刨切机与旋切机、刨切单板与旋切单板的比较

主要对刨切机与旋切机、刨切单板与旋切单板进行比较,并指出提高刨切单板和旋切单板质量的方法,介绍了国内大型木工机械刨切机和旋切机的主要产品及其型号和技术参数.     

Composition and structure of organosolv lignins from four eucalypt species

Lignins were extracted from different species using organosolv process (ethanol/water). Obtained organosolv lignins were characterised by various methods to determine their composition, structure and functional groups with the purpose of evaluating their potential use for obtaining value-added compounds. The purity of organosolv lignins was determined. The total phenols content and the antioxidant power were analysed in order to know the reactivity of lignins. The ratio S/G was determined by nitrobenzene oxidation. In addition, molecular weight distribution, infrared spectroscopy and thermo gravimetrical analysis were carried out in order to determine the physical and chemical properties of organosolv lignins. Obtained organosolv lignins have very high purity and low sugar and inorganic contamination. All organosolv lignins samples have high polydispersity, and lignin from grey ironbark wood had the highest molecular weight average. Among the organosolv lignins, lemon-scented gum showed the highest average value of S/G ratio and the lowest average value of total phenols.     

无卡轴旋切机的结构、使用和维护

介绍了简易无卡轴旋切机的结构、传动装置及使用要求,分析了旋切单板的质量缺陷及旋切机故障原因,给出了故障排除方法。     

桉树旋切单板外观质量研究

以广西冷寒区的几个桉树树种的人工林为研究对象,对比分析不同树种的桉木旋切单板外观质量特性以及林分密度对其影响。结果表明：在树种的单板外观质量如针节、活节、死节、孔洞、端裂等方面,各树种之间均差异显著;同样林分密度对其影响也很显著,高林分密度有利于单板外观质量改善;单板外观质量性状聚类分析结果表明：邓恩桉、本沁桉、柳桉、尾巨桉单板材性相近,而粗皮桉和巨桉显著地区别于其他树种;依据外观质量综合评价结果,适合于冷寒区发展的桉树胶合板材培育的有柳桉、邓恩桉、大花序桉、本沁桉树种,以柳桉为最优选择。     

广东省电白县5年生山地木麻黄种源试验及评选

山地木麻黄(CasuarinajunghuhnianaMiq.)原产于印度尼西亚,属木麻黄科(Casuarinaceae),树干通直,生长快,抗干旱,耐水湿,可生长于多种类型土壤,成熟林木高可达35m,胸径可达65～100cm。其天然分布为7°～10°S,110°～127°E,海拔1000～3100m的山地,但海平面附近地区也有出现,降水为夏雨型,年降水量为700～1500mm,有的高达2000mm,年平均气温13～28℃。山地木麻黄木材热值高,适于作薪材、木炭产品、建筑用材、矿柱和电杆等。国内外对山地木麻黄的研究主要涉及分类、分布、引种和生长表现[1～11]。1985年,中澳合作项目ACIAR8457我国首次引进…     

Water stress and seedling growth of two eucalypt species from contrasting habitats

Seedlings of Eucalyptus maculata Hook (mesic environment) and E. brockwayi C.A. Gardn. (arid environment) were supplied 100, 70 or 40% of their water requirements estimated from leaf area and the water used by well-watered seedlings. Restricting water supply caused large differences in growth rates, which were related to large differences in total leaf area. There was a fivefold range of variation in number of leaves per plant, and a reduction of up to 20% in average leaf size as a consequence of restricting water supply. Eucalyptus maculata seedlings produced more dry matter than E. brockwayi seedlings, but net assimilation rate was higher in E. brockwayi seedlings. Transpiration rates were also higher in E. brockwayi than in E. maculata. Leaf expansion was analyzed as a function of water stress integral (S(Psi)), which is the cumulative integral over time of predawn water potential below a datum. The leaf area achieved at any stress level was not uniquely dependent on total S(Psi), there was a secondary effect associated with reduced leaf growth caused by previous stress. At any value of S(Psi), reductions in leaf growth of water-stressed seedlings relative to leaf growth of well-watered control seedlings were greater in E. maculata seedlings than in E. brockwayi. Treatment differences in both species showed that, within the levels of stress applied, a moderate water stress over a long period of time was more detrimental to dry matter production than a severe stress for a short time.     

Soil temperature,gas exchange and nitrogen status of 5-year-old Norway spruce seedlings

Five-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings were subjected to three simulated growing seasons in controlled environment chambers. Plants were acclimated to a soil temperature of 16 degrees C during the first and third growing seasons, but were allocated at random to soil temperature treatments of 9, 13, 18 and 21 degrees C during the second growing season. Low soil temperature during the second growing season depressed stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate (A) per unit of projected leaf area, although intercellular CO2 concentrations did not differ significantly between treatments. At all soil temperatures, total chlorophyll concentration first decreased and then increased, although the rate of increase and the final concentration increased with soil temperature, which may explain the effect of soil temperature on A. Neither chlorophyll a/b ratio nor leaf nitrogen concentration was significantly affected by soil temperature. Treatment differences disappeared during the third simulated growing season when plants were again acclimated to a soil temperature of 16 degrees C.     

