滇Ⅰ型粳稻不育系花粉败育状况分类研究

对供试的114个滇I型粳稻不育系花粉镜检，结果表明：滇I型不育系的大部分材料中均有染败花粉粒，但染败花粉粒所占比率因保持系来源的不同而有差异。其中有23份材料的花粉粒全部为圆败和碘败，这些材料以圈败花粉粒所占的比率较大，圆败花粉率占50％以上的有16份，占无染败花粉材料的69．56％，滇I型不育系中未发现全部为碘败花粉的材料。用败育程度较高(花粉粒全部为圆败和碘败)的不育系材料分别与南29和南34测交，杂交组合育性均可恢复，南29和南34对败育程度较高的滇I型不育系仍具有恢复力。     

玉米细胞质雄性不育系胞质类型鉴定及花粉败育研究

为分析化学诱变产生的玉米细胞质雄性不育材料的不育类型,采用田间育性调查、花粉粒活力检测、结果表明,不育系85218A田间败育彻底,I₂-KI染色后花粉粒呈淡黄色,属于典型的圆败,PCR扩增为C型不育系,对C型小斑病菌表现中抗,花粉粒败育关键时期为单核后期。该研究拓宽了我国玉米雄性不育种质资源。     

洋葱雄性不育材料小孢子发生的细胞形态学观察

为了揭示洋葱雄性不育小孢子败育的时期和方式,试验利用石蜡切片技术,在光学显微镜下观察了洋葱雄性不育材料0127A及可育材料0127B的小孢子发育过程和各时期的形态特征.结果发现,雄性不育材料0127A的小孢子败育发生在单胞花粉粒时期,小孢子的细胞质被降解成空壳,染色浅,缺乏营养物质而败育.     

萝卜NWB CMS败育特征及其育性恢复基因的遗传规律

为探明萝卜NWB CMS败育特征及其育性恢复基因的遗传规律,以3个NWB CMS不育系及5个恢复材料为主要试材,利用石蜡切片、电镜扫描法分析了不同核背景下NWB CMS的败育特点,同时通过构建不育胞质与恢复材料F1、F2、BC1群体,分析育性分离情况,揭示恢复基因的遗传规律.结果表明,不同类型萝卜保持材料转育的NWB ...     

高粱A2类型CMS育性恢复基因的定位研究

以2个高粱A2类型雄性不育系及相应的保持系(A2V4/B2V4,A2TX622/B2TX622),2个恢复系(1383_2,晋粱5号)和3个组合(A2V4×1383_2,A2V4×晋粱5号,A2TX622×晋粱5号)的F1,F2群体为材料,采用SSR标记方法,分析A2类型雄性不育的育性恢复基因。结果发现,只有标记Xtxp65在A2TX622×晋粱5号的F2群体中与育性出现共分离现象,育性恢复基因与标记间距离为3.4 cM,位于连锁群J上;同样只有标记Xtxp141在A2V4×晋粱5号的F2群体中与育性出现共分离现象,该标记与育性恢复基因间的距离为13.4 cM,位于连锁群G上;在A2V4×1383_2的F2群体中,标记与育性未出现共分离现象。这说明,与这2个标记连锁的A2CMS育性恢复基因是位于同一个恢复系(晋粱5号)中的2个独立的位点;在A2恢复系材料中,至少有3个独立遗传的不同位点与A2雄性不育性的恢复有关。     

水稻广亲和不育系的转育及其籼粳配组特性观察

对珍汕９７Ａ（野败质）、７６２７Ａ（滇一质）为母本，粳型广亲和品种热研１号为父本，采用选株连续回交，结合不育性的选择，育成了不育度高，不育性较为稳定，开花习性良好，农艺性状基本一致，且分别带有野败质和滇一质的粳型广亲和不育系热研１号Ａ（野）和热研１号Ａ（滇）。通过该两份不育系与不同类型的籼型材料（非恢复系、恢复系、广亲和恢复系）的测配，发现籼型广亲和恢复系对其育性恢复度较高，而籼型强恢复系对其仅表     

莫迦小麦(Triticum macha L.) T型恢复基因Rf3和K型不育基因rfv1的连锁关系

为进一步明确莫迦小麦(Triticum macha) T型恢复基因Rf3与K型不育基因rfv1的连锁关系, 利用T型细胞质背景(T504A/Tm3314 F₂代和T504A//KTm3314A/90(13)21杂交分离群体)的可育株在K型细胞质下的育性测交分析, 明确了来自莫迦小麦的这2个基因连锁并不紧密, 交换值约为16.54%。可利用T型主效恢复基因Rf3提高含有T型主效恢复基因和K型主效不育基因的基础材料的选择效率。     

