开发生产建设项目水土流失调查及防治思路

在经济高速发展的今天，开发建设项目的水土流失问题日益突出。本对宁德市开发建设项目水土流失现状的调查结果进行了分析，指出该市工程侵蚀的特征及危害，并提出防治对策。     

开发建设项目水土保持监督管理模式初探

预防和治理开发建设项目造成的水土流失是水土保持生态建设的重要任务。开发建设项目造成的水土流失从空间分布上分为本体工程水土流失和附属工程水土流失,从时段上分为建设期水土流失和运行期水土流失。开发建设造成的水土流失主要在建设期,但部分本体工程及影响区在运行期水土流失也十分严重。水土保持预防监督机构通过宣传、监督执法和技术服务等,形成科学的管理模式,指导、管理和督促建设单位防治其造成的水土流失。     

西部开发工程中的水土流失与环境

水土流失是破坏自然环境最严重和最突出的问题,我国是水土流失非常严重的国家,几乎遍 及所有的省、自治区、直辖市,共有水土流失面积492万km2,占国土面积的51.2%.严重 的水土流失不仅对自然环境造成破坏,也严重制约国民经济的发展.水利水电工程、矿产资 源开发、公路铁路建设、城镇开发建设等西部开发工程中,都将遇到水土流失与环境问题, 本文阐述了西部地区水土流失与环境的现状,分析了工程建设对水土流失与环境的影响,提出西部开发工程中防治水土流失的措施.     

后垄溪水电站工程建设中的水土保持监测

在开发建设过程中，水土流失的发生、发展和控制是一个变化的过程，随着工程的进行，各个水土流失影响因素也处于动态变化中。本针对工程建设的规模、扰动地表面积的特点及施工不同阶段产生水土流失情况，采用定点和动态相结合的方法进行监测，以更好地掌握各阶段的水土流失发生规律及流失强度，为治理新的水土流失提供依据。     

天然气管道建设中的土壤流失与防治——以涩北—西宁—兰州输气管道工程为例

天然气管道建设工程是一种线型工程 ,线路长 ,沿道水土流失类型复杂 ,施工区段多 ,不同地段采取的工艺不同 ,对水土流失影响也不同 ,采取的方法措施也不同。以“九五”国家重点开发建设项目涩北—西宁—兰州输气管道工程 (在建项目 )水土保持为例分析得出 :石油天然气管道开发建设项目施工期的水土流失量占总水土流失量的 6 9% ,是开展开发建设项目水土保持的关键时期 ;施工单位必须采取有效的临时防治水土流失措施 ;主体工程之外的辅助工程和临时工程的水土流失不容忽视 ,伴行公路的水土流失量占总水土流失量的 79% ;建设过程中的弃土弃渣流失量占总流失量的 80 % ,是防治的重点 ;水土流失预测中的侵蚀模数一定要结合施工工艺和是否采取临时水土保持措施的实际情况 ;开发建设项目的水土流失一定要对位配置相应的防治措施 ,才能达到项目建设与生态环境建设同步进行的目标 ,实现可持续发展战略。     

天然气管道建设中的土壤流失与防治 —— 以涩北-西宁-兰州输气管道工程为例

天然气管道建设工程是一种线型工程,线路长,沿道水土流失类型复杂,施工区段多,不同地段采取的工艺不同,对水土流失影响也不同,采取的方法措施也不同.以"九五"国家重点开发建设项目涩北-西宁-兰州输气管道工程(在建项目)水土保持为例分析得出石油天然气管道开发建设项目施工期的水土流失量占总水土流失量的69%,是开展开发建设项目水土保持的关键时期;施工单位必须采取有效的临时防治水土流失措施;主体工程之外的辅助工程和临时工程的水土流失不容忽视,伴行公路的水土流失量占总水土流失量的79%;建设过程中的弃土弃渣流失量占总流失量的80%,是防治的重点;水土流失预测中的侵蚀模数一定要结合施工工艺和是否采取临时水土保持措施的实际情况;开发建设项目的水土流失一定要对位配置相应的防治措施,才能达到项目建设与生态环境建设同步进行的目标,实现可持续发展战略.     

