红粒小麦Tamyb10单倍型检测及其与穗发芽抗性的关系

穗发芽是影响小麦品质和产量的重要因素之一,通常红粒小麦比白粒小麦具有较高的穗发芽抗性。转录因子Tamyb10是R-1基因的强候选基因,其表达与否和表达水平决定小麦籽粒颜色。为阐明Tamyb10单倍型与红粒小麦穗发芽抗性的关系,利用已开发的Tamyb10基因分子标记,检测119份来自不同麦区的红粒小麦材料,发现Tamyb10基因(Tamyb10-A1、Tamyb10-B1和Tamyb10-D1位点)可分成7类单倍型,分别是baa、aba、bba、aab、bab、abb和bbb。Tamyb10-D1对穗发芽抗性影响最大,Tamyb10-B1次之,Tamyb10-A1作用最小。Tamyb10单倍型没有明显的地域分布特点,但在东北春麦区,Tamyb10单倍型bbb与红粒品种的高穗发芽抗性相关。     

小麦新品系抗穗发芽特性研究

为了筛选抗穗发芽品系,利用Vp-1基因的STS标记Vp1B3检测了来自河南省新乡市的新麦系列小麦新品系112个,并于收获期进行了室内整穗发芽试验,结果表明,112个小麦品系中Vp-1Ba(感穗发芽)、Vp-1Bb(抗穗发芽)和Vp-1Bc(抗穗发芽)基因型的频率分别为60.71%,0.89%和38.39%,以Vp-1Ba基因型为主。Vp-1Ba基因型品系穗发芽率(24.42%)极显著高于Vp-1Bc基因型品系(16.55%)。同一亲本组合选育出的品系的穗发芽率有很大差异,但Vp-1基因类型基本一致。同一Vp-1类型品系间的穗发芽率有很大差异,故在使用Vp1B3标记时需要与整穗发芽法结合使用。     

小麦穗发芽抗性的4个分子标记有效性检验

为筛选出适宜黄淮麦区和长江中下游麦区种植的抗穗发芽白粒小麦品种或种质资源,以36份黄淮麦区和长江中下游麦区的主要品种（系）及地方品种为研究对象,对已报道的4个与穗发芽抗性相关的分子标记：Vp1B3、Xgwm155、Xgwm269和Xbarc170进行有效性验证。测定参试材料种子萌发指数（GI）,并用上述4种标记进行PCR扩增,对扩增条带进行统计分析。结果表明,GI值显示,红粒品种（GI均值为5.1%）明显较白粒品种（GI均值为28.0%）低;4种标记扩增出的带型中仅Vp1B3的845 bp片段能有效地区分36份小麦品种(系);GI值筛选出6份抗穗发芽品种（系）中,其中3份为Vp1B3标记鉴定,可作为黄淮麦区和长江中下游麦区小麦穗发芽抗性育种中首选基因资源。     

黄淮麦区(南片)小麦穗发芽抗性评价及其等位基因检测

为了解黄淮麦区(南片)当前小麦穗发芽抗性以及等位基因的分布情况,本研究以94份黄淮麦区(南片)小麦新品系为供试材料,利用种子发芽指数法对供试材料的穗发芽抗性进行评价,同时利用功能标记Vp1B3和Dorm-1对供试材料Vp1B和Dorm-B1位点等位基因进行检测。结果表明,供试材料发芽指数(GI)总体平均值为39.6%,标准差为18.08,变幅为9.62%～88.48%,这批供试材料的穗发芽抗性以中感型为主;在Vp1B位点,共检测到Vp1Ba和Vp1Bc两种等位基因,分布频率分别为64.89%和35.11%,携带等位基因Vp1Ba材料的发芽指数(GI)显著高于Vp1Bc等位基因(P<0.05),等位基因Vp1Bc与抗穗发芽相关,等位基因VP-1Ba与感穗发芽相关;在Dorm-B1位点,仅检测到Dorm-B1a等位基因,这批供试材料Dorm-B1位点的多态性较为单一。本研究能够为黄淮麦区(南片)小麦穗发芽分子改良提供参考信息。     

