陕西省红富士苹果叶片营养诊断研究

测定陕西省渭北不同地区优质示范园红富士果树叶片的养分含量,并运用DRIS、M-DRIS和DOP三种不同方法对果树的营养状况进行诊断.结果表明,陕西省各地区的叶片养分含量差异显著.延安市、铜川市和宝鸡市苹果叶片内最缺的养分是Cu,渭南市苹果叶片内最缺的是Ca,咸阳市苹果叶片内最缺的是Mn.五个地区相比,铜川地区苹果叶片内养分最不平衡.最后,给出了陕西省渭北各市示范园红富士果树各种养分需求顺序.     

库尔勒香梨叶片营养诊断研究

分析不同树龄组的库尔勒香梨叶片矿质营养,采用诊断施肥综合法（DRIS）对叶片进行营养诊断,筛选营养诊断的DRIS参项,提出DRIS标准。结果表明：不同树龄组库尔勒香梨低产果园的养分平衡总体水平都较低,但DRIS诊断需肥顺序各不相同。8～10年树龄的低产果园对营养元素Zn、Mg、Fe的需求强度较大,12～15年树龄的低产果园对营养元素Mg、N、Fe的需求强度较大,16～20年树龄的低产果园对营养元素P、N、Ca的需求强度较大,22～25年树龄的低产果园对营养元素K、Mn、Cu的需求强度较大。     

诊断施肥综合法（DRIS）在渭北旱塬红富士 苹果营养诊断中的应用

本研究通过提前叶片采样时期,运用诊断施肥综合法(DRIS)对不同产量水平红富士苹果进行了叶片矿质营养诊断,以期为早期红富士苹果营养诊断与科学施肥提供依据.测定诊断结果表明,渭北旱塬红富士苹果叶片N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn的适宜值分别为26.04±3.50 g·kg-1、2.84+0.74 g·kg-1、15.05±4.08 g·kg-1、14.25±3.04 g·kg-1、3.15±0.73 g·kg-1、12.69±3.14 mg· kg-1、262.87±82.05 mg·kg-1、96.33±33.35 mg·kg-1、23.57±10.13 mg·kg-1.选择的DRIS诊断参数中,除N/Zn、Cu/P、P/Zn、Ca/Zn、Mg/Zn和Cu/Zn外,30种表示形式的变异系数均表现出低产组(＜ 25 kg·tree-1)大于高产组(＜25 kg·tree-1);高产组和低产组的养分不平衡指数(NII)分别为73和88.相对于高产组,低产组元素间关系更不平衡.总体而言,渭北旱塬区红富士苹果园除产量高于41.3kg· tree-需肥顺序排在第一位的元素为Cu外,其它均为P;需肥顺序排在第二位的元素高产为K,低产果园仅当产量低于10.2 kg·tree-1时为K,其余为Zn;而排在第三位的,高产均为Ca,低产均为Mg.     

焉耆垦区克瑞森葡萄叶片营养DRIS标准研究

以焉耆垦区干旱戈壁地5年生克瑞森葡萄为研究对象,通过对高产园和低产园的叶片营养分析,进行DRIS营养诊断技术系统研究,确定了DRIS诊断的重要参数:N/P、N*K、P/K;制定了干旱戈壁地克瑞森葡萄DRIS指数诊断法的计算公式;采用"3414"配方施肥设计对焉耆垦区克瑞森葡萄进行了N、P、K三因素四水平大田试验,利用DRIS指数法对配方施肥各个处理进行检验,所诊断的N、P、K的需肥次序与实际施肥情况基本一致,但是很难达到一个相对平衡的状态。建议在生产中指导克瑞森葡萄施肥必须DRIS与其它营养诊断方法结合使用。     

芒果叶片营养诊断与防治技术

芒果（ＭａｎｇｉｆｅｒａｉｎｄｉｃｅＬ．）属漆树科芒果属 ,是东方最著名的水果 ,也是５大热带名果之一。芒果果实以其形、色、香、味均极佳而有“果王”之称 ,在热带、亚热带地区著名出口水果中占有重要的地位。我国芒果主要分布在海南、广西、广东、云南、台湾和福建等省（区） ,四川省南部也有引种。随着芒果栽培面积的猛增 ,生产中如何识别、防治缺素症是芒果丰产不容忽视的关键因素之一。从表１可看出 ,芒果缺素在叶片上均表现失绿症状 ,但由于营养元素在植物体内移动性（即再利用）有差异。因此失绿症状可以表现在新梢不同位置的叶…     