生态型水土保持工程与开发建设项目生态恢复

针对水土保持工作的深化，提出了生态型水土保持工程的目标；在分析建设项目区造成水土流失的原因和水土流失特点的基础上，提出水土保持和生态恢复的关系，简单说明如何让水土保持工作更好的服务于开发建设项目的生态恢复。     

城市房地产开发项目水土流失防治对策

城市房地产开发项目地点位于城市市区,是城市水土保持的重要内容。通过分析城市房地产开发项目的特点、水土流失危害及工程建设中产生水土流失的重点区域及重点时段,明确水土流失的防治方向。结合主体工程设计的水土保持工程,采取有效的工程措施、植物措施、临时措施进行全面防护,以形成完整、科学的水土流失防治体系,达到良好的防治效果。     

开发建设项目工程堆积体分类、侵蚀风险及监管防治策略

随着我国经济发展,开发建设项目急剧增加,工程堆积体水土流失日趋严重并已成为新增水土流失的主要形式之一。结合现有研究成果和水土保持工作实际,对工程堆积体的分类、水土流失潜在风险、防护措施等进行分析,为完善、优化工程堆积体水土保持措施提供参考。     

城市房地产开发项目水土流失防治对策

房地产开发项目地点位于城市市区,是城市水土保持的重要内容。通过分析房地产开发项目的特点、水土流失危害及工程建设中产生水土流失的重点区域及重点时段,明确了水土流失的防治方向。结合主体工程具有水土保持功能工程,采取有效的工程措施、植物措施、临时防护措施进行全面防护,以形成完整、科学的水土流失防治体系,达到良好的防治效果。     

贵州草海耕地土壤与农作物中DDTs和HCHs残留及污染特征

采集草海流域周边成熟期整株农作物及土壤样品,分析测试其中DDTs和HCHs的含量,对比研究了土壤和作物中DDTs和HCHs污染水平及其在作物中富集能力。结果表明：研究区域土壤中HCHs和DDTs残留检出率均为100％,残留范围分别为0．06～16．66μg·kg^-1和0．08-39．77μg·kg^-1,土壤中HCHs和DDTs的残留量均小于国家土壤环境质量一级标准;三种农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）残留量差异显著,HCHs含量最高的是玉米,DDTs和（DDTs,HCHs）最高的是马铃薯;三种农作物中HCHs和DDTs残留的风险系数均为1．1,属于低度风险,农作物中DDTs、HCHs及∑（DDTs,HCHs）的安全指数IFSc均小于1,DDTs和HCHs残留量对三种农作物安全影响的风险是可以接受的。     

陇陕片预警减灾工作的成效与做法

自 1991年长江上游水土保持重点防治区滑坡、泥石流预警系统运作以来 ,陇南陕南片成功预报和处理滑坡、泥石流险情 10 3处 ,保护人口 11 6 8万 ,避免经济和财产损失 11879 6 5万元 ,取得了良好的社会效益。主要做法及经验是 :依靠各级政府 ,健全预警网络 ;广泛深入宣传 ,增强防灾意识 ;健全管理制度 ,落实岗位职责 ;强化技术培训 ,提高业务技能 ;加强检查指导 ,现场解决问题 ;及时调查险情 ,做好技术服务 ;预防治理结合 ,注重减灾实效。     

Changes in yield and gas exchange parameters in Festulolium and alfalfa grown in pure sowing and in mixture under drought stress

Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among environmental factors, water is globally one of the most limiting for crop production. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are being observed. The aim of the study was to compare the yields and gas exchange parameters of Festulolium hybrid (Festulolium braunii (K. Richt) A. Camus) and alfalfa (Medicago?×?varia T. Martyn) under different levels of soil moisture (well-watered conditions and drought stress) and cultivation method (pure stand and mixture). The study has shown that all the measured parameters were affected by drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry mass yield were significantly lower under drought stress than under well-watered conditions in all treatment types. Alfalfa grown in a pure sowing showed the strongest reaction to stress, while hybrid Festulolium grown in mixture showed the weakest. It was also found that under stress, grass assimilated CO₂ and evaporated water much more intensively in mixture cultivation than in pure sowing. Higher water use efficiency (WUE) was observed in alfalfa and Festulolium growing in mixture only in the first year of the study.     

