The F4 fimbrial antigen of Escherichia coli and its receptors

F4 or K88 fimbriae are long filamentous polymeric surface proteins of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), consisting of so-called major (FaeG) and minor (FaeF, FaeH, FaeC, and probably FaeI) subunits. Several serotypes of F4 have been described, namely F4ab, F4ac, and F4ad. The F4 fimbriae allow the microorganisms to adhere to F4-specific receptors present on brush borders of villous enterocytes and consequently to colonize the small intestine. Such ETEC infections are responsible for diarrhea and mortality in neonatal and recently weaned pigs. In this review emphasis is put on the morphology, genetic configuration, and biosynthesis of F4 fimbriae. Furthermore, the localization of the different a, b, c, and d epitopes, and the localization of the receptor binding site on the FaeG major subunit of F4 get ample attention. Subsequently, the F4-specific receptors are discussed. When the three variants of F4 (F4ab, F4ac, and F4ad) are considered, six porcine phenotypes can be distinguished with regard to the brush border adhesiveness: phenotype A binds all three variants, phenotype B binds F4ab and F4ac, phenotype C binds F4ab and F4ad, phenotype D binds F4ad, phenotype E binds none of the variants, and phenotype F binds F4ab. The following receptor model is described: receptor bcd is found in phenotype A pigs, receptor bc is found in phenotype A and B pigs, receptor d is found in phenotype C and D pigs, and receptor b is found in phenotype F pigs. Furthermore, the characterization of the different receptors is described in which the bcd receptor is proposed as collection of glycoproteins with molecular masses ranging from 45 to 70 kDa, the bc receptor as two glycoproteins with molecular masses of 210 an 240 kDa, respectively, the b receptor as a glycoprotein of 74 kDa, and the d receptor as a glycosphingolipid with unknown molecular mass. Finally, the importance of F4 fimbriae and their receptors in the study of mucosal immunity in pigs is discussed.     

Main virulence factors in Escherichia coli isolates from swine over two weeks old with edema disease and/or E. coli diarrhea

The OK antigens and the fimbriae F4 of E. coli with haemolysis isolated from 113 cases of oedema disease and/or diarrhoea were identified serologically. The genes for F18 and for enterotoxins LT, STIa and STII as well as Shigatoxin Stx2e were determined by PCR. Fimbrial variants F18ab and F18ac were distinguished by means of indirect immunofluorescence on smears prepared from the intestinal mucosa and from cultures grown under appropriate conditions. Adhesive fimbriae were detected with every case or isolate, respectively, by means of at least one out of the techniques mentioned above. The serogroup O149:K91 with fimbriae F4ac (K88ac) and genes for the enterotoxins LT and STII was most prevalent. Serogroup O139:K12 with fimbriae F18ab and the gene for Stx2e was second, whereas serogroups O141ab and O141ac with fimbriae F18ac and genes for Stx2e, STII and often LT were much less prevalent. The serogroup O147:K89 with fimbriae F18ac, and genes for STIa and STII was detected for the first time in Switzerland.     

Purification and characterization of the fimbria F18ac (2134P) isolated from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)

The adhesin F18ac purified on Sepharose CL 4B column chromatography and SDS-PAGE stained with Coomassie Blue and Western blotting using specific anti-F18ac serum presented one band of approximately 17kDa. Gold immunolabeling revealed that the adhesin F18ac has a fimbrial structure on the bacterial surface. The first 27 amino acid residues of the N-terminal portion of the adhesin F18ac, showed 92.5% homology (25 amino acids) with the F107 (F18ab) fimbriae.     

