段的响应,为该区域白刺群落的保护、利用和植被恢复与重建提供科学依据。     

太白山不同海拔土壤碳、氮、磷含量及生态化学计量特征

为探究太白山土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量垂直分布特征,阐明土壤C、N、P生态化学计量学特征对海拔梯度的响应规律,在秦岭太白山1 700~3 500 m区域以100 m海拔间隔进行研究。结果表明:(1)不同海拔高度下土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷变化范围分别是23.56~83.59g kg-1、2.00~5.77 g kg-1、0.32~0.47 g kg-1。土壤有机碳与全氮含量随海拔梯度升高先增后降,土壤全磷含量空间变异较小;(2)土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P范围分别为7.17~18.41、60.61~190.4、5.81~12.26。随海拔增加,土壤C∶N在阔叶林带呈降低趋势,针叶林带时转变为增加趋势。土壤C∶P随海拔梯度的变化趋势与土壤C∶N类似,N∶P随海拔梯度增加先升后降,至3 200 m有所升高;(3)两个阔叶林带(辽东栎林带和桦木林带)与高山草甸的土壤C、N含量及生态化学计量比高。冷杉林带C、N含量及其生态化学计量比最小;(4)温度、含水量、海拔和植被对土壤C、N、P化学计量特征具有重要影响,通过冗余分析揭示每个因素分别可解释系统变异信息的25.0%、24.3%、11.1%和6.9%,合计为67.3%。可见这些环境因素直接决定了土壤养分及生态化学计量特征。结果可为探明森林土壤养分供应状况和限制因素及太白山生态系统的保护、森林土壤质量评价等提供基础。     

贵州高原山地马尾松人工林土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特性

采用空间代替时间的方法,选取贵州中部高原山地8,18,26,36年生4个林龄的马尾松人工林为研究对象,通过测定林下土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)含量,分析不同发育阶段林分土壤养分变化规律及化学计量比特征。结果表明:马尾松人工林土壤SOC、TN、TP平均值分别为12.24,1.94,0.35g/kg,C∶N、C∶P和N∶P平均值分别为6.58,38.70和13.65,C∶N∶P的平均值为39∶6∶1,其养分含量总体不高。随土层深度增加,4个林龄土壤SOC、TN含量降低,但C∶N增加,TP、C∶P和N∶P无明显变化规律。随林龄增加,土壤SOC、TN、N∶P先降低后升高,而TP则持续降低;C∶N除在36年生林分中显著降低外,其余各林分均无显著差异;C∶P无明显变化规律。相关分析表明,SOC、TN是调控马尾松人工林土壤生态化学计量比的主要因素。研究结果可为进一步明确贵州高原山地马尾松人工林土壤养分循环特征提供重要参考。     

祁连山东段青海云杉林C∶N∶P化学计量特征

生态化学计量特征对于揭示植物对营养元素的需要和当地土壤的养分供给能力,以及植物对环境的适应与反馈能力具有十分重要的意义。以祁连山东段青海云杉林为研究对象,测定了植物和土壤中的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量,分析了植物和土壤的C∶N、C∶P、N∶P等化学计量特征。结果显示,祁连山东段青海云杉林叶片的C、N、P含量分别为(4.626±0.977)、(4.433±1.861)、(0.911±0.089)g/kg,变异系数分别为21.12%、41.98%、9.77%;C∶N、C∶P和N∶P分别为1.185±0.427、5.140±1.267和4.904±2.145,变异系数分别为36.03%、24.65%和43.74%。土壤的C、N、P含量分别为(86.01±7.10)、(5.39±1.71)、(0.48±0.10)g/kg,土壤的C、N含量随土层深度的增加变化明显,并且C、N之间存在显著的相关关系。研究结果表明,祁连山东段哈溪林场2 700~3 000 m的青海云杉生长主要受N元素的限制。     