复合盐碱胁迫对灰枣果实内在品质的影响

以五年生灰枣为试材,研究了不同浓度复合盐碱溶液胁迫对灰枣果实内在品质的影响,为盐渍化土地灰枣种植提供参考。结果表明,0.2%,0.4%和0.6%的复合盐碱胁迫降低了灰枣果实中的有机酸含量,提高了糖酸比。0.2%和0.4%的复合盐碱胁迫提高了灰枣果实的Vc含量,0.6%的复合盐碱胁迫则降低了灰枣果实的Vc含量。0.4%的复合盐碱胁迫显著提高了灰枣果实的可溶性糖含量,0.2%和0.6%的复合盐碱胁迫对可溶性糖含量影响不大。0.2%和0.4%的复合盐碱胁迫降低了灰枣果实可溶性蛋白含量,0.6%的复合盐碱胁迫则提高了灰枣果实可溶性蛋白含量。综合分析表明,0.4%的复合盐碱胁迫处理的灰枣果实品质较好。     

灵武长枣叶片阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白分布特征

以膨大前期、快速膨大期、着色期和完熟期灵武长枣叶为试验材料,通过免疫荧光定位的方法,研究不同发育时期灵武长枣叶阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白(AGPs)的分布特征。结果表明：不同时期叶表皮细胞外切向壁均较厚,抗体所识别的抗原荧光AGPs分布较多,形成了较厚的角质层;垂直于叶片方向的细胞壁较薄,抗体所识别的抗原荧光AGPs分布较少,下表皮气孔保卫细胞分布着少量AGPs。叶肉全部由发达的栅栏组织细胞组成,不同发育时期叶肉细胞壁和细胞内部均密集分布着抗体所识别的抗原荧光AGPs,是叶AGPs分布的主要部位。主脉维管束木质部、形成层和韧皮部细胞壁和细胞内部均分布着大量抗体所识别的抗原荧光AGPs,但快速膨大期主脉AGPs相比其他时期略有减少;而位于叶肉中的侧脉和细脉维管束木质部和韧皮部细胞壁和细胞内部始终分布着大量抗体所识别的抗原荧光AGPs;不同时期主脉、侧脉和细脉维管束鞘中均没有抗体所识别的抗原荧光AGPs分布,可能与维管束鞘细胞中分泌物的形成有关。主脉和侧脉处表皮下的机械组织和薄壁细胞细胞壁分布着较多抗体所识别的抗原荧光AGPs;薄壁组织中的分泌道内部没有AGPs荧光分布。以上结果表明不同时期叶表皮细...     

枣缩果病病原诊断初报

１９９２～１９９４年将在河北、河南采集的枣缩果病病果，经柯赫法则程序诊断及对分离菌鉴定、明确导致枣缩果病的病原有盾壳霉属的一种真菌Ｃｏｎｉｏｔｈｙｒｉｕｍｓｐ．、细链隔孢菌ＡｌｔｅｒｎａｒｉａｔｅｎｕｉｓＮｅｅｓ．、半知菌亚门无孢目有隔有色丝状菌３种弱寄生真菌和１种细菌。以上４种菌年累计分离率依次为１４．９０％、１２．６９％、１１．４７％、１０．６６％；而这４种菌占已出现菌落比分别为３０．２８％、２５．７９％、２３．３０％以及２０．６３％。     

阿克苏地区枣与核桃树黄刺蛾幼虫发生为害消长动态调查

2012—2014年对新疆阿克苏地区枣树与核桃树黄刺蛾幼虫的发生为害消长动态进行了调查。结果表明,黄刺蛾幼虫在本地区核桃树上的发生为害重于枣树;在5 m高的核桃树上,黄刺蛾幼虫更趋于在距离地面1~3 m的区域范围内为害;每年幼虫发生期均有两个高峰,分别在7月中旬和8月中、下旬,2014年受5—8月平均气温较低(与2012—2013年同期相比,低1~2℃)天气影响,幼虫发生期推迟了约两星期。     

不同寄主植物叶片对棉铃虫的生物学和营养效应比较

在用棉花、大豆、花生功能叶饲养棉铃虫幼虫的基础上,测定各寄主功能叶的营养成分、木质素和纤维素含量,研究棉铃虫在取食不同寄主叶片后的生物学和营养效应。结果表明：1、取食棉花叶的生物学效应较好,取食花生叶的幼虫成活率下降,取食大豆叶的幼虫体重偏轻;2、取食棉花叶的营养效应较好,大豆叶最次;3、棉铃虫幼虫的食物转化率和食物利用率以棉花叶最高,棉铃虫嗜食棉花叶,在3种作物田同时存在的情况下,棉田被害最重。     

Spatial variability of leaf wetness under different soil water conditions in rainfed jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) in the loess hilly region,China