华东地区部分猪源大肠杆菌K88黏附素的生物学特性

近年来，从华东地区患腹泻仔猪中分离到一些表达K88菌毛的大肠杆菌，这些菌株只与K88a因子单抗反应，而不与b、c、d因子单抗反应。通过K88常规血清交叉吸收试验、SDS-PAGE、Western印迹，表明这些菌株不仅与K88ac参考菌株C83907制备的c因子血清反应，而且与以分离株SEC586制备且经K88ab、K88ac、K88ad参考菌株吸收后的血清也反应。对分离株SEC586、SEC464的K88主要亚单位结构基因faeG的克隆、测序，发现该基因由846对核苷酸组成，编码菌毛主要亚单位的262个氨基酸及21个氨基酸的信号肽，比国外报道的K88ac FaeG亚单位（263个氨基酸）少了1个氨基酸，比K88ab、K88ad（265个氨基酸）少了3个氨基酸。SEC586、SEC464菌株的FaeG亚单位氨基酸序列的同源性为97．7％，它们与K88ac的同源性为94．7％和96．2％；与K88ab的同源性为90．1％和91．2％；与K88ad的同源性为87．0％和88，6％。结果表明，新分离的K88ac大肠杆菌黏附素主要亚单位已发生了部分变异。     

Prevalence of virulence factors of Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrheic and healthy piglets after weaning.

This study determined the prevalence of F4, F5, F6, F17 and F41 fimbriae and the genes for FedA (F18 fimbriae), LT and ST enterotoxins, and Shiga toxins Stx1, Stx2 and Stx2e among E. coli isolated from 372 weaned pigs with diarrhea and 46 healthy pigs of the same age. Agglutination tests showed that most isolates were negative for all five fimbrial antigens. The F4 antigen was found in 71 (19.1%) and the F5, F6, or F41 antigen was detected in 6.4% of isolates from diseased pigs. Genes for the F18 fimbriae were detected in 10 (2.7%) strains from diarrheic pigs and in 1 of 46 isolates from healthy pigs. Most isolates (213, 57.3%) from pigs with diarrhea were positive for LTI only or for LTI and STI or Stx2e toxin genes. Fifteen strains (13.7%) possessed only the STI or STII toxin genes. All F4-positive bacteria had genes for LTI or LTI and STI, whereas F18-positive isolates had genes for LTI, LTI/STI, or LTI/Stx2e. Of the strains isolated from diseased pigs, 264 (71.0%) were negative for the fimbrial antigens (genes) examined in this study. The fimbria-negative isolates frequently possessed genetic determinants for LTI (118, 31.7%) or for STII (16, 4.3%) enterotoxins.     

大肠杆菌F18菌毛F亚单位基因的多样性分析

根据已经发表的F18ab菌毛F亚单位(FedF/ab)的基因(fedF/ab),设计一对引物,利用PCR技术从本实验室保存的10株大肠杆菌(F107/86、YCED1、YCED2、C、D、E、12F、2134P、8199、8813)中分别扩增到一段序列,并克隆至pGEM_T载体,获得重组质粒TF107F、TYCED1F、TYCED2F、TCF、TDF、TEF、T12FF、T8813F、T8199F、T2134PF。琼脂糖凝胶电泳、序列测定及分析表明,该10个序列大小均为903bp。通过与已发表的fedF/ab进行比较,可将这10个菌株分为2个主要遗传分支;其中F107/86、YCED1、YCED2、C、D、12F与fedF/ab具有高度同源性,属于fedF/ab;另外E、8813、8199、2134P虽与fedF/ab具有99.4%的同源性,推导的氨基酸序列具有98.3%的同源性,但通过基因树分析证明其已成为一个单独的分支,属于fedF/ac。     

Active oral immunization of suckling piglets to prevent colonization after weaning by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli with fimbriae F18

Immunoprophylaxis of porcine oedema disease and post-weaning diarrhoea caused by strains of Escherichia coli expressing fimbriae F18 is an unsolved problem. The study was designed to examine whether vaccination with a live F18ac vaccine of unweaned pigs born to sows with F18ac antibody in the colostrum requires preformed fimbriae in the vaccine, and whether protection against the heterologous fimbrial variant F18ab is induced as well. Genetically susceptible pigs were vaccinated orally on three consecutive days, beginning 10 days before weaning with 10(11) CFU of an F18ac culture. Challenge with a dose of 10(7) CFU of E. coli F18 on three consecutive days was initiated 9 or 11 days after weaning. Eighteen pigs given the fimbriated F18ac vaccine and challenged with a strain of the homologous fimbrial variant were protected against colonization; mean faecal viable counts of the challenge strain were >3 log10 lower than those from the 17 non-vaccinated control pigs. The vaccinated pigs developed a significant rise of F18ac IgA serum antibodies. The 23 pigs which had received the non-fimbriated vaccine showed no significant protection and exhibited much lower serum F18ac IgA ELISA reactivities. Eighteen pigs vaccinated with the fimbriated F18ac and challenged with an F18ab strain had faecal viable counts nearly as high as those from 16 non-vaccinated control pigs. It is concluded that only oral vaccines having preformed fimbriae induce protection limited to the homologous fimbrial variant.     