不同培育措施下人工林杨木旋切单板和胶合板质量的研究

本文以生长在长江 3种滩地类型 (江滩、洲滩、湖滩 )、3种栽植密度 ( 3m× 4m ,4m× 5m ,5m× 6m)下的 3个品系人工林杨树木材 [欧美杨无性系 72杨 (Populus×euramericanacv .Ⅰ - 72 / 58) ,美洲黑杨无性系 63杨 (P .deltoidescv .Ⅰ - 63/ 51)和 69杨 (P .deltoidescv .Ⅰ - 69/ 55) ]为对象 ,探讨了不同培育措施下人工林杨木旋切单板、胶合板质量。结果表明 :长江滩地 72、63、69杨生材旋切均能获得较低的单板厚度偏差和背面裂隙率与较高的胶合强度 ,但不同培育措施对胶事板的胶合质量有不同程度的影响。在 0 .0 5检验水平下 ,72、63、69杨 0 .0 1mm厚对单板背面裂隙率和胶合强度差异不显著 ;滩地类型对 72、63、69杨单板背面裂隙率影响不显著 ,对胶合强度影响均达显著 ;栽植密度对 72杨单板质量和胶合强度影响较显著 ,对 63、69杨单板质量影响较显著 ,对胶合强度影响不显著     

结构用慈竹单板层积材的制备工艺与性能

以慈竹和毛竹为材料,采用竹材纤维可控分离技术,在去除竹青和竹黄后,制造竹材单板层积材,并测定板材的性能.结果表明:以去青黄竹材压制单板层积材的性能,高于未处理竹材;慈竹单板层积材的性能高于毛竹;随着密度的增大,30 mm厚慈竹单板层积材的力学强度提高,可达到集装箱底板用胶合板和风电叶片材料的标准要求.     

美国的工程木材行业

工程术材行业是一个多样化的部门。该行业制造刨花板、MDF、OSB、华夫板、胶合板及单板等多种板材，有些公司还生产更高附加值的产品，如屋顶桁架、胶合层积木构件、金属或塑料贴面的胶合板等等。     

Growth characteristics, stress-wave velocity, and Pilodyn penetration of 15 clones of 12-year-old Tectona grandis trees planted at two different sites in Indonesia

Tree improvement programs for teak (Tectona grandis) have mainly focused on breeding of trees with superior growth characteristics. However, improvement in wood quality should be included in breeding programs for high yield and high quality timber. In the present study, growth characteristics [stem diameter (D), tree height (H), and bole volume (V)], stress-wave velocity (SWV), and Pilodyn penetration (Py) were measured for 15 clones of 12-year-old teak trees planted at two different sites in Indonesia to clarify the variations in tree growth characteristics, SWV, and Py among clones, their repeatability, interaction between genotype and environment, and correlations between measured characteristics. Significant differences of all measured characteristics were found among 15 clones at both sites. Their repeatability showed relatively moderate to high values in both sites. These results indicate that these characteristics are closely related to genetic factors. Significant interaction between genotype and environment was found in all measured characteristics. In addition, SWV and Py showed lower interaction between genotype and environment than growth characteristics. No significant correlation was found between growth characteristics and SWV. These results suggest that wood properties and growth characteristics of teak trees can be improved by application of an appropriate tree breeding program.     

Avian assemblages in eucalypt forests,plantations and pastures in northern NSW,Australia

Eucalypt plantations are expanding rapidly in Australia, and their value for native fauna requires investigation. The relative conservation value of young eucalypt plantations was investigated through assessment of avifauna richness, abundance and composition using transect surveys incorporating point counts in five broad habitat types—dryland forests, riparian forests, dryland plantations, riparian plantations, and riparian pastures (strips of riparian vegetation surrounded by pastures). A total of 73 species were recorded during formal surveys. Species richness and abundance were comparable among all habitat types except dryland plantations, which supported fewer species and in lower numbers. The avifauna assemblage differed according to broad habitat types. Forest habitats (dryland and riparian) harboured more forest- and woodland-dependent species, and a greater abundance of nectarivores and insectivores. Riparian plantations supported a similar number of forest- and woodland-dependent species to forest habitats, but also retained some open-country species. Riparian pastures had the highest cumulative species richness, reflecting a diverse mix of forest- and woodland-dependent birds and open-country species. It was the preferred habitat type for granivores and vertebrate eaters. Dryland plantations were dominated by common species and omnivores, and supported fewer forest- and woodland-dependent birds, insectivores and frugivores compared with other habitat types. The presence of riparian strips increased avifauna diversity and abundance in plantations and pastures to a greater extent than predicted by the proportional area of riparian habitat. The importance of riparian habitats needs to be recognised and incorporated into management policies if biodiversity conservation is to be an objective of plantation establishment.     