甘蓝型油菜温敏细胞核雄性不育系160S花药败育的形态学特征和细胞学研究

明确甘蓝型油菜温敏核雄性不育系160S花器形态变化、花药败育的时期和细胞学特征,初步探究败育的原因,为深入研究不育系160S的内在分子调控机制提供理论基础,也对其在油菜两系杂交育种中的实际应用具有指导意义。本研究在15℃和28℃条件下培养试验材料160S,利用体式显微镜分别观察花发育形态特征;采用醋酸洋红染色方法观察各时期小孢子发育形态;通过石蜡切片和苏木精-伊红染色对可育植株(MaleFertile/160S-MF)和不育植株(MaleSterile/160S-MS)花药细胞学特征进行显微观察;TUNEL染色法检测花药发育各时期绒毡层细胞凋亡情况。160S-MF在15℃表现为可育,雄蕊正常发育,成熟的花药呈黄色,形态饱满,正常开裂,表面一层有活性的花粉附着在上面;28℃条件下, 160S-MS花朵的雌蕊、萼片与160S-MF花朵无差异,但花瓣变小,花丝变短,雄蕊明显退化,花药干瘪呈黄褐色,无花粉粒附着在花药上,表现出雄性完全不育。160S-MF的小孢子能正常发育为成熟有活力的花粉。而160S-MS由于雄蕊完全败育,未观察到小孢子和花粉粒。160S-MS花药在造孢时期和花粉母细胞时期与160S-MF无明显差异,但在减数分裂期,160S-MS花药绒毡层形态和结构出现异常,绒毡层细胞排列不整齐,细胞空泡化,伴随提前解体。同时花粉母细胞发育受阻,无四分体结构形成,最终在减数分裂期完成前形成空的花粉囊。TUNEL检测发现, 160S-MS花药绒毡层细胞在减数分裂期开始凋亡。本研究结果表明, 160S属花粉母细胞败育型不育系,败育时期发生在减数分裂期,绒毡层异常降解,绒毡层未向腺质型转化,不能提供花粉母细胞发育所需要的营养物质,致使花粉母细胞发育受阻无法形成四分体结构,从而导致小孢子无法形成,花药形成空的花粉囊,产生雄性不育。     

莫迦小麦(Triticum macha L.) T型恢复基因Rf3和K型不育基因rfv1的连锁关系

为进一步明确莫迦小麦(Triticum macha) T型恢复基因Rf3与K型不育基因rfv1的连锁关系, 利用T型细胞质背景(T504A/Tm3314 F₂代和T504A//KTm3314A/90(13)21杂交分离群体)的可育株在K型细胞质下的育性测交分析, 明确了来自莫迦小麦的这2个基因连锁并不紧密, 交换值约为16.54%。可利用T型主效恢复基因Rf3提高含有T型主效恢复基因和K型主效不育基因的基础材料的选择效率。     

植物种子败育研究进展

种子败育在许多植物中普遍存在并一直是植物界研究热点。本文重点综述了近十年来在研究影响种子败育的内因(胚胎学、生理生化机制)和外因(环境条件、生长调节物)方面取得的主要进展。种子败育的胚胎学机制主要有以下4个方面：(1)雄性不育,包括花药退化、花粉败育、绒毡层细胞结构异常等;(2)雌性器官不孕,主要表现为雌性器官形态结构异常、大孢子母细胞及营养器官退化;(3)授粉受精不良,主要表现为自交或异交不亲和;(4)胚中途败育,不同植物胚败育的时间、败育原因及解剖学特征各不相同。不同的内源激素对植物胚胎发育的影响各不相同,激素含量的异常会导致种子败育;田间喷施GA3在提高果树座果率的同时常大大提高无仁率。矿质元素的缺乏会使一些植物发生种子败育。另外,环境胁迫等外在因素会严重影响种子发育。     

Development of CGMS system in ridge gourd [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Luffa acutangula</Emphasis> (Roxb.) L.] for production of F<Subscript>1</Subscript> hybrids