致病性F18大肠杆菌黏附素受体易感性仔猪的体外鉴定

在PCR-RFLP方法分析了不同猪个体FUT1基因M307位点等位基因多态性的基础上，制备M307位点为GG和AG2种类型仔猪小肠上皮细胞分别与表达F18ab菌毛的野生型大肠杆菌、表达F18ac菌毛含fed操纵子全基因的重组大肠杆菌及表面分泌表达F18ab菌毛FedF亚单位的重组大肠杆菌进行体外黏附和黏附抑制试验。结果表明，上述野生菌或重组菌对GG和AG2种基因型的30～35日龄断奶仔猪小肠上皮细胞均具有较好的黏附能力。上述3种大肠杆菌分别与抗F18ab纯菌毛血清、F18ac纯菌毛血清及抗F18ab菌毛FedF亚单位单因子血清作用后．则丢失黏附小肠上皮细胞能力。而GG基因型的3日龄仔猪小肠上皮细胞不能很好的黏附上述野生菌或重组菌．但是可以很好地黏附表达987P菌毛的大肠杆菌。     

Resistance to ETEC F4/F18–mediated piglet diarrhoea: opening the gene black box

Diarrhoea, a significant problem in pig rearing industry affecting pre- and post-weaning piglets is caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). The ETEC are classified as per the fimbriae types which are responsible for bacterial attachment with enterocytes and release of toxins causing diarrhoea. However, genetic difference exists for susceptibility to ETEC infection in piglets. The different phenotypes found in pigs determine their (pigs’) susceptibility or resistance towards fimbrial subtypes/variants (F4ab, F4ac, F4ad and F18). Specific receptors are present on intestinal epithelium for attachment of these fimbriae, which do not express to same level in all animals. This differential expression is genetically determined and thus their genetic causes (may be putative candidate gene or mutations) render some animals resistant or susceptible to one or more fimbrial subtypes. Genetic linkage studies have revealed the mapping location of the receptor loci for the two most frequent variants F4ab and F4ac to SSC13q41 (i.e. q arm of 13th chromosome of Sus scrofa). Some SNPs have been identified in mucin gene family, transferring receptor gene, fucosyltransferase 1 gene and swine leucocyte antigen locus that are proposed to be linked mutations for resistance/susceptibility towards ETEC diarrhoea. However, owing to the variety of fimbrial types and subtypes, it would be difficult to identify a single causative mutation and the candidate loci may involve more number of genes/regions. In this review, we focus on the genetic mutations in genes involved in imparting resistance/susceptibility to F4 or F18 ETEC diarrhoea and possibilities to use them as marker for selection against susceptible animals.

     

Antigen dose modulates the immunoglobulin isotype responses of pigs against intramuscularly administered F4-fimbriae

Parenteral immunisation normally induces a systemic antibody response characterised by high IgG and low IgA responses. In the present study, the effect of different doses of F4-fimbriae on the isotype-specific antibody response after intramuscular immunisation was studied in pigs. Pigs were injected twice with a 9 weeks interval with either 1, 0.1 or 0.01 mg of F4-ETEC fimbriae. The dose of 1mg F4 induced significantly lower primary F4-specific IgG and IgM responses than the doses of 0.1 and 0.01 mg F4, but primed for an enhanced F4-specific IgM serum antibody response after the booster immunisation. Furthermore, the dose of 0.1mg induced the highest F4-specific IgA serum response which was significantly higher than after injection with 0.01 and 1mg F4. Moreover, both lower doses (0.1 and 0.01 mg) showed a higher number of F4-specific IgA and IgG antibody secreting cells (ASC) in the local draining lymph nodes of the pigs. This study demonstrated that low doses of purified F4-ETEC fimbriae, especially the 0.1mg dose, are optimal for inducing F4-specific IgA responses after IM immunisation.     