黄土高原不同封育年限草地土壤与植物根系的生态化学计量特征

黄土高原特别是干草原地区植被演替的研究比较薄弱。当前植物生态化学计量学的研究主要集中在植物叶片方面,对根系的研究较少。选取宁夏云雾山草原植被不同封育年限的土壤和植物样品,以生态化学计量学原理为基础,测定并分析了土壤与根系的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)及其生态化学计量比与相互关系。结果表明:(1)随着封育年限的增加,土壤容重逐渐减小,土壤有机碳和全氮变异性较大,全磷变异性较小,且封育初期土壤有机碳和全氮含量先降后升,至封育20、30年,保持相对平稳。0~20 cm土层土壤的碳氮比(C∶N)、碳磷比(C∶P)、氮磷比(N∶P)分别为9.04~9.63、19.62~32.27、2.14~3.37,20~40 cm土层土壤的分别为8.68~9.22、15.74~26.32、1.80~3.03。土壤有机碳与全氮、全磷之间存在极显著的正相关。(2)植物根系C、N、P含量变化范围分别为357.6~381.4 g kg-1、7.35~8.18 g kg-1、0.54~0.70 g kg-1;根系中的C元素含量随封育年限的增加逐渐升高,N、P元素含量均小于全球平均值。根系C∶N随着封育年限的增加变异性较大,C∶P、N∶P随着封育年限的增加变异性较小。(3)植物根系的C∶N∶P化学计量特征受土壤的影响调控大于其自身,且土壤磷含量对植物根系C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征影响的显著性(p0.01)大于土壤氮含量(p0.05)。此外,该地区封禁后,草地生产力易受到土壤N含量的限制。     

滦河口湿地植物-土壤生态化学计量相关性研究

河口湿地是河海交汇地带,环境变化剧烈,土壤碳氮磷变化显著影响着湿地生态系统的生产力。为了解滦河口植物与土壤碳氮磷计量特征关系,在滦河口湿地设置4个采样区选取典型植物群落采集土壤及植物,并对样品养分含量进行了分析。结果表明:不同植物群落地上部分和地下部分养分含量均表现为CNP,氮磷均呈正相关,植物氮含量呈现出地上部分大于地下部分的规律;土壤则表现为CPN,碳与氮、磷均呈现显著正相关。不同植物群落之间土壤养分含量存在一定差异,土壤碳、氮、磷含量的变化范围分别为(3.8±0.44)～(10.52±0.6) g/kg,(0.29±0.12)～(0.11±0.21) g/kg,(0.99±0.27)～(2.24±0.51) g/kg,研究区土壤养分含量低于全国湿地养分平均水平。不同植被—土壤之间的C∶N,C∶P,N∶P存在一定的差异性,植物地上部分、地下部分生态化学计量比由大到小为:C∶PC∶NN∶P,土壤生态化学计量比由大到小为:C∶NC∶PN∶P,植物群落碳氮磷及其化学计量比与土壤化学计量比相关性较弱,植物与土壤养分表现出不完全同步的变化形式。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植物群落的土壤养分及其化学计量特征

[目的]对黄土丘陵沟壑区不同群落土壤养分及化学计量进行研究,为该区的植被恢复提供一定的理论依据。[方法]测定土壤的有机碳、全氮、全磷含量,计算C∶N,C∶P,N∶P,进行差异显著性检验。[结果]研究区土壤有机碳和全氮含量属于6级,全磷含量属于4级,均为养分含量较低的级别;0—10cm土层土壤养分含量大于10—20cm土层;不同群落之间P含量差异不显著,柠条群落的C,N含量最高,铁杆蒿群落的C,N含量最低;柠条群落C∶N与其他群落(铁杆蒿群落除外)差异不显著,C∶N保持相对稳定;铁杆蒿群落和刺槐群落的C∶P较低,土壤P的有效性较高。[结论]不同群落的生物量和盖度等特征不同,导致土壤养分有所差异;不同群落对土壤C,N,P的补充和吸收利用能力不同,导致化学计量特征有所不同。     