Cytoplasmic male sterile system in ridge gourd has been converted to cytoplasmic genetic male sterile (CGMS) system through the development of analogues of male sterile (MS) line, maintainer line and fertility restorer line. These lines were developed by crossing the MS mutant, regenerated through in vitro culture, with monoecious pollen parents Deepthi, Haritham, LA 101, CO 2, IC 92761 and IC 92685. All hybrids and the BC₁ generation developed by crossing with the recurring pollen parents Deepthi, Haritham and LA 101 were male sterile. Male sterile BC₁ plants have been advanced to BC₆ generation and the parental line LA 101 was proved to be a successful maintainer line, producing male sterile progeny in successive back cross generations. Analogue of cytoplasmic male sterile line, MS LA 101, was developed through back crossing and on crossing with fertility restorer lines Arka Sumeet and LA 102, this line excelled as female parent, resulting heterotic combinations. Mitochondrial marker rpS14 and SCAR Tm-53 were identified to yield male sterility specific markers whereas SSR marker 18956 has generated the male fertility specific marker. These primers are recommended for marker assisted selection of ridge gourd, for utilizing male sterility for hybrid seed production and for developing A, B and C lines in CGMS system.     

红麻GMS与CMS小孢子败育过程的细胞学及组织化学比较

以红麻细胞质雄性不育系(GMS)L23A、保持系L23B及从该保持系中发现的细胞核雄性不育系(CMS)L23BS为材料,采用石蜡显微制片技术,在光学显微镜下比较观察了三者花药发育过程中小孢子的发育过程及组织化学变化。结果表明,L23A的花药发育过程中,小孢子发育的不同阶段均出现败育现象,最早的败育表现为花粉母细胞在减数分裂之前的退化解体,最终形成空的花粉囊; 有的因花粉母细胞减数分裂过程异常而导致不能形成小孢子四分体;有的因小孢子在四分体中不能正常释放而败育,同时绒毡层细胞过度液泡化,并提早解体死亡; 花药发育早期含有少量蛋白质和淀粉,随着花药的发育逐渐变少。而L23BS小孢子败育的时期集中于四分体至单核花粉期间,表现为小孢子发育异常,有些小孢子不能从四分体里释放出来而影响其正常发育。在四分体以前与可育系类似,花药含丰富的蛋白质和淀粉。在败育的过程中,花药中的蛋白质和淀粉含量渐渐减少,但药隔组织中的在颗粒淀粉含量几乎不变。     

水稻新质源(CMS-FA)雄性不育恢复基因的遗传研究

发掘水稻新型雄性不育细胞质源CMS-FA,育成系列优质米不育系和系列新质源恢复系,组配成强优势杂交稻组合的基础上研究新质源雄性不育恢复系的恢复基因遗传。采用新质源(CMS-FA)不育系金农1A与恢复系金恢3号杂交获得杂交F₁代种子,种植F₁代,收获自交F₂代种子。用F₁分别与不育系或保持系回交,获得(不育系//不育系/恢复系和不育系/恢复系//保持系)2个测交群体。同时种植P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂、B₁F₁和B₂F₁等群体,考察花粉染色率、套袋结实率和自然结实率,卡平方测验遗传分离适合度。结果表明,不育系与恢复系杂交F₁代正常可育,育性恢复(可育)基因为显性遗传。F₂代分离出可育︰不育适合3︰1,育性恢复(可育)基因为1对显性基因控制。B₁F₁和B₂F₁代2个测交群体的可育︰不育都适合1︰1分离规律,验证了F₂代育性恢复(可育)单基因的遗传模式。暂时确定新质源(CMS-FA)核质互作三系的基因型为不育系S(SS)、保持系F(SS)和恢复系S(FF)。     

Development of the components of a cytoplasmic male sterility hybrid system in rye through anther culture

Anther culture was applied as a method to develop the essential components of a cytoplasmic male sterility hybrid system in rye (Secale cereale L.). These components are the male sterile seed parent (A line), its isogenic maintainer counterpart (B line) and the restorer pollen parent (R line). Australian rye cultivars were crossed reciprocally to the cultivar ‘Luchs’ which carries the Pampa male sterile cytoplasm (cms-P). Anthers of the F1s in the cms-P cytoplasm (primary cross) and their reciprocals in the normal cytoplasm (reciprocal cross) were cultured in a modified C17 medium. Male sterile and male fertile doubled haploids were obtained from the anther culture of the F1s in the cms-P cytoplasm. Testcrosses indicated that the male sterile doubled haploids were A lines and the male fertile doubled haploids were R lines (restorers). The anther culture of genotypes in the normal cytoplasm (reciprocal cross) gave all male fertile doubled haploids. Testcrosses indicated that the male fertile doubled haploids were R lines (restorers) in the normal cytoplasm. The expected maintainer B lines were not identified because of the limited number of doubled haploids obtained from the anther culture of reciprocal crosses. Experimental single cross hybrids between male sterile and restorer male fertile doubled haploids showed high levels of heterosis. The results of this study have significant economic implications especially in the production of hybrids in several species. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Modified complementation test of male sterility mutants in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): preliminary study to convert male sterility system from GMS to CMS