小麦穗发芽抗性相关基因Tamyb10-D1特异性分子标记开发

Tamyb10-D1基因与穗发芽抗性相关,已报道的该基因分子标记扩增产物大,对DNA模板质量要求较高,PCR反应耗时长。为了使该基因在小麦分子育种中得到高效和快速利用,本研究设计了多个引物组合,经检测可特异性地扩增3D基因组上的Tamyb10基因,引物组合380s/703a、380s/1182a、652s/1182a、872s/1182a和872s/1419a扩增效果较好,而且含有652s或703a的引物组合可区分小麦属和粗山羊草属的myb10-D1基因型。鉴于这些分子标记为显性标记,通过多重PCR反应,可确保PCR检测结果的准确性。其中用引物组合380s/652s/872s/1182a进行三重PCR检测Tamyb10-D1基因型结果较好。因此,本研究开发的分子标记可应用于Tamyb10-D1基因的基因型检测和分子辅助育种,对于小麦穗发芽抗性育种工作具有一定的应用价值。     

穗发芽抗性STS标记Vp1B3在中国小麦微核心种质中的检测

小麦在临近收获前发生穗发芽,不仅劣化小麦加工品质,而且降低小麦产量。提高小麦穗发芽抗性水平是小麦育种工作的重要目标之一。本实验以258份中国小麦微核心种质为试材,利用已报道的小麦穗发芽抗性标记Vp1B3对其进行多态性检测,以了解该抗性标记在中国小麦微核心种质中的分布规律,寻找新的等位变异类型,并结合部分品种的发芽指数,分析不同等位变异类型与穗发芽抗性之间的关系。结果表明：检测的258份供试材料中,a带型（13．9％）、c带型（41．1％）和e带型（34．5％）等3种带型为主要扩增带型,占总变异类型的89．5％;b、d、f带型为本研究所发现的新的等位变异类型,占总变异类型的2．4％。此外,杂合带型以及无扩增产物的分别占总变异类型的3．5％和4．6％。对选取的部分穗发芽抗性不同的材料进行统计分析,结果显示,c带型品种的发芽指数（GI,47．9％）明显高于a带型（GI,22．6％）和e带型（GI,24.3％）的品种,但c带型的品种中也存在GI值较低的高抗穗发芽品种,而a带型和e带型的品种中同时也出现了GI值较高的感穗发芽品种,说明小麦穗发芽的遗传机制比较复杂,其抗性不仅仅受Vp1B3基因控制,而是多种因素共同作用的结果。     

西南地区87份小麦品种(系)穗发芽抗性的分子鉴定及筛选

小麦穗发芽使小麦的产量大幅度降低,严重影响小麦的加工品质,而西南麦区一直是小麦穗发芽的重发区。为了在历史小麦品种(系)中鉴定出抗穗发芽的种质材料,本研究以来自西南麦区的87份小麦主推品种及后备品系为研究材料,利用PM19、Vp1B3两种抗穗发芽候选基因进行分子标记,为抗穗发芽育种提供种质资源。结果表明,在87份小麦中有4份含有PM-19A1a基因,分别是科成4号、兴0217、蜀麦1763、SW 1747;有9份含有Vp-1Bb基因,分别是黔麦0504、16092、绵麦303、内麦366、川麦604、BL 5002、BL 6007、2017 P 4-2、SW 1747。     

对冬小麦品种穗发芽抗性的初步研究

１９９２～１９９５年用室内保湿法对１５００份小麦材料进行穗发芽抗性鉴定，从小麦穗上发芽与收获后的种子发芽的比较把小麦收获前穗发芽分为低、中、高３种敏感型；白粒品种穗发芽抗性低于红粒品种；数量遗传分析表明，小麦穗发芽率的广义遗传力高于６０％。     

四个小麦抗穗发芽分子抗性标记有效性的验证与评价

成熟期穗发芽是一种世界性灾害, 严重影响小麦品质和产量。本试验利用已报道的4个与穗发芽抗性相关的标记, 即STS标记MST101、STMS标记wmc104、QTL位点Xgwm155与Vp1B3, 结合穗发芽率分析,对95份中国小麦地方品种和历史品种的穗发芽抗性进行筛选, 旨在从中筛选出抗穗发芽品种, 并对这4个分子标记的有效性进行比较, 筛选出可用于种质资源筛选和分子标记辅助育种的高效分子标记。结果表明, Vp1B3和Xgwm155与穗发芽抗性相关, 而MST101和wmc104与穗发芽抗性无关。比较而言, Vp1B3更能有效地用于筛选穗发芽抗性品种, 但将Vp1B3和Xgwm155结合起来筛选抗穗发芽小麦品种, 会提高选择效率。     