不同修复年限下稀土矿区芒萁与土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

芒萁是我国南方离子型稀土矿区生态修复的重要指示性植物,通过探究不同生态修复年限下的离子型稀土矿区内芒萁的生态化学计量特征,为矿区的生态修复策略提供科学参考。本文选取3处不同修复年限的稀土矿区和1处未开采地为研究样地,采集样地内芒萁的叶片和地下茎根,探究其化学计量特征及其与土壤养分之间的关系。结果表明:①叶片C、N和P含量的变化范围分别为444.62～454.30g/kg、6.87～10.68g/kg、0.31～0.46g/kg;根茎C、N和P含量的变化范围分别为368.36～424.63g/kg、3.31～4.23g/kg、0.16～0.26g/kg;②芒萁叶片养分与土壤养分(除P外)的相关性强于根茎,与0～10cm土层土壤相关性强于10～20cm土层土壤;③不同生态修复年限下芒萁叶片N/P均大于16且该研究区土壤严重缺磷,芒萁生长受磷限制,因此,离子型稀土矿区的生态修复期应增加磷肥施用量以促使芒萁更好地生长。     

黄土丘陵区生态治理对土壤碳氮磷及其化学计量特征的影响

为了探究不同生态治理措施对土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其化学计量特征的影响,为黄土丘陵区的生态治理与植被恢复提供科学依据,以黄土丘陵区典型小流域王茂沟为例,通过野外采样与室内分析相结合的方法,对研究区坡耕地、林地、草地、灌木地及梯田等5个样地0—100cm土壤样品的C、N、P及其化学计量比进行了分析研究。结果表明:(1)坡耕地经过生态治理转变为林地、草地、灌木地及梯田等生态用地,土壤C、N含量分别提高了1.27,1.18,1.24,1.14倍及1.64,1.64,1.76,1.57倍;土壤C和N呈极显著的正相关关系;在0—100cm土层,林地、草地、灌木地及梯田的土壤C、N分布规律一致,均随土壤深度增加而减小,且在0—20cm土层出现了富集现象,而土壤P含量分布比较均匀;(2)坡耕地C∶N均值显著大于其他样地(P0.05),在0—20cm土层,土壤C∶P与N∶P表现为林地、草地、灌木地及梯田显著高于坡耕地(P0.05);土壤C∶N随着土层深度的变化不显著,C∶P与N∶P随土层加深呈减小的趋势;(3)土壤C、N、P化学计量比的分布主要由土壤C、N决定;土壤C∶P、N∶P与土壤中铵态氮、粘粒、砂粒、水稳性大团聚体含量之间的相关性均通过了显著性检验(P0.05)。土壤C、N、P及其化学计量比不仅受生态治理和土层深度的影响,还与土壤理化性质相关,土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P可以指示土壤的肥力状况。     

猫儿山自然保护区不同林分类型土壤生态化学计量特征

  目的  为揭示猫儿山自然保护区不同林分下的土壤有机碳（C）、全氮（N）、全磷（P）、全钾（K）含量与化学计量比之间的相关性及其变化特点。  方法  采用野外调查采样与室内实验分析相结合的方法,测定水青冈林、毛竹林、杉木林3种林分类型的不同深度土层土壤有机C、全N、全P、全K养分含量,计算其化学计量比,并用多重比较和相关性分析方法综合评价土壤生态化学计量特征。  结果  不同林分类型土壤养分含量与生态化学计量比都存在显著差异(P < 0.05)。土壤有机C、全N含量在林分和土层间差异显著(P < 0.05),在同一林分下随土层深度增加而降低。土壤有机C、全N含量在3种林分间表现为水青冈 > 毛竹 > 杉木,即以水青冈林分最大,其平均值分别达55.91 g kg?1和4.20 g kg?1;全P、全K含量在林分间、土层间存在差异,但未达显著水平;而不同养分含量比C/N、C/P、C/K、N/P、N/K、P/K整体变化相似,在林分间排列顺序为水青冈 > 毛竹 > 杉木。相关分析结果表明,土壤有机C与全N、全P与全K间分别呈极显著(P < 0.01)和显著正相关关系(P < 0.05),而全P与有机C、全N均无显著相关性,全K与有机C、全N呈显著负相关关系。  结论  水青冈天然次生林分土壤有机C、全N高于毛竹人工林、杉木人工林两林分,有较好的养分归还及地力维持效果。     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.