Cadmium Effects in Sunflower: Membrane Permeability and Changes in Catalase and Peroxidase Activity in Leaves and Calluses

Mechanisms preventing oxidative burst in cells exposed to high metal concentrations are crucial for cell survival. In this report, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was used as a model species to investigate: (a) how cadmium (Cd) affects plant defense pathways (in particular, those involved in preventing oxidative stress), and (b) whether antioxidative enzymes of plants and of in vitro cell culture (calluses) have similar responses to Cd exposure. For this experiment, plants (grown hydroponically on Long Ashton medium) and calluses (grown on Murashige and Skoog medium) were exposed for three weeks to different Cd concentrations (0, 5, 50, and 500 μ M). Solute and electrolyte leakage increased significantly with the increase in Cd concentration in the external medium and in exposed leaves, and less in exposed calluses. Cadmium exposure also reduced significantly soluble protein contents in both leaves and calluses. The activities of catalase and peroxidase decreased significantly in 50 and 500 μ M-exposed leaves compared with the control, but increased in 5 μ M-exposed calluses, decreasing in the calluses exposed 500 μ M Cd. The decrease in antioxidative enzymes activities is congruent with the decrease in membrane integrity and suggests that calluses develop antioxidant mechanisms that respond better to Cd stress than do leaves. On average, 100% of plants exposed for 21 d to 500 μ M and 95% of plants exposed for 45 d to 50 μ M Cd were dead. After 45 d, only 53% of 50 μ M-exposed calluses had died. These surviving calluses were maintained on 50 μ M for six months. Six-month-old exposed calluses had higher activities of peroxidase and catalase when compared with control calluses, as well as lower membrane degradation. These data show that calluses are more tolerant than plants to Cd exposure, and that antioxidant mechanisms under Cd exposure may differ between the two cell systems and vary with time.     

肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入与农业单产水平变化

当前,肯尼亚和中国在生产足够粮食以保障粮食安全方面都面临着严峻的挑战。尤其是对于肯尼亚而言,因为其2100年预测的人口将达到2018年的1.4倍,且其粮食生产在过去并没有大幅度的改善。而中国近些年粮食生产能力显著提高。本文系统分析了肯尼亚和中国农业资源投入、种植业和畜牧业单产水平的历史变化,以及农业资源投入与产量之间的关系,为肯尼亚粮食危机和消灭贫困提供更多的理论支撑。研究结果表明,在20世纪60年代,肯尼亚耕地、草地和降水等自然资源人均占有量比中国高2~3倍,且人均食物能量和蛋白质供应显著高于中国。当前,肯尼亚人均资源拥有量仍高出中国约30%,但是其人均食品供应和粮食自给率却远低于中国平均水平。这是由于与肯尼亚相比,中国在种植业和畜牧业长期持续的投入,大幅度地增加了种植业和畜牧业能量或蛋白质单产水平。1961-2017年,中国和肯尼亚作物蛋白的平均单产分别增加282%和44%。中国的数据表明,种植业和畜牧业单产水平与肥料、精饲料、机械和农药的投入具有显著正相关性;农牧业生产结构对单产水平的变化影响也很大,如种植业中蔬菜和水果播种面积占比,畜牧业中单胃动物饲养占比等。总的来说,农业资源投入和农业结构对生产力的提高都有很大的影响,这可能是肯尼亚提高农业生产力的潜在选择。     

1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin in Barbarea and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin in Arabidopsis and Brassica

A novel indole glucosinolate, 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin (1,4-dimethoxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate), was isolated as the desulfo derivative from roots of the P-type of Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata, and its structure was determined by spectroscopy including 2D NMR spectroscopy. 4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin (4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate) was isolated as the desulfo derivative from green siliques (fruits) of Arabidopsis thaliana and identified by comparison of its (1)H NMR spectrum with the spectrum of the known desulfoglucosinolate from Brassica napus. The delayed elution of desulfo indole glucosinolates from the DEAE Sephadex column used in sample preparation was examined, and the diode-array UV spectra of desulfo indole glucosinolates were measured, to ensure a reliable determination of 1,4-dimethoxyglucobrassicin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin with the existing analysis method based on the HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. 1,4-Dimethoxyglucobrassicin was not detected in 10 other Arabidopsis, Brassica, and Barbarea species, indicating an evolutionarily recent mutation in the indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in B. vulgaris ssp. arcuata type P.     

