基于AHP-CRITIC优选清热灵口服液提取工艺

通过比较层次分析法(AHP)、基于指标相关性的权重赋权法(CRITIC)、AHP-CRITIC混合加权法确定指标权重系数，并对正交试验各组指标成分(黄芩苷、连翘苷、出膏率)进行综合评分比较，优选清热灵口服液的提取工艺。结果显示AHP-CRITIC混合加权法科学优选出最佳提取工艺为清热灵口服液处方药材10倍加水量，提取2次，每次提取时间为1.5 h, 3次重复性验证试验指标成分黄芩苷、连翘苷的平均含量分别为3.2、0.12 mg/mL,平均出膏率为36.36%。AHP-CRITIC混合加权法结合正交试验确定清热灵口服液的提取工艺稳定可行，可用于产业化生产。     

基于AHP-CRITIC法的正交设计优选贞芪颗粒提取工艺及促生长作用初步研究

（目的）开发一种具有促生长作用的新中兽药贞芪颗粒,优化其提取工艺并对其促生猪生长作用进行初步研究,为其工业化生产提供参考。（方法）以总多糖、黄芪甲苷、毛蕊异黄酮葡萄糖苷、特女贞苷、红景天苷、干膏得率作为评价指标,采用层次分析法（AHP）、基于指标相关性的权重确定方法（CRITIC）、AHP-CRITIC混合加权法确定各评价指标的权重系数,根据其正交试验结果优化贞芪颗粒提取工艺参数。将100头保育猪随机分为5组,通过在日粮中添加不同剂量的颗粒,连续喂养30天,与空白组和阳性对照组对比,计算平均日增重（ADG）、平均日采食量（ADFI）和料肉比（F: G）。（结果）AHP-CRITIC混合加权法科学优选出最佳提取工艺参数为复方药材加12-13倍质量的水提取3次（第一次13倍）,每次2.5 h。3批验证试验综合评分均值为98.91,RSD为0.79%。经过30天饲喂,高、中、低剂量组和阳性对照组的料重比无显著性差异（P>0.05）,但都显著低于空白对照组（P<0.05）,其中中剂量组的料重比最低。（结论）AHP-CRITIC混合加权法确定的权重系数客观、真实,优选出的贞芪颗粒提取工艺经验证,合理、稳定,重复性好,此工艺条件下制备的颗粒对生猪具有促进生长的作用。     

正交设计法优化淫羊藿多糖的提取工艺

为了优选淫羊藿多糖的最佳提取工艺条件,通过单因素试验和正交试验,以料水比、提取时间、提取温度和提取次数为考察目标,以多糖提取率为评价指标,优选最佳提取工艺。结果表明,淫羊藿多糖最佳提取工艺为料水比为1∶25,提取时间2h,提取次数为3次,提取温度为90℃。多糖醇沉浓度为700mL/L。该工艺为淫羊藿多糖的提取奠定了基础,并为进一步的工业化生产提供了科学依据。     

七味地藿颗粒黄酮的提取工艺优化研究

采用超声波辅助乙醇提取法提取七味地藿颗粒中的黄酮,通过NaNO_2-AL(NO_3)_3-NaOH显色体系应用紫外分光光度法对该方剂中黄酮的含量进行测定,分析提取时间、料液比、超声波功率、乙醇浓度、提取温度等因素的影响,并在此基础上进行正交试验,优化提取工艺参数。结果表明,提取时间为45min,料液比为1∶25,超声波功率为300W,乙醇浓度为600mL/L,提取温度为60℃时,七味地藿颗粒黄酮提取效果最好,提取率为18.45mg/g。该优化工艺条件稳定、可靠,为工业化生产七味地藿颗粒奠定了技术基础。     

祁山药醇提物提取工艺研究

目的 :确定祁山药醇提物的提取工艺。方法 :采用正交法设计试验,以皂苷提取率为指标,分别考察乙醇浓度、料液比、回流时间和回流次数四个因素的影响,对祁山药醇提物的提取工艺进行优选。结果:最佳提取工艺为乙醇浓度80%、加醇量7倍、回流时间1.5h、回流2次。结论:对提取工艺进行验证,工艺稳定可行。该工艺条件提取率高且稳定,为优化祁山药醇提取工艺提供了科学依据。     

乌腺金丝桃中金丝桃素超声法提取工艺研究

为了筛选乌腺金丝桃中金丝桃素超声提取最佳工艺,试验采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定金丝桃素的含量,并以金丝桃素提取率为评价指标,通过正交试验优化提取工艺。结果表明:超声提取金丝桃素的影响因素顺序为,乙醇浓度温度超声时间料液比;最佳提取工艺条件为,样品15倍量的70%乙醇在超声温度40℃条件下提取60 min,提取2次,此时金丝桃素提取率可达到94.66%。说明超声法提取乌腺金丝桃中金丝桃素的得率较高、工艺可行,具有一定的推广意义。     

响应曲面法优化淫羊藿黄酮提取工艺

在单因素试验基础上,采用响应面法的(Box-Benhnken)组合设计原理,对淫羊藿总黄酮的提取工艺参数进行优化。淫羊藿总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为:提取时间1.73 h、水料比31∶1(mL/g),温度67.5℃、乙醇浓度79%,淫藿黄酮类化合物的平均提取率为2.054%,比理论预测值高0.08%。     

基于多指标综合检测优选莲子心提取工艺

为了更好地挖掘莲子心功效,为后续研究提供理论基础,以干浸膏得率、总生物碱含量、总黄酮含量作为判定指标,采用正交试验设计法,以乙醇浓度、乙醇用量、回流时间、回流次数作为考察因素,综合评价各因素对莲子心提取效果的影响,优选出最佳提取工艺。结果表明,莲子心的最佳提取工艺为30倍量的80%乙醇,回流提取2次,每次30 min。该优选工艺客观可行、合理稳定,为深入研究莲子心的药理作用及其工业化大生产提供理论基础。     

中药复方“促孕散”中黄酮类化合物的提取及含量测定方法研究

为优选中药复方"促孕散"中黄酮类化合物的提取工艺及含量测定方法,以淫羊藿苷为对照品,采用超声辅助提取技术,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验确定"促孕散"中黄酮类化合物的最佳提取工艺,得出以60%乙醇为溶剂,料液比1∶12,超声提取2次,每次25min为最佳提取工艺。该法具有提取效率高,操作简便,可常温提取等优点。     

正交试验法优选红金银花中绿原酸提取工艺的研究

为优化红金银花中绿原酸的提取工艺,本研究采用正交试验法设计对红金银花中绿原酸的提取工艺进行优化,考察了不同的提取工艺对金银花中绿原酸提取率的影响。结果显示,正交试验优选出红金银花中绿原酸的提取工艺的最佳条件,即提取时乙醇的用量为药材的10倍,乙醇浓度为75%,提取次数为2次,提取时间为2h。表明研究试验结果可靠,以优化的工艺所得金银花中绿原酸提取率高,有利于大生产。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.