Leaf wetness provides a wide range of benefits not only to leaves,but also to ecosystems and communities.It regulates canopy eco-hydrological processes and drives spatial differences in hydrological flux.In spite of these functions,little remains known about the spatial distribution of leaf wetness under different soil water conditions.Leaf wetness measurements at the top(180 cm),middle(135 cm),and bottom(85 cm)of the canopy positions of rainfed jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)in the Chinese loess hilly region were obtained along with meteorological and soil water conditions during the growing seasons in 2019 and 2020.Under soil water non-deficit condition,the frequency of occurrence of leaf wetness was 5.45%higher at the top than at the middle and bottom of the canopy positions.The frequency of occurrence of leaf wetness at the top,middle and bottom of the canopy positions was over 80%at 17:00?18:00(LST).However,the occurrence of leaf wetness at the top was earlier than those at the middle and bottom of the canopy positions.Correspondingly,leaf drying at the top was also latter than those at the middle and bottom of the canopy positions.Leaf wetness duration at the middle was similar to that at the bottom of the canopy position,but about 1.46-3.01 h less than that at the top.Under soil water deficit condition,the frequency of occurrence of leaf wetness(4.92%-45.45%)followed the order of top>middle>bottom of the canopy position.As the onset of leaf wetness was delayed,the onset of wet leaf drying was advanced and the leaf wetness duration was shortened.Leaf wetness duration at the top was linearly related(R²>0.70)to those at the middle and bottom of the canopy positions under different soil water conditions.In conclusion,the hydrological processes at canopy surfaces of rainfed jujube depended on the position of leaves,thus adjusting canopy structure to redistribute hydrological process is a way to meet the water need of jujube.     

不同耕作方式对枣园土壤温度、养分 和果实品质的影响

为了探明甘肃中部沿黄灌区枣园不同耕作方式对土壤温度、养分状况和果实品质的影响,连续2年设置清耕 (CK)、覆盖玉米秸秆 (YMG)、覆黑膜 (HM)和种植黑麦草 (HMC)等耕作方式,测定不同土层（0、20、40、60 cm）土壤温度、养分以及果实品质等指标;并采用主成分分析综合评价,筛选最佳土壤管理模式。结果表明： 8月份HMC对不同土层土壤温度均具有明显的降温作用,在20 cm土层,分别较CK、HM、YMG降低了5.93%、5.93%、2.86%。与对照相比,YMG、HM和HMC均能显著提高各土层的土壤速效K、N、P以及硝态氮和有机质含量,其中HMC效果最显著,在20 cm土层处,与CK相比分别提高了12.35%、10.11%、15.48%、23.11%、19.00%。随着土层深度的增加,速效养分含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,地表0~20 cm处的含量最高,在20 cm土层处,HMC土壤速效K、N、P含量分别为122.24 mg·kg^-1、32.67 g·kg^-1、0.76 mg·kg^-1。与对照相比,YMG、HM和HMC均能不同程度地提高枣果品质,其中HMC对Vc含量、蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、枣果横径、枣果纵径、单果重、含水量、可食率的影响显著大于YMG和HM,HMC的Vc含量、蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、枣果横径、含水量较YMG分别增加了10.18%、25.23%、9.06%、6.04%、3.73%,较HM分别增加了1.28%、23.01%、1.07%、2.50%、1.71%。主成分分析将16个指标综合分析,提取3个主成分因子6.614、5.485、3.901,代表4种不同耕作方式100%的原始数据信息量。综上所述,不同土壤耕作方式的效果由高到低依次为HMC、HM、YMG和CK,种植黑麦草（HMC）是甘肃中部沿黄灌区枣园土壤管理的推荐模式。     

黄土高原丘陵区枣和酸枣叶脉序特征分析

为了研究枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)和酸枣(Z.jujuba var.spinosa)叶脉序的关系,选用黄土高原丘陵枣区的枣(55个)、酸枣(28个)和过渡型(7个)共计90个样品,利用LEAF GUI叶脉序分析技术,测定了叶脉密度(VLA)、叶脉间距离(IVD)和节点数(Nodes)等14个指标,主成分分析选出8个枣叶脉序特征指标,研究了枣和酸枣叶脉序指标特点及特征。结果表明,在干旱、贫瘠生境中生长的酸枣,其叶脉间距离(0.094 mm)、网眼面积(2.84×10~(-4)mm~2)和节点数(17 823个)都显著低于黄土高原丘陵区枣园栽培条件下的枣(p0.05),而酸枣的叶脉密度(7.14 mm·mm~(-2))显著高于栽培条件下的枣,表现出很高的生态适应性。并且,枣叶脉序特征指标的变异系数范围(15.24%～74.69%)大于酸枣(20.37%～52.84%)。因此,枣和酸枣可以通过权衡叶脉序指标之间的关系,采取不同的适应策略。酸枣相比枣,更倾向于选择高叶脉密度、低网眼面积、低节点数的适应策略。对陕北样品聚类分析,在相似系数为1.8时,分为I、II两大类群;对黄土高原丘陵区的样品聚类分析,在1.69时,分为I、II两大类群,分别为酸枣和枣,过渡型在两个类群中都有。说明酸枣经过渡型向枣的演化,也说明叶脉序可以区分枣和酸枣。而栽培枣被分为4个类群,相似系数为1.29,种间结构较为复杂,是由长期的人工选择和营养繁殖模式所决定。     