Fungal abundance and diversity in earthworm casts and in uningested soil

Earthworm casts and adjacent uningested soil from 30 different locations were compared to determine the abundance and diversity of fungal species. The casts contained larger fungal populations (g^-1 dry soil weight) and numbers of fungal species than the soil. Variations in these parameters between casts and soil were statistically significant (P=0.05). Fungal populations and the number of fungal species in casts and soil also varied significantly (P=0.05) between samples from different locations. A total of 27 fungal species were recorded from the casts and soil. Indices of dominance (0.084 casts; 0.14 soil) and general diversity (2.53 casts; 2.02 soil) demonstrated that the casts displayed more diverse fungal flora than the soil. The diversity of fungal species increased in earthworm casts after passing through the earthworm gut.     

云南省开展水土保持的做法与成效

云南省各级党政领导重视和支持水土保持 ,积极出台有关法规、政策 ,为搞好水土保持工作提供了保障。治理中坚持高起点要求 ,有力地推动了水保产业化建设。适应市场经济要求 ,大力发展水土保持专业户、重点户 ,调动社会各方面力量参与水土流失治理开发。介绍了具体的做法、成效及今后做好水保工作的思路。     

Aorta and liver changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing and raw vegetable-supplemented diets: experiments in vitro and in vivo

The aim of this investigation was to compare the liver and aorta changes in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets and the possible improvement when diets would be supplemented with frequently used raw vegetables. The phenolic compounds of three vegetables in methanol-water (1:1) fraction were characterized using electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI-MS). Results showed that the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, quercetin, flavanols, tannins, and ascorbic acid varied for garlic and white and red onions ranging from 6.68 to 18.08 mg GAE/g DW, 490.4-701.0 μg CE/g DW, 281.2-1100.0 μg, 32.40-41.30 μg CE/g DW, 2.88-3.12 mg CE/g DW, 1.87-2.33 mg AA/g DW, 1388.2-1442.3 μg CGE/g DW, respectively. The radical scavenging capacities (μM TE/g DW) for the same investigated vegetables for ABTS, FRAP, CUPRAC, and DPPH assays ranged from 48.78 to 92.42, 9.41-28.56, 3.06-10.41, and 6.49-23.42, respectively. Good correlations were observed between the phenolic contents and the radical scavenging capacities of the vegetables. The interaction between BSA and quercetin, BSA and garlic and onions extracts was measured by 3-dimensional fluorescence (3D-FL) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The highest polyphenol content was found in methanol/water fraction of onions and garlic; therefore, for the investigation of in vitro interactions with BSA only polyphenols of this fraction were used. For in vivo studies, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups each of 6 and named Control, Chol, Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite. During 6 weeks, the rats of all 5 groups were fed a basal diet (BD). The rats of the Control group were fed the BD only. The BD of the Chol group was supplemented with 10 g/kg of nonoxidized cholesterol (NOC). Each of the other three groups was supplemented with 10 g/kg of NOC and 500 mg of raw fresh garlic, 500 mg of raw fresh red onion, and 500 mg of raw fresh white onion on 1 kg of body weight for Chol/Garlic, Chol/OnionRed, and Chol/OnionWhite diet groups, respectively. In order to detect the changes in the liver and aorta, a histological procedure was applied, and the liver enzymes were determined and compared. It was found that the main changes vs the Control group were in the liver of rats fed the cholesterol-containing diet without vegetable supplementation. Significantly less histological changes in the liver and lower level of liver enzymes vs those of the Chol group were detected in rats of the Chol/Garlic group (P < 0.05). The interaction between the polyphenol extract of garlic and BSA in vitro showed its strong ability comparable with that of quercetin to quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. In conclusion, all studied vegetables showed protective effects, but raw garlic supplemented with cholesterol-containing diets significantly prevented the aorta and liver damages of rats.