小麦穗发芽抗性分子标记的有效性检测与验证

小麦收获前穗发芽严重影响加工品质,来年种用价值以及产量.本研究利用万县白麦子/京411穗发芽重组自交系群体对已报道的第3染色体上有关穗发芽抗性分子标记XBarc321、XBarc310和XBarc57以及第4染色体上Xbarc170、Xgwm397和Xgwm269进行有效性检测,并在穗发芽抗性不同的40份地方品种以及推广品种中进一步验证,结果表明,小麦第3染色体上的分子标记XBarc321、XBarc310和XBarc57在穗发芽群体以及穗发芽抗性不同的品种中选择效应较大,尤其是XBarc321和XBarc310,证实该标记与穗发芽抗性紧密相关,而第4染色体上的分子标记在该群体中并没有显示与穗发芽相关.本研究结果为定位控制该群体中穗发芽抗性的QTL位点提供了重要信息.     

Rich allelic variations of Viviparous-1A and their associations with seed dormancy/pre-harvest sprouting of common wheat

The allelic variations of Vp-1B have been confirmed to have close association with seed dormancy (SD) and pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) of Chinese wheat in previous research, but little was known regarding whether the alleles of two other orthologs of Vp1 on 3AL (Vp-1A) and 3DL (Vp-1D) are also present and related to these traits. In view of this, 11 primer pairs flanking the whole sequences of these two orthologs were designed to investigate their allelic variations. The results identified six alleles of Vp-1A using the primer pair A17-19 among 81 wheat cultivars and advanced lines, which were designated as Vp-1Aa, Vp-1Ab, Vp-1Ac, Vp-1Ad, Vp-1Ae, and Vp-1Af. Except for Vp-1Ac, the other five alleles were proven novel, but no allelic variation was found in Vp-1D. On sequence analysis of alleles of Vp-1A, five deletions were observed, all occurring in the same region holding many TTC repeats. Of the six alleles detected in this study, four (Vp-1Aa, Vp-1Ac, Vp-1Ae, and Vp-1Af) were generally distributed in varieties exhibiting higher average germination index (GI, range 0.46–0.56) and spike sprouting (SS, range 39.6–49.4%); however, the alleles Vp-1Ab and Vp-1Ad were distributed in genotypes carrying higher SD (GI 0.19–0.26) and stronger PHS resistance (SS 12.3–17.2%). On Spearman correlation analysis, the allele Vp-1Ab had significantly negative correlation with GI (−0.479) and SS (−0.542) at the 0.01 level, and the three alleles Vp-1Aa, Vp-1Ac, and Vp-1Ae had significantly positive correlation with GI [0.311 (0.05 level), 0.401 (0.01 level), and 0.294 (0.05 level)] and SS [0.283 (0.05 level), 0.309 (0.05 level), and 0.266 (0.05 level)]. The other alleles, including Vp-1Ad and Vp-1Af, also exhibited correlation, albeit not significant, with these two traits. This negative correlation showed that Vp-1Ab helped to improve SD and PHS tolerance, but Vp-1Aa, Vp-1Ac, and Vp-1Ae appeared to exert the opposite effect. To further confirm the association between alleles of Vp-1A and the two traits, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population with 157 lines was genotyped using the primer pair A17-19, developed from the cross between Wanxianbaimaizi (Vp-1Ab) and Jing411 (Vp-1Ac). General linear model analysis indicated that variation in Vp-1A had a significant (P < 0.001) association with the two traits, explaining 23.4% of the variation in GI and 16.7% of the variation in SS in the population across three crop seasons.     

导入普通野生稻DNA的水稻变异种质的耐盐性鉴定

旨在研究导入普通野生稻DNA的水稻后代的耐盐性,从中筛选出耐盐性较强的材料,为水稻耐盐育种提供种质资源。以普通野生稻DNA导入到宁夏栽培水稻‘宁粳23号’中获得的10份变异后代为材料,研究各材料在盐胁迫下的发芽特性和幼苗生长情况。结果表明在170 mmol/L NaCl处理下,材料D42、D5-54、D5-27、D-10、D102、DJ18和D68的发芽势和发芽率均较高,相对盐害率较低,在盐浓度为120 mmol/L时,材料D5-27、DJ18、D5-54和D-10的耐盐性为强,地上和地下鲜、干重的盐处理与非盐处理的比值较高,材料D5-27、DJ18、D5-54和D-10的可溶性糖积累量高于其受体。材料D42、D5-54、D5-27、D-10、D102、DJ18和D68的芽期耐盐性较强,材料D5-27、DJ18、D5-54和D-10属于苗期较耐盐的材料。     