The use of polymerase chain reaction for determination of virulence factors of Escherichia coli strains isolated from pigs in Poland.

E. coli strains isolated from pigs with postweaning diarrhea or edema disease were tested by phenotypic and genotypic methods for the presence of virulence antigens and genes, respectively. The slide agglutination and ELISA analyses were used for determination of F4, F5, F6, F17, and F41 fimbriae whereas the prevalence of fimbrial fedA and toxin eltI, estI, estII, stx1, stx2 and stx2e genes were recorded by the means of PCR. Only F4 antigen (ac variant) was found in strains of the serogroup O149:K91 isolated from pigs with diarrhea. PCR analyses showed that the fedA gene encoding F18 fimbriae was present in 61.9% of strains isolated from pigs with diarrhea and in 84.2% of strains isolated from pigs with edema disease. The eltI genes encoding heat-labile toxin I (LTI) were present only in 9 out of 21 strains recovered from pigs with diarrhea. Shiga toxin 2 variant (stx2e) genes were found in six isolates from edema disease and also in one strain from diarrhea. The PCR test used in the study was a sensitive and valuable method for determination of virulence factors of E. coli strains.     

Protection against neonatal Escherichia coli diarrhoea in pigs by vaccination of sows with a new vaccine that contains purified enterotoxic E. coli virulence factors F4ac, F4ab, F5 and F6 fimbrial antigens and heat-labile E. coli enterotoxin (LT) toxoid

The efficacy of a new vaccine against neonatal Escherichia coli diarrhoea in piglets containing purified F4ab, F4ac, F5 and F6 fimbriae and detoxified heat-labile toxin (LT) was tested in challenge experiments by the method described by the European Pharmacopoeia (3rd edn, EDQM, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France). A group of 11 young sows from a herd without E. coli problems was vaccinated 6-8 and 2-4 weeks prior to expected farrowing and another group of nine young sows were non-vaccinated controls. Escherichia coli antibody titres were determined in serum samples taken from the sows before first vaccination and before farrowing and in colostrum samples. The newborn piglets were allowed to suckle colostrum from their mother immediately after birth. The piglets were marked with individually numbered ear tags. Approximately 12 h after birth, 118 piglets from vaccinated sows and 79 piglets from non-vaccinated control sows were challenged by oral instillation of 5 ml of a freshly prepared culture of one of the challenge strains [O8:K87:F4ab (LT+) or O149:K91:F4ac (LT+) or O9:K30:F5 or O9:K103:F6 respectively]. The challenge cultures contained as a mean 6.8x10(9) CFU/ml. After challenge the piglets were observed for 7 days and mortality and morbidity were recorded. Vaccinated sows developed significant levels of antibody titres in colostrum and serum. Control sows stayed at a low/seronegative level. The protective efficacy was excellent because 66.7-87.5% of the piglets from vaccinated sows remained without clinical signs after challenge. Only 0.0-28.0% of the piglets from non-vaccinated sows remained healthy and more than 47.1% of the piglets in this group died after challenge. It is concluded that the new vaccine is very effective in protection of piglets against neonatal E. coli diarrhoea.     

大肠杆菌F18菌毛A亚单位基因的多样性分析

根据已经发表的大肠杆菌F18ab菌毛A亚单位(FedA／ab)的基因序列(fedA／ab)设计1对引物，利用PCR技术从本实验室保存的10株大肠杆菌(F107／86、YCED1、YCED2、C、D、E、12F、2134P、8199、8813)中分别扩增到一段序列．并克隆至pGEM-T载体，获得重组质粒TF107A、TYCED1A、TYCED2A、TCA、TDA、TEA、T12FA、T8813A、T8199A、T2134PA。通过序列测定，并与已发表的fedA／ab进行比较、基因树分析，可将这10个菌株分为2个基因群，其中F107／86、YCED1、YCED2、C、D、12F与fedA／ab具有高度同源性，属于fedA／ab．大小为513bp；E、8813、8199、2134P构成另一单独的分支，属于fedA／ac．大小为516bp。     