The male sterility system in hybrid seed production can eliminate the cost of emasculation and ensure seed hybridity through avoidance of self pollination. GMS and CMS are two types of male sterility system that currently employed in pepper breeding. Conversion from GMS to CMS will increase the male sterility proportion of female parent from 50 to 100%. In this study, segregation analysis of four male sterile mutants consisting of one CMS mutant (CA1) and three GMS mutants (GA1, GA3 and GA4) showed that each had single recessive gene inheritance. A modified complementation test was performed by replacing male sterile mutants with their maintainer line as male parent. The nuclear restorer gene for CMS was independent of all nuclear restorer genes for GMS and all nuclear restorer genes for GMS were independent each other. Further observation on CMS and GMS male sterility loci revealed that GA1 and GA3 had mutated in both nuclear restorer genes for CMS and GMS, while CA1 and GA4 each carried mutation in single male sterility system of nuclear restorer gene for CMS and GMS, respectively. Conversion from GMS to CMS in the case of lines carried mutations in both sterility systems required only S-type cytoplasm donor, while lines carried mutation in single nuclear restorer gene for GMS required not only S-type cytoplasm but also rf allele donors. The important finding is the broader function of maintainer line in certain male sterility system that can be used as a maintainer or restorer line for other male sterility systems. We also confirmed that line CC1 is the general restorer for both CMS and GMS systems.     

A unique introgression from Moricandia arvensis confers male fertility upon two different cytoplasmic male-sterile lines of Brassica juncea

A Brassica juncea line carrying an introgression from Moricandia arvensis restored male fertility to two cytoplasmic male‐sterile (CMS) B. juncea lines carrying either M. arvensis or Diplotaxis catholica cytoplasm. Genetics of fertility restoration was studied in the F₁, F₂, F₃ and backcross generations of the cross between CMS and fertility‐restorer lines. No male‐sterile plants were found in F1‐F₃ generations of the cross between CMS [M. arvensis] B. juncea and the restorer. However, a 1: 1 segregation for male sterility and fertility was observed when the F1 was pollinated with non‐restorer pollen from a euplasmic line. These results clearly show that restoration is mono‐genic and gametophytic. In CMS lines carrying D. catholica cytoplasm, the restorer conferred male fertility to the F1 and showed 3: 1 and 1: 1 segregations for male fertility and sterility in F₂ and BC1 generations, respectively, indicating a monogenic, sporophytic mode of fertility restoration. The results were also supported by pollen stainability in the F1 which was about 65% in M. arvensis‐based CMS and >90% in D. catholica‐based CMS. The above results are discussed in the light of previous molecular studies which showed association between CMS and atpA in both systems.     

Cajanus platycarpus (Benth.) Maesen as the donor of new pigeonpea cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) system

Cajanus platycarpus, a distantly related wild species, was successfully crossed with cultivated pigeonpea using embryo rescue and tissue culture techniques. Advance generation lines showed a range of desirable characters including cytoplasmic male sterility. A range of pigeonpea cultivars restored fertility and was maintained by a few lines including cultivar ICPL 85010. Clasmogamous flowers were observed in the male sterile lines. In such flowers anthers did not form di-adlephous bundle. Cytological analysis revealed that meiosis proceeded normally till the tetrad stage in those anthers with pollen grains. After which many of the pollen grains turned sterile. In the anthers with pollen grains, dehiscence was not observed, thus creating functional sterility. In many other anthers, pollen mother cells (PMCs) were not formed at all, giving rise to sepalous anthers. In conclusion two mechanisms of male sterility existed, one was premeiotic, where PMCs did not form and in the second, although PMCs gave rise to pollen grains, they were either partially or totally sterile accompanied by non-dehiscence of anther wall.     

水稻体细胞无性系雄性不育突变

对5个类型的水稻不育系进行了幼穗培养, 在红源A、 包源A和W6154s中, 共获得了10例雄 性不育变异株, 水稻花粉败育可分为无花粉、 典败、 圆败和染败四种类型。 发现了不育 花粉败育类型之间可以相互转换现象。 对雄性不育变异株用一批现有CMS不育系的保持系和恢复系进行测交和回交, 有的变异株其 恢保关系发生了变化,