Exploiting the diversity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Viviparous-1</Emphasis> gene associated with pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in European wheat varieties

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) reduces the quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and the economic value of the grain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity of the Viviparous-1B (Vp-1B) gene associated with PHS tolerance in a collection of 490 widely grown winter wheat varieties from central and northern Europe. Four alleles of Vp-1B were found in the wheat varieties tested, three of which (Vp-1Ba, Vp-1Bb and Vp-1Bc) had previously been identified in Chinese wheat varieties. The fourth was a new allele which had a 25-bp of deletion in the third intron region compared with the nucleotide sequence of Vp-1Ba, and was designated as Vp-1Bd. The frequencies of different alleles in this set of European wheat germplasm were: Vp-1Ba (54%) > Vp-1Bc (21%) > Vp-1Bd (20%) > Vp-1Ba + c (4%) > Vp-1Bb (1%), with Vp-1Bb being present only in two French varieties, ‘Altria’ and ‘Recital’. In addition, the frequencies of the alleles differed in varieties from different European countries. For example, Vp-1Ba had the highest frequency (76%) in varieties included in the UK National List (NL), but was least frequent in the Recommended List (RL) of Sweden (19%). Similarly, Vp-1Bc was present with the highest frequency (58%) in wheat varieties from Sweden, and the lowest in UK NL varieties (8%) while Vp-1Bd had the highest frequency of 32% in German varieties, and the lowest in Sweden varieties with only 8%. The Vp-1Ba allele was present in over half of the UK wheat varieties tested but the frequency was lower in RL varieties than in NL ones. Furthermore, heterogeneities were found between Vp-1Ba and Vp-1Bc in the varieties from Sweden, Netherlands, Germany and UK.     

Breeding of white-grained wheats for Japan

The possibility of breeding white-grained wheats tolerant to pre-harvest sprouting under Japanese humid weather conditions is discussed. New genetic dormancy sources, such as, AUS1408, 8019R1 and RyuuMai7, were evaluated for seed dormancy in different weather conditions. Some white-grained dormant wheats showed a strong dormancy similar to that of red-grained dormant wheats in a greenhouse trial, in the field their dormancy expression was much less than the red wheats. Three populations involving crosses with these new sources for winter wheat breeding were examined under repeated selection for seed dormancy. Some dormant white-grained lines, as judged under glasshouse conditions, were developed. Again the level of dormancy in these lines was not sufficient compared to red dormant varieties in field trial. In order to develop truly superior dormant white-grained materials, one population involving crosses with two dormant varieties, AUS1408 and 8019R1, was examined under repeated selection. From these materials we succeeded in breeding lines that had not only a good dormancy but also showed adaptation to Japanese weather conditions, including earliness, scab resistance and good seed appearance. However again the dormancy of these lines in field trial was not sufficient compared to that of red wheats and there was not a clear difference for seed dormancy between breeding lines and their parents. We conclude therefore that more work involving the use of new genetic sources or new breeding techniques, will be necessary for breeding advanced lines that maintain a sufficient tolerance to PHS in humid Japanese weather condition. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

水稻耐盐种质的鉴定评价

进一步鉴定现有水稻材料的耐盐性,为水稻耐盐育种提供种质资源和耐盐亲本。以通过花粉管通道技术获得的耐盐品系和当地水稻育成品种共21份为试验材料,评价各材料在盐胁迫下发芽期和苗期的耐盐性。结果表明：在150 mmol/L NaCl处理下,各材料发芽率及芽的生长均受到不同程度抑制,其中,材料D-1,D-3,D-4,D-7,D-13,‘长白10号’,‘节9’和D10在盐处理下的发芽率较高,相对盐害率较低,耐盐性均表现为极强,耐盐级别为1级,芽长盐处理(T)与非盐处理(CK)的比值较高,说明其受到盐的抑制较小,芽期耐盐能力较强;用100 mmol/L NaCl对各材料幼苗处理8天后,材料‘长白10号’、D-10、‘节10’、D-13、‘天井4号’、D-14、D-11、D-2、D10和D-8的相对死叶率较低,盐处理地上部和地下部含水量与未用盐处理的相比下降幅度较小,可溶性糖积累量较多,说明其渗透调节能力较强,属于苗期较耐盐的材料。