大肠杆菌F18ac菌毛F亚单位基因的克隆与序列分析

根据已经发表的F18ab菌毛F亚单位(FedF／ab)的基因(fedF／ab),设计一对引物,利用PCR技术从表达F18ac菌毛的大肠杆菌2134P株、8199株、8813株中分别扩增到一段序列,并克隆至pGEM—T载体,获得重组质粒T8813F、T8199F、T2134PF。琼脂糖凝胶电泳、序列测定及分析表明,该3个序列大小均为903bp,与fedF／ab大小一致且具有较高的同源性(99．4％),推导的FedF／ac氨基酸序列与FedF／ab同源性为98．3％。数据表明该实验所克隆的序列均为F18ac菌毛F亚单位(FedF／ac)的基因(fedF／ac)。     

Immune responses elicited in mice with recombinant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactococcus lactis</Emphasis> expressing F4 fimbrial adhesin FaeG by oral immunization

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major pathogenic agent causing piglet diarrhea. The major subunit and adhesin FaeG of F4⁺ ETEC is an important virulence factor with strong immunogenicity. To determine whether Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) could effectively deliver FaeG to the mucosal immune system, recombinant L. lactis expressing FaeG was constructed, and immune responses in mice following oral route delivery of recombinant L. lactis were explored. The production of FaeG expressed in L. lactis was up to approximately 10% of soluble whole-cell proteins, and recombinant FaeG (rFaeG) possessed good immunoreactivity by Western blot analysis. Oral immunization with recombinant L. lactis expressing FaeG induced F4-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses in the mice. In addition, high dose recombinant L. lactis or co-administration of high dose recombinant L. lactis with CTB enhanced the immune responses. These results suggested that L. lactis expressing FaeG was a promising candidate vaccine against ETEC.     

Effect of antibodies to type 1 fimbriae on clearance of fimbriated Escherichia coli from the bloodstream of turkeys

Young turkeys (n = 20) were inoculated IV with fimbriated, virulent Escherichia coli ECl (O78:K80: H9:F1). Blood samples were collected for bacterial quantitation at postinoculation minutes (PIM) 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60. Immediately after the PIM 30 sampling, the turkeys were allotted into 4 groups (5 turkeys/group) and were injected IV with 1 of the following antisera: group 1, antibodies to F1 fimbriae (AF); group 2, antibodies to E coli O78 antigen (AO); group 3, antibodies to live, fimbriated (F1+) homologous E coli (ALEC); or group 4, normal turkey serum (NTS) collected from a healthy turkey. Compared with NTS, ALEC and AO caused a significant reduction in blood-borne E coli, whereas AF did not reduce bacterial numbers. In addition, 2 groups of 10 turkeys were inoculated IV with live, F1+ or nonfimbriated (F1-) E coli ECl. Numbers of viable bacteria were determined in blood samples and liver specimens collected 2 minutes after inoculation. Compared with F1- bacteria, significantly more F1+ bacteria were found in liver specimens and significantly fewer F1+ bacteria were found in blood samples. Results indicated that antibodies to F1 fimbriae do not enhance clearance of F1+ E coli from the bloodstream of turkeys probably because F1+ bacteria are selectively cleared by the liver, even without antibody.     

仔猪产肠毒素大肠杆菌F4受体研究进展

猪肠毒素大肠杆菌F4(ETEC F4)是引起1～2周龄仔猪黄、白痢最普遍、危害最大的大肠杆菌。ETEC F4能否致病,决定于猪的小肠上皮细胞有无ETEC F4受体。本文综述了ETEC F4的黏附模式,F4特异受体在猪小肠中的分布,受体的生化特性,受体编码基因的定位、克隆现状及存在的问题,并对今后F4受体的研究方向及应用前景进行了展望。     

Prevalence of enterotoxigenic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> virulence genes from scouring piglets in Zimbabwe

World-wide, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC)-induced diarrhea are economically important for porcine producers. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of toxin and fimbrial genes among E. coli isolated from diarrheic piglets from randomly selected piggeries in Zimbabwe.We used multiplex PCR for screening STa, STb, LT, and Stx-2e toxins. Subsequently F4, F5, F6, F18 and F41 fimbriae genes were screened in toxin positive isolates. Toxin positive strains lacking tested fimbriae genes were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, agglutination and agglutination inhibition tests. Approximately 32% of the 1,984 isolates tested positive for STa, STb, LT or Stx-2e genes. Of these, approximately 81% had F4, F5, F6, F18 or F41 fimbriae genes. The remaining toxin positive strains lacked tested fimbriae genes and appeared to either express F1-like fimbriae, or lacked fimbriae. The data constitute an important framework for implementation of prevention measures, such as using relevant fimbriae-based vaccines against ETEC induced diarrhea or VTEC-induced edema.     

