适宜猪粪与菌渣配比提高堆肥效率

为摸索猪粪和菌渣堆肥生产有机肥技术,在自然发酵条件下,设计猪粪和菌渣9:1、8:2、7:3、6:44种不同比例(湿质量比)进行高温堆肥试验,研究了堆肥过程中温度、pH值、有机碳、发芽指数及养分氮、磷、钾的动态变化。结果表明,堆体温度在第3天即达50"C以上,保持高温25~32 d后开始下降,其中6:4处理高温期比9:1处理长7 d;4个处理pH值都呈先快速上升、之后下降并趋于稳定的趋势,pH值在6.83~8.62间变化;有机碳(质量分数)总体上呈下降之势,至堆肥结束4个处理分别下降了16_3%、14.5%、13.6%和11.9%,菌渣比例提高可减少堆体有机碳的损失:除6:4处理外,其他处理发芽指数分别于23、33和47 d达80%以上,同一时期菌渣比例越高堆体提取液对植物的毒害作用越强;氮磷钾总养分(质量分数)前期(约19 d)呈基本持平或少量下降,随后持续上升,堆肥结束4个处理分别为5.93%、5.57%、5.64%和5.13%。6:4处理氮磷钾总养分在堆肥大部分时期(45 d内)≤5.0%,其他处理在21~25 d后均≥5.0%。综合考虑堆肥质量和堆期等因素,利用猪粪和菌渣为原料规模化生产机肥,猪粪和菌渣适宜的比例为8:2。同时,因猪粪和菌渣C/N均较低,建议适当增加米糠等C/N高的添加料,进一步提高堆肥效率。     

柑橘皮渣高温堆肥生产有机肥

果汁加工产生的柑橘皮渣体积大、含水率高、环境污染严重,亟待有效处理。该试验将柑橘皮渣与粉碎的麦秆按不同比例混合,并接种高温果胶芽孢杆菌和高温纤维芽孢杆菌,探讨了无害化处理柑橘皮渣生产有机肥的高温堆肥发酵技术,并检验了皮渣有机肥对烤烟的肥效。试验结果表明：堆肥发酵试验中,原料中的微生物种群和数量初期最高,高温期最低,后期种群增加,但数量与高温期相似或增加。在高温期,从堆肥物料中仅分离出2株细菌,均为接种的高温芽孢杆菌。在堆肥发酵过程中,物料温度迅速上升至60～73℃,然后降低;水分和有机质都呈直线持续降低;氮质量分数先迅速增加,后缓慢增加,磷、钾质量分数持续增加;pH值先升后降,最后变化于4.04～4.94之间;皮渣颜色也从黄色转变为灰褐色、褐色或黑色。在接种高温果胶芽孢杆菌和高温纤维芽孢杆菌的条件下,每吨皮渣加200?kg麦秆处理最佳。过40?d的堆制后,水分由82.2%下降到20.2%,总养分（N+P2O5+K2O）质量分数达到4.57%,有机质质量分数达到66.5%,皮渣呈深褐色或黑色,达到国家有机肥质量标准（NY525-2002）。肥效试验表明,50%皮渣有机肥（每吨皮渣加200?kg麦秆处理）配施50%化肥处理既能明显的提高烟草的产量和产值,也能显著提升烟草品质     

微生物菌剂浓度对梨树废弃枝条堆肥化处理的影响

研究了不同菌剂接种浓度下,梨树废弃枝条堆制成的有机肥的腐熟程度和养分状况,结果表明,接种菌剂处理可以延长高温期时间,提高堆体温度,且与菌剂浓度成正比,堆体全氮、磷、钾、钙含量显著提高,有效的提升了堆肥产物的腐熟程度和营养成分。接种菌剂浓度为0.20%～0.30%时处理效果最佳。     

草菇菌渣接种固氮菌、磷溶菌进行有机堆肥的研究

以工厂化栽培杏鲍菇和草菇后的菌渣废弃物为主要原料,考察经2种固氮菌和溶磷菌强化的生物堆肥过程中60 d内菌渣堆温度、pH值、E4/E6值对堆肥的影响,堆肥过程中全氮、磷、钾和速效氮、磷、钾的动态变化情况,发现经微生物强化的堆肥与自然条件下堆肥的情况差别不大,说明该菌渣适宜进行自然发酵堆肥生产有机肥料,具有方便、经济的优势,为食用菌菌渣的生态无害化利用开辟新路,为进一步实现菌渣循环反哺农业种植奠定了基础。以期为菌渣废弃物的"综合、生态、链式、经济"利用提供科学支撑。     

烟末(梗)有机肥对 3种不同类型作物土壤养分及产量和品质的影响

烤烟是我国重要的经济作物,烘烤和复烤产生大量的废弃烟末(梗),目前采用的填埋和焚烧处理不仅浪费有机质和养分资源,而且污染环境,亟待无害化处理与资源化利用。试验将废弃烟末和烟梗粉碎,接种热解纤维梭菌(Clostridium thermocellum),并加入辅助剂,经高温堆制生产有机肥,并以玉米、杨梅和花椰菜等当地作物为对象,田间研究其肥效。试验设置不施肥(对照)、单施化肥、单施烟末(梗)有机肥、化肥配施有机肥4个处理。结果表明,高温堆制的烟末(梗)有机肥的质量符合农业部NY 525-2012标准,有机质、氮、磷、钾含量依次为40.45%、1.91%、0.84%和2.12%。在施用有机肥的处理中,土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量显著提高,并与作物和果树养分需要相协调;土壤微生物量碳、氮显著增加,表明烟末(梗)有机肥促进土壤微生物生长繁殖,增加微生物数量。与单施化肥相比,化肥配施有机肥使玉米、花椰菜和杨梅的产量分别增加10.11%、14.04%和5.45%,果实品质得到显著改善。因此,废弃烟末(梗)是优良的有机肥源,高温堆肥可实现废弃烟末(梗)的无害化处理与资源化利用。     