Drought tolerance, growth partitioning and vigor in eucalypt seedlings and rooted cuttings

To clarify the physiological basis of productivity differences among rooted cuttings and seedlings of eucalypt species, relationships between morphology and water relations were examined in 4-month-old seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, E. urophylla S.T. Blake and E. cloeziana F. Muell. and in 4-month-old rooted cuttings of three E. grandis cultivars. Four-month-old seedlings had greater dry weights, lower leaf area/root dry weight (LA/RDW) ratios and lower shoot/root dry weight (S/R) ratios than 4-month-old rooted cuttings. For all cultivars of E. grandis, tall rooted cuttings, as defined by height at age 4 weeks, had greater dry weights by age 4 months and lower LA/RDW and S/R ratios than short rooted cuttings. There were differences in height growth, dry matter productivity and relative shoot and root development among cuttings of different E. grandis cultivars, but these differences were not as great as the differences between short and tall grades of the same cultivar and between seedlings and cuttings. Consistent with the differences in LA/RDW and S/R ratios, seedlings had higher daytime water potentials (Psi(x)) than cuttings, and tall cuttings had higher daytime values of Psi(x) than short cuttings. Differences in Psi(x) were also related to stomatal conductance (g(wv)), which was up to 300% greater in short cuttings than in tall cuttings. Among seedlings, those of E. cloeziana, which had the smallest dry weight at age 4 months, had the highest g(wv), whereas those of E. grandis, which had the greatest dry weight at age 4 months, had the lowest g(wv). Unlike seedlings and the tall cuttings, short cuttings lost turgor when subjected to drought. The differences observed in susceptibility to water stress may account in part for the associated differences in dry matter production. Xylem pressure potential and relative water deficit at zero turgor did not differ significantly among the types of plants studied, which suggests that differences in growth rates were not the result of differences in dehydration tolerance.     

Phosphorus,nitrogen and potassium nutrition on Calonectria leaf blight in eucalypt plants

Calonectria pteridis causes Calonectria leaf blight (CLB), and consequently severe defoliation in eucalypt plantations, which results in losses in wood volume. To reduce the negative impacts of this disease in eucalypt, this study aimed to assess the application of different doses and combinations of the macronutrients N, P and K on the percentage of symptomatic leaf area (SLA) and defoliation induced by the pathogen. Cuttings of a clone of Eucalyptus grandis were transplanted to pots containing soil that received different dose combinations of N, P and K, according to an incomplete factorial design. At 200 days after transplanting, leaf samples were analysed for N, P and K contents, and then, the plants were inoculated. Forty‐five days post‐inoculation, SLA and percentage of defoliation were quantified. Potassium doses above 75 mg/dm³ of soil significantly reduced SLA and defoliation. The influence of N and P on defoliation was dependent on K doses, but both reduced symptomatic leaf area. The best control of the disease, expressed by decreased defoliation and symptomatic leaf area, was achieved with leaf content of N, P and K of 9.8, 0.8 and 10.4 g per kg leaf, respectively, obtained with doses of 55, 82.5 and 143 mg/dm³of soil, respectively. Therefore, N, P and K nutrition can be a component of an integrated management programme for the control of CLB in eucalypts.     

Wildfire and salvage harvesting effects on runoff generation and sediment exports from radiata pine and eucalypt forest catchments, south-eastern Australia

This study examined the effect of wildfire and salvage harvesting on runoff generation and sediment exports from three small forest catchments in south-eastern Australia. In 2006, wildfire burnt a radiata pine catchment and two adjacent natural eucalypt forest catchments which formed part of a long-term hydrological research project. Subsequently, only the pine plantation catchment was salvage harvested. The combined effect of fire and salvage harvesting in the pine catchment caused a substantial increase in runoff compared to the burnt eucalypt forest catchments and pre-fire conditions, particularly in response to high intensity, short duration summer storms. Post-fire maximum suspended sediment concentrations from fixed-interval sampling greatly exceeded pre-fire values for both eucalypt and pine catchments, while sediment (suspended and bedload) exported from the pine catchment exceeded each of the eucalypt catchments by a minimum of 180 and 33 times. However, the export increase was probably closer to 320 and 71 times based on a survey of eroded channels in the pine catchment combined with measured post-survey exports. Notably, seven summer storm events accounted for approximately 80% of the pine catchment sediment yield. Hillslope process measurements indicated that the highest runoff velocities occurred in log drag-lines formed by cable harvesting, while soil water repellency was more extensive in the harvested pine catchment than in the adjacent eucalypt catchment. The latter effect probably resulted from higher burn severity in the pines combined with reduced soil moisture due to less shading after harvesting. Runoff modelling indicated that the log drag-lines acted as an extension to the drainage network and increased peak flows at the harvested catchment outlet by 48% for a high intensity summer storm event, while substantial reductions in modelled runoff were achieved through increasing the hillslope surface roughness coefficient. It is recommended that post-fire salvage operations should avoid the formation of log drag-lines when using cable harvest techniques and maximise surface cover to limit increases to runoff, erosion and catchment sediment exports.     