Protection Against Neonatal Escherichia coli Diarrhoea in Pigs by Vaccination of Sows with a New Vaccine that Contains Purified Enterotoxic E. coli Virulence Factors F4ac,F4ab,F5 and F6 Fimbrial Antigens and Heat‐Labile E. coli Enterotoxin (LT) Toxoid

The efficacy of a new vaccine against neonatal Escherichia coli diarrhoea in piglets containing purified F4ab, F4ac, F5 and F6 fimbriae and detoxified heat‐labile toxin (LT) was tested in challenge experiments by the method described by the European Pharmacopoeia (3rd edn, EDQM, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France). A group of 11 young sows from a herd without E. coli problems was vaccinated 6–8 and 2–4 weeks prior to expected farrowing and another group of nine young sows were non‐vaccinated controls. Escherichia coli antibody titres were determined in serum samples taken from the sows before first vaccination and before farrowing and in colostrum samples. The newborn piglets were allowed to suckle colostrum from their mother immediately after birth. The piglets were marked with individually numbered ear tags. Approximately 12 h after birth, 118 piglets from vaccinated sows and 79 piglets from non‐vaccinated control sows were challenged by oral instillation of 5 ml of a freshly prepared culture of one of the challenge strains [O8:K87:F4ab (LT+) or O149:K91:F4ac (LT+) or O9:K30:F5 or O9:K103:F6 respectively]. The challenge cultures contained as a mean 6.8 × 10⁹ CFU/ml. After challenge the piglets were observed for 7 days and mortality and morbidity were recorded. Vaccinated sows developed significant levels of antibody titres in colostrum and serum. Control sows stayed at a low/seronegative level. The protective efficacy was excellent because 66.7–87.5% of the piglets from vaccinated sows remained without clinical signs after challenge. Only 0.0–28.0% of the piglets from non‐vaccinated sows remained healthy and more than 47.1% of the piglets in this group died after challenge. It is concluded that the new vaccine is very effective in protection of piglets against neonatal E. coli diarrhoea.     

大肠杆菌菌毛基因多重PCR检测方法的建立与初步应用

为建立一种可以同时扩增大肠杆菌(E.coli)F4、F5、F6、F41和F18菌毛基因保守序列的多重PCR检测方法,本研究设计合成5对分别针对F4、F5、F6、F41和F18菌毛基因的特异性引物,以具有相应菌毛基因的E.coli参考菌株DNA为模板,通过对多重PCR反应条件的优化,建立了检测F4、F5、F6、F41和F18菌毛基因的多重PCR方法。所建立的多重PCR方法能够特异性扩增F4、F5、F6、F41、F18菌毛基因的目的片段,大小分别为770 bp、533 bp、422 bp、643 bp和1140 bp,该方法对沙门氏菌、猪丹毒杆菌、巴氏杆菌以及无菌毛基因的E.coli等参考菌株均无特异性扩增片段,检出F4、F5、F6、F41和F18菌毛基因的最低活菌浓度分别为5.3×10^5cfu/mL、3.7×10^6cfu/mL、3.1×10^5cfu/mL、3.7×10^7cfu/mL、6.9×10^5cfu/mL。用不同批次的引物和试剂进行3次多重PCR检测均能扩增出目的条带,表明建立的多重PCR方法有很好的批内和批间重复性。对90株大肠杆菌临床分离菌株菌毛基因进行检测,F4阳性率为3.33%,F5阳性率为2.22%,未检测到F6、F41和F18阳性菌株,其检测结果与常规单一PCR的检测结果一致。研究表明:建立的E.coli菌毛基因多重PCR分型方法具有很好的特异性、敏感性和重复性,可用于E.coli分离菌株菌毛基因型的快速鉴定,同时提高了检测效率。