北方寒区牛粪无害化处理关键技术研究

为探索北方寒区规模化养牛场牛粪无害化处理模式,确定牛粪无害化处理关键技术,编制牛粪无害化处理操作规程。2007—2008年,以牛粪为原料进行了不同调理剂、翻堆次数、接种剂和不同环境温度条件下的无害化处理试验,对牛粪无害化处理的主要指标进行了测定。结果表明,不同调理剂都能完成牛粪无害化处理过程,调理剂不同可影响堆肥的养分含量,调理剂的选择要根据应用目的而定;翻堆次数对牛粪无害化处理指标影响不大,为节省成本,可3d左右翻堆1次;不同环境温度对牛粪无害化处理进程影响较大,环境温度≥10℃时,牛粪可在7～10d内完成无害化处理,环境温度在10～-10℃时,无害化处理时间一般为15～20d,北方寒区能满足这一条件的时间是每年的4—11月;环境温度低于-10℃,需采取保温措施才能完成牛粪无害化处理过程;当环境温度较高时,接种菌剂对牛粪无害化处理进程影响不大,当环境温度较低时,接种菌剂可促进牛粪无害化处理进程。     

不同处理方式食用菌菌渣微生物多样性鉴定及其环境因子关联分析

为明确不同状态菌渣化学特性与生物学特性,利用宏基因组16S rDNA测序技术,通过Alpha多样性分析、费舍尔精确检验和Spearman相关性热图,对废弃菌渣、堆肥后菌渣及轻简化处理菌渣3种不同处理状态的菌渣开展微生物多样性、养分特性研究及其环境因子的关联分析。结果表明:废弃菌渣(M1)、堆肥后菌渣(M2)及轻简化处理菌渣(M3)的微生物多样性丰度存在较大差异,3种物料微生物属水平上物种相对丰度达到了差异显著性水平(P<0.001),其中以M3的微生物(细菌、真菌)丰度最高,表现为M1相似文献   

双孢蘑菇菌渣堆肥及其肥效的研究

为了促进农业废弃物资源的循环利用,以双孢蘑菇菌渣为研究对象,通过菌渣堆肥中添加发酵剂或鸡粪的处理,分析了堆肥过程中各个时期不同处理的温度、pH值、EC值、全氮、全磷和全钾的变化趋势,并用腐熟后的堆肥菌渣进行了水稻肥效试验。结果表明,双孢蘑菇菌渣堆制过程中加入发酵菌剂可快速提高堆体温度,与未加发酵菌剂的堆肥处理A相比,在堆肥中加入发酵菌剂后,堆肥中全氮、全钾和速效钾的含量增加量分别为处理A的3倍、1．43倍和2．67倍;菌渣堆肥结束后,处理A,处理B和处理C速效磷含量分别比发酵前增加了54．5％、38．5％和58．3％。菌渣肥水稻田间试验表明,双孢蘑菇菌渣有机肥能够促进水稻增产,菌渣堆肥增产效果优于不发酵菌渣,而加于菌剂处理的堆肥增产效果最佳,按400kg·667m-2。施肥,水稻空瘪粒数少,穗粒饱满,水稻单产553．37kg·667m-2,与当地常规施肥方式相比较增产20．55％,与不施肥处理相比较增产44．18％。     

起爆剂促进猪粪堆肥腐熟研究

利用工厂化高温好氧堆肥方式,探究了有机肥起爆菌剂对猪粪堆肥腐熟效率的影响。通过工厂试验,以猪粪为原料,稻壳为辅料,设置对照Z1和接种起爆剂处理Z2,研究堆肥过程中不同堆体的温度、pH、EC、C/N和养分等理化指标的变化及堆体腐熟效率的差异。对照Z1与处理Z2的堆体温度在高于55℃的时间均持续了18 d以上,Z2处理的升温速率和温度最高值均高于对照Z1;两堆体的pH和EC值变化无显著差异,至堆肥结束,堆体Z1的pH稳定在7.45左右,Z2的pH稳定在7.25左右;堆体Z1和Z2的C/N分别下降了46.39%和51.33%,全碳含量分别下降了43.18%和47.34%,全氮含量分别上升了5.94%和9.28%;Z1和Z2的NH_4~+-N和NO_3~–-N具有类似的变化趋势;至第28天,Z2的发芽指数已达100%,说明肥料已完全腐熟,而Z1此时的发芽指数仅为85%;堆肥结束时,Z1和Z2的最终总养分含量(N、P2O5、K_2O)分别达51.63 g/kg和52.67 g/kg。结果表明接种有机肥起爆剂能够有效加快堆肥腐熟。     

重庆市食用菌菌渣养分与重金属含量分析

[目的]分析不同食用菌品类菌渣的养分和重金属含量状况,为菌渣资源的安全高效利用提供依据.[方法]对重庆9个区县的84户食用菌种植户进行调研和菌渣取样,分析了食用菌菌渣有机碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)和重金属砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn...     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.