炼山对二代5年生杉木幼林生长的影响

在福建南平对炼山和不炼山的第2代5年生杉木幼林生长进行对比研究,结果表明,2种处理杉木平均胸径年均生长量均在1.70 cm以上,平均树高年均生长量均在1.00 m以上;炼山处理杉木的生长量略高于不炼山,但它们之间的差异不显著。     

Relationships of anatomical characteristics versus shrinkage and collapse properties in plantation-grown eucalypt wood from China

To explore the influence of the basic density on collapse-type shrinkage properties and to quantify the relationships of the main anatomical features with shrinkage and collapse properties, all above-mentioned parameters were determined and analyzed for three species of collapse-susceptible eucalypts, Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus grandis, and E. urophylla × E. grandis, planted in South China. The correlation coefficients were also determined and the corresponding regression equations were established with the anatomical parameters measured by using multiple linear regression. The results indicated that: (1) basic density was strongly positively linearly related to both unit tangential shrinkage (r = 0.970) and unit radial shrinkage (r = 0.959), weakly positively related to total shrinkage (r = 0.656 and 0.640 for tangential and radial, respectively), and weakly negatively related to residual collapse (r = 0.632 and 0.616 for tangential and radial, respectively). (2) The main factors affecting unit shrinkage were cell wall proportion (WP), microfibril angle (MFA), and double fiber cell wall thickness (DWT); factors playing an important role in total shrinkage were WP, ray parenchyma proportion (RP), and MFA, while RP had the highest effect on residual collapse (r = 0.949 and 0.860 for tangential and radial, respectively). (3) All corresponding regression models obtained were very suitable for the evaluation of relationships between the anatomical parameters and unit shrinkage, total shrinkage, and residual collapse, as measured using a moisture content of 28% as the fiber saturation point for all specimens.     

杨木旋切及单板质量与木材性质关系的研究

试验检测了七个品系杨树木材的密度、含水率、硬度及横纹抗弯性能，采用适合软阔叶树材的单板放切条件和不同的旋切参数进行旋切试验。在实验的基础上研究了杨木物理力学性质与旋切及单板质量之间的关系。结果表明：采用软阔叶树材的旋切条件，除河北杨生材以外均能获得较好的旋切效果；木材的密度、硬度、横纹抗弯性能与单板旋切条件、单板质量有着密切的关系；此外某些杨木试材存在径级小、干形不规整、节子多等问题，也对单板的旋切造成影响。     

Uptake of nitrate, ammonium and glycine by plants of Tasmanian wet eucalypt forests

A central assumption of ecosystem N cycling has been that organic N must be converted to inorganic N to be available for plant uptake, but this has been questioned by recent studies. We examined uptake of nitrate, ammonium and the amino acid glycine in three species from Eucalyptus obliqua L'Her. wet forest in Tasmania, south-eastern Australia, to test the hypothesis that all three species can take up glycine, and to compare rates of glycine uptake with rates of uptake of nitrate and ammonium uptake. The alternative hypothesis that species vary in their preference for nitrate, ammonium and glycine ("niche differentiation") was also examined. Measurements were made on the canopy dominant Eucalyptus obliqua, and two rain forest tree species found in the understory or as sub-dominants of the canopy, Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst. and Phyllocladus aspleniifolius (Labill.) Hook.f. Nitrogen uptake was examined in situ with attached roots placed in uptake solutions containing equimolar concentrations (100 micromol l(-1)) of (15)N-nitrate, (15)N-ammonium and 2-(13)C(2) (15)N-glycine. Species did not differ in their preference for different forms of N (species x N form interaction, P > 0.05), and thus there was no evidence of niche differentiation. In all species, rates of uptake were highest for ammonium (11 +/- 5 micromol g(DM) (-1) h(-1); mean +/- SD, n = 108), uptake of glycine occurred at less than half this rate (4.4 +/- 2.6 micromol g(DM) (-1) h(-1)), whereas uptake of nitrate occurred at one-tenth of this rate (0.9 +/- 1.2 micromol g(DM) (-1) h(-1)). The strong positive relationship between (15)N and (13)C uptake indicated that at least 72% of glycine-N was taken up intact. These findings indicate the potential for considerable uptake of organic N in the field.