野生酸枣疯病与栽培大枣疯病发生的关系

为了明确野生酸枣疯病与栽培大枣疯病发生和流行的关系,采用随机徒步调查、挖根和接穗嫁接法对我国野生酸枣、栽培大枣及大枣接穗嫁接野生酸枣的枣疯病进行了田间调查,并取样检测病菌及比较不同菌株的保守基因序列.结果显示,我国野生酸枣疯病发生范围广,且地区间自然发病率差异很大,在0～40%之间;病株呈明显的团簇状分布,病菌在团簇中的根蘖苗与母株间传播或通过介体昆虫传播到后代种子苗上.在枣疯病流行区,栽培大枣发病与枣园周围分布的野生酸枣发病程度有关;用感病品系的接穗或带菌接穗嫁接到野生酸枣砧木上易导致嫁接苗发病和病害流行,而采用抗病的壶瓶枣和婆枣抗病品系接穗嫁接野生酸枣则发病率明显下降.用巢式PCR进行的病菌检测结果显示,在病害流行区酸枣或大枣无症状枝叶样品的带菌检出率为10%～32%.不同地区栽培大枣和野生酸枣上植原体的16S rDNA、16S-23S rDNA间区(SR)及核糖体蛋白基因(rp)序列比较鉴定结果显示,侵染酸枣的植原体与栽培大枣疯病植原体应为相互传染的同种致病菌.     

Processes and trends of the land use change in Aksu watershed in the central Asia from 1960 to 2008

Land use change (LUC) in trans-boundary watersheds is of great importance to environmental assessment. The Aksu River is the largest trans-boundary river crossing Kyrgyzstan and China,but there was little information on the LUC of the watershed. We quantitatively investigated the processes and trends of its LUC by using analytic models based on the land use data derived from the remote sensing images and topographic maps. The LUC was in the quasi-balanced status with a slight difference between the loss and the gain of the area for most land use types during the period of 1960-1990,whereas transferred to the unbalanced status with significant difference between the loss and gain of the area during the period of 1990-2008. At the same time,land conversion direction changed from two-way transition to one-way transition for the most land use types. The integrated rate of net change of land use during the period of 1990-2008 is 2.1 times of that during the period of 1960-1990. Information on the processes and trends of LUC is valuable for better understanding the environmental changes across the whole trans-boundary watershed,and helpful to decision-making management for Kyrgyzstan and China.     

秸秆还田对半干旱区农田土壤养分含量及玉米光合作用的影响

为了提升和保育辽西半干旱区农田土壤质量,采用盆栽试验的方式探讨了不同处理方式、不同用量玉米秸秆还田对土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田后,其土壤含水量比对照组提高了3%~7%;有机质含量比对照组提高幅度为1.9%~19%;全氮含量比对照组提高幅度为0.7%~14.4%;速效磷含量比对照组提高了2.51~14.75 mg/kg;速效钾含量比对照组提高了7.33~188.07 mg/kg;碱解氮含量比对照组提高了8.46mg/kg;净光合速率比对照组提高了3~11.03 CO2μmol/(m2.s);秸秆还田可以缓解土壤碱化。     

Growth, nitrogen fixation, and nutrient uptake of hairy vetch as a cover crop in a subtropical region

Hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa ), as a winter cover crop, can be used to suppress weeds in subtropical regions, as well as temperate regions. Information on the potential biomass growth of hairy vetch for weed control and nutrient accumulation is not available in subtropical regions. Hairy vetch was sown in November 2004, and October, November, and December 2005. The wide-ranging cultivation period of hairy vetch indicated that it could be used in various cropping systems. It showed a higher biomass and nutrient accumulation when grown in subtropical Okinawa, Japan. Moreover, the biomass, and fixed carbon and magnesium (Mg) uptake in the above-ground parts of hairy vetch were found to be the highest in late May, with the highest nitrogen (N), potassium, and calcium uptake in mid-April and phosphorus (P) uptake in late March. Meanwhile, in the underground parts of the plant, they were highest in early May, except for the P and Mg uptake, which were highest in mid-April. According to the sowing date, the biomass and nutrient uptake of hairy vetch that was harvested in February were higher when sown in October. Similarly, when harvested in March, the biomass and nutrient uptake were higher when sown in October or November. In April, they were higher when sown in November or December. Hairy vetch has the potential to effectively suppress weeds in the winter and the spring seasons related to its sufficient biomass during the growing seasons. However, both the sowing and harvesting times of hairy vetch should be considered with reference to the cropping system; the subsequent crop will be sown to